RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Several studies have evaluated echocardiographic abnormalities as predictors of cardiovascular risk; however, none have associated the global cardiovascular risk with echocardiographic abnormalities in the Brazilian population. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the association between the global cardiovascular risk (ASCVD score) and three echocardiographic abnormalities: left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), and increased left atrium (LA) volume. METHODS: The study population was composed of participants from ELSA-Brasil who underwent echocardiography between 2008 and 2010 (n = 2973). They were asymptomatic and had no history of cardiovascular disease. The ASCVD score was calculated in two periods: 2008-2010 and 2012-2014. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: There is an association between echocardiographic abnormalities and high global cardiovascular risk (ASCVD score ≥ 7.5) in both study periods, separately. The combined global risk (low risk in the first period and high risk in the second period) was significantly associated only with LVDD (PR = 3.68, CI 95% 2.63-5.15) and LVH (PR = 2.20, 95% CI 1.62-3.00). CONCLUSION: Echocardiographic abnormalities (LVDD, LVH, and increased LA volume) are independent predictors of cardiovascular risk in Brazilian adults.
FUNDAMENTO: vários estudos avaliam alterações ecocardiográficas como preditores de risco cardiovascular; entretanto, nenhum associa risco cardiovascular global com alterações ecocardiográficas em brasileiros. OBJETIVO: Este estudo avalia a associação entre risco cardiovascular global (ASCVD) e achados ecocardiográficos como hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), disfunção diastólica (DDVE) e aumento do volume do átrio esquerdo (AE). MÉTODOS: A população foi composta por participantes do ELSA-Brasil que realizaram ecocardiografia entre 2008 e 2010 (n = 2.973). Eram assintomáticos e não tinham história de doença cardiovascular (DCV). O escore ASCVD foi calculado em dois períodos: 2008-2010 e 2012-2014. Razões de prevalência (RP) foram estimadas com intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95%. RESULTADOS: Evidenciou-se associação entre alterações ecocardiográficas e alto risco cardiovascular global (escore ASCVD ≥ 7,5) nos dois períodos do estudo, separadamente. O risco global combinado (baixo risco no primeiro período e alto risco no segundo período) teve associação significativa apenas com DDVE (RP = 3,68; IC 95%: 2,63-5,15) e HVE (RP = 2,20; IC 95%: 1,623,00). CONCLUSÃO: Alterações ecocardiográficas (DDVE, HVE e aumento do volume do AE) são preditores independentes de risco cardiovascular em adultos brasileiros sem DCV prévias.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Ecocardiografia , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Humanos , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagem , Fatores de Risco , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Resumo Fundamento vários estudos avaliam alterações ecocardiográficas como preditores de risco cardiovascular; entretanto, nenhum associa risco cardiovascular global com alterações ecocardiográficas em brasileiros. Objetivo Este estudo avalia a associação entre risco cardiovascular global (ASCVD) e achados ecocardiográficos como hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), disfunção diastólica (DDVE) e aumento do volume do átrio esquerdo (AE). Métodos A população foi composta por participantes do ELSA-Brasil que realizaram ecocardiografia entre 2008 e 2010 (n = 2.973). Eram assintomáticos e não tinham história de doença cardiovascular (DCV). O escore ASCVD foi calculado em dois períodos: 2008-2010 e 2012-2014. Razões de prevalência (RP) foram estimadas com intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados Evidenciou-se associação entre alterações ecocardiográficas e alto risco cardiovascular global (escore ASCVD ≥ 7,5) nos dois períodos do estudo, separadamente. O risco global combinado (baixo risco no primeiro período e alto risco no segundo período) teve associação significativa apenas com DDVE (RP = 3,68; IC 95%: 2,63-5,15) e HVE (RP = 2,20; IC 95%: 1,62-3,00). Conclusão Alterações ecocardiográficas (DDVE, HVE e aumento do volume do AE) são preditores independentes de risco cardiovascular em adultos brasileiros sem DCV prévias.
Abstract Background Several studies have evaluated echocardiographic abnormalities as predictors of cardiovascular risk; however, none have associated the global cardiovascular risk with echocardiographic abnormalities in the Brazilian population. Objective This study evaluates the association between the global cardiovascular risk (ASCVD score) and three echocardiographic abnormalities: left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), and increased left atrium (LA) volume. Methods The study population was composed of participants from ELSA-Brasil who underwent echocardiography between 2008 and 2010 (n = 2973). They were asymptomatic and had no history of cardiovascular disease. The ASCVD score was calculated in two periods: 2008-2010 and 2012-2014. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results There is an association between echocardiographic abnormalities and high global cardiovascular risk (ASCVD score ≥ 7.5) in both study periods, separately. The combined global risk (low risk in the first period and high risk in the second period) was significantly associated only with LVDD (PR = 3.68, CI 95% 2.63-5.15) and LVH (PR = 2.20, 95% CI 1.62-3.00). Conclusion Echocardiographic abnormalities (LVDD, LVH, and increased LA volume) are independent predictors of cardiovascular risk in Brazilian adults.
RESUMO
Echocardiographic abnormalities are associated with a higher incidence of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether echocardiographic abnormalities are predictors of cardiovascular events in individuals without previous cardiovascular diseases. The PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO databases were searched for longitudinal studies investigating the association between echocardiographic abnormalities and cardiovascular events among individuals without known cardiovascular diseases. Two independent reviewers analyzed data on the number of participants, age and sex, echocardiographic alterations, follow-up time, and cardiovascular outcomes. The meta-analysis estimated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 test. Twenty-two longitudinal studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising a total of 55,603 patients. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was associated with non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 2.16; 95% CI 1.22-3.84), death from cardiovascular disease (RR 2.58; 95% CI 1.83- 3.64), and all-cause mortality (RR 2.02; 95% CI 1.34-3.04). Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and left atrial dilation (LA) were associated with fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 2.01; 95% CI 1.32-3.07) and (RR 1.78; 95% CI 1.16-2.73), respectively. Aortic root dilation was associated with non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 1.25; 95% CI 1.09-1.43). In conclusion, LVH, LVDD, dilations of the LA, and of the aortic root were associated with an increased risk of adverse events in individuals without previous cardiovascular diseases. This study suggests that simple data obtained on conventional echocardiography can be an important predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in a low-risk population.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Ecocardiografia , Humanos , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagem , Incidência , PrognósticoRESUMO
Fundamento: A identificação precoce do dano miocárdico parece ser importante na abordagem do paciente com doença de Chagas. A ecocardiografia com strain obtida por speckle tracking e a avaliação da fibrose miocárdica por meio da ressonância magnética cardíaca podem ser métodos diagnósticos promissores nesse sentido. Objetivo: Avaliar o acometimento miocárdico especificamente na forma crônica cardíaca leve da doença de Chagas por meio do strain por speckle tracking e da fibrose miocárdica pela ressonância magnética cardíaca, além de suas correlações. Método: Estudo de corte transversal que analisou portadores da forma cardíaca crônica leve da doença de Chagas (fração de ejeção preservada) submetidos à ecocardiografia com strain por speckle tracking e à ressonância magnética cardíaca. Resultados: Foram incluídos 21 participantes (mulheres: 62%; idade: 54 ± 5 anos). A prevalência de fibrose miocárdica por meio do realce tardio miocárdico foi de 50%. O strain longitudinal global encontrava-se diminuído em 17 pacientes (81%), com mediana de 14,1% (intervalo interquartil de 12,1 a 16,3). Os valores do mapa T1 encontravam-se, em média, elevados nos portadores de doença de Chagas (993 ± 163 ms). O mapa T1 foi significativamente correlacionado com o strain longitudinal global (r= 0,634; p = 0,015). Além disso, o índice de dispersão mecânica, obtido por strain, estava aumentado (> 55 ms) em 84%, com a maior área sob a curva Característica de Operação do Receptor (área sob a curva de 0,696; intervalo de confiança de 95% de 0,412-0,981) para discriminação de fibrose pelo realce tardio miocárdico. Conclusão: O strain miocárdico e o mapa T1 se comportam como marcadores precoces do dano miocárdico na cardiopatia chagásica crônica leve. O índice de dispersão mecânica estava elevado e foi o parâmetro que melhor se correlacionou com o realce tardio miocárdico. (AU)
Background: The early identification of myocardial damage seems important in the management of patients with Chagas disease. However, it is unknown whether speckle tracking echocardiography strain and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are promising methods for assessing myocardial involvement and fibrosis, respectively. Objective: To evaluate myocardial involvement in the mild chronic cardiac form of Chagas disease using speckle tracking strain and myocardial fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance and assess their correlations. Method: This cross-sectional study analyzed patients with the mild chronic cardiac form of Chagas disease (preserved ejection fraction) using speckle tracking echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance. Results: The study included 21 participants (women: 62%; age: 54 ± 5 years). The prevalence of myocardial fibrosis was 50% on delayed myocardial enhancement. The median global longitudinal strain was decreased (14.1%; interquartile range, 12.116.3%) in 17 patients (81%). The mean T1 mapping value was high in patients with Chagas disease (993 ± 163 ms). The T1 map was significantly correlated with the global longitudinal strain (r = 0.634; p = 0.015). In addition, the mechanical dispersion index obtained by strain was increased (>55 ms) by 84%, with the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve, 0.696; 95% confidence interval, 0.4120.981) for fibrosis discrimination by delayed myocardial enhancement. Conclusion: Myocardial strain and T1 mapping are early markers of myocardial damage in mild chronic Chagas heart disease. The mechanical dispersion index was high and the most closely correlated with delayed myocardial enhancement. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/fisiopatologia , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/diagnóstico por imagem , Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Miocárdio/patologia , Prognóstico , Volume Sistólico , Fibrose , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Modelos Lineares , Doença Crônica , Estudos Transversais , Curva ROCRESUMO
Echocardiographic abnormalities are associated with a higher incidence of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether echocardiographic abnormalities are predictors of cardiovascular events in individuals without previous cardiovascular diseases. The PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO databases were searched for longitudinal studies investigating the association between echocardiographic abnormalities and cardiovascular events among individuals without known cardiovascular diseases. Two independent reviewers analyzed data on the number of participants, age and sex, echocardiographic alterations, follow-up time, and cardiovascular outcomes. The meta-analysis estimated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 test. Twenty-two longitudinal studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising a total of 55,603 patients. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was associated with non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 2.16; 95% CI 1.22-3.84), death from cardiovascular disease (RR 2.58; 95% CI 1.83- 3.64), and all-cause mortality (RR 2.02; 95% CI 1.34-3.04). Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and left atrial dilation (LA) were associated with fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 2.01; 95% CI 1.32-3.07) and (RR 1.78; 95% CI 1.16-2.73), respectively. Aortic root dilation was associated with non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 1.25; 95% CI 1.09-1.43). In conclusion, LVH, LVDD, dilations of the LA, and of the aortic root were associated with an increased risk of adverse events in individuals without previous cardiovascular diseases. This study suggests that simple data obtained on conventional echocardiography can be an important predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in a low-risk population.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Prognóstico , Ecocardiografia , Incidência , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Heart failure predisposes to an increased risk of silent cerebral infarction, and data related to left ventricular ejection fraction are still limited. Our objective was to describe the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics and factors associated with silent cerebral infarction in patients with heart failure, according to the left ventricular ejection fraction groups. A prospective cohort was performed at a referral hospital in Cardiology between December 2015 and July 2017. The left ventricular ejection fraction groups were: reduced (≤ 40%), mid-range (41-49%) and preserved (≥ 50%). All patients underwent cranial tomography, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Seventy-five patients were studied. Silent cerebral infarction was observed in 14.7% of the study population (45.5% lacunar and 54.5% territorial) and was more frequent in patients in the reduced left ventricular ejection fraction group (29%) compared with the mid-range one (15.4%, p = 0.005). There were no cases of silent cerebral infarction in the group of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. In the univariate analysis, an association was identified between silent cerebral infarction and reduced (OR = 8.59; 95%CI: 1.71 - 43.27; p = 0.009) and preserved (OR = 0.05; 95%CI: 0.003-0.817, p = 0.003) left ventricular ejection fraction and diabetes mellitus (OR = 4.28, 95%CI: 1.14-16.15, p = 0.031). In patients with heart failure and without a clinical diagnosis of stroke, reduced and mid-range left ventricular ejection fractions contributed to the occurrence of territorial and lacunar silent cerebral infarction, respectively. The lower the left ventricular ejection fraction, the higher the prevalence of silent cerebral infarction.
Assuntos
Infarto Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Volume Sistólico/fisiologia , Idoso , Doenças Assintomáticas , Infarto Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Diabetes Mellitus/fisiopatologia , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Função Ventricular Esquerda/fisiologiaRESUMO
Abstract Heart failure predisposes to an increased risk of silent cerebral infarction, and data related to left ventricular ejection fraction are still limited. Our objective was to describe the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics and factors associated with silent cerebral infarction in patients with heart failure, according to the left ventricular ejection fraction groups. A prospective cohort was performed at a referral hospital in Cardiology between December 2015 and July 2017. The left ventricular ejection fraction groups were: reduced (≤ 40%), mid-range (41-49%) and preserved (≥ 50%). All patients underwent cranial tomography, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Seventy-five patients were studied. Silent cerebral infarction was observed in 14.7% of the study population (45.5% lacunar and 54.5% territorial) and was more frequent in patients in the reduced left ventricular ejection fraction group (29%) compared with the mid-range one (15.4%, p = 0.005). There were no cases of silent cerebral infarction in the group of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. In the univariate analysis, an association was identified between silent cerebral infarction and reduced (OR = 8.59; 95%CI: 1.71 - 43.27; p = 0.009) and preserved (OR = 0.05; 95%CI: 0.003-0.817, p = 0.003) left ventricular ejection fraction and diabetes mellitus (OR = 4.28, 95%CI: 1.14-16.15, p = 0.031). In patients with heart failure and without a clinical diagnosis of stroke, reduced and mid-range left ventricular ejection fractions contributed to the occurrence of territorial and lacunar silent cerebral infarction, respectively. The lower the left ventricular ejection fraction, the higher the prevalence of silent cerebral infarction.
Resumo A insuficiência cardíaca predispõe a um risco aumentado de infarto cerebral silencioso, e dados relacionados com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo ainda são limitados. Nosso objetivo foi descrever as características clínicas e ecocardiográficas, e os fatores associados com infarto cerebral silencioso, em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, de acordo com os grupos de fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo. Realizou-se uma coorte prospectiva, em um hospital referência em Cardiologia, entre dezembro de 2015 e julho de 2017. Os grupos da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo foram: reduzida (≤ 40%), intermediária (41-49%) e preservada (≥ 50%). Todos os pacientes realizaram tomografia de crânio, ecocardiograma transtorácico e transesofágico. Foram estudados 75 pacientes. Infarto cerebral silencioso foi observado em 14,7% da população do estudo (45,5% lacunar e 54,5% territorial), tendo sido mais frequente nos pacientes do grupo de fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo reduzida (29%) em comparação com a intermediária (15,4%; p = 0,005). Não ocorreram casos de infarto cerebral silencioso no grupo de fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada. Na análise univariada, identificou-se associação de infarto cerebral silencioso com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo reduzida (OR = 8,59; IC95% 1,71- 43,27; p = 0,009), preservada (OR = 0,05; IC95% 0,003-0,817; p = 0,003) e diabetes melito (OR = 4,28; IC95% 1,14-16,15; p = 0,031). Em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e sem diagnóstico clínico de acidente vascular cerebral, as frações de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo reduzida e intermediária contribuíram para ocorrência de infarto cerebral silencioso territoriais e lacunares, respectivamente. Quanto menor foi a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, maior a prevalência de infarto cerebral silencioso.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Volume Sistólico/fisiologia , Infarto Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Ecocardiografia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Infarto Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Prospectivos , Função Ventricular Esquerda/fisiologia , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Diabetes Mellitus/fisiopatologia , Doenças Assintomáticas , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Healthy elderly individuals present alterations in mitral Doppler velocities, which are characteristic of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction with impaired relaxation. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of LV diastolic dysfunction by mitral Doppler in healthy elderly individuals and identify clinical and echocardiographic characteristics associated to this finding. METHODS: Seventy-three apparently healthy individuals (64% women, aged 60 to 80) were carefully selected and submitted to clinical, laboratory and Doppler-echocardiographic assessment, with particular regard to the characteristics of the mitral flow. RESULTS: A total of 33 patients (45%) presented an impaired LV relaxation pattern (group I), characterized by the association between the maximum velocities of the mitral wave flow (E/A ratio) <0.75 or E-wave deceleration time >240 ms, and 40 (55%) with a normal pattern (group II). Group I presented a larger aortic root diameter (32.1 + or - 4.2 vs 30.3 + or - 3.3 mm; p = 0.044) and a longer PR interval (156 + or - 22 vs 139 + or - 23 ms; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: A large proportion of individuals aged 60 to 80 years present normal diastolic function at the Doppler-echocardiographic assessment of the mitral flow. Healthy elderly individuals with impaired LV relaxation filling have a larger aortic root diameter and longer PR interval.
Assuntos
Valva Mitral/diagnóstico por imagem , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ecocardiografia Doppler , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
FUNDAMENTO: Idosos sadios frequentemente apresentam alterações nas velocidades do Doppler mitral, características de disfunção diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) do tipo alteração do relaxamento. OBJETIVO: Determinar a frequência de disfunção diastólica do VE pelo Doppler mitral em idosos sadios e identificar características clínicas e ecocardiográficas associadas a esse achado. MÉTODOS: O total de 73 indivíduos aparentemente sadios e rigorosamente selecionados (64 por cento de mulheres), com idade entre 60 e 80 anos, foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, laboratorial e Doppler-ecocardiográfica, com especial atenção às características do fluxo mitral. RESULTADOS: Encontramos 33 pacientes (45 por cento) com padrão diastólico do VE do tipo alteração do relaxamento (grupo 1), caracterizados pela relação entre as velocidades máximas das ondas do fluxo mitral (relação E/A) <0,75 ou pelo tempo de desaceleração da onda E >240 ms. Outros 40 pacientes (55 por cento) apresentaram padrão normal (grupo 2). O grupo/ 1 apresentou maior diâmetro da raiz da aorta (32,1±4,2 vs 30,3±3,3 mm; p=0,044) e intervalo PR mais longo (156±22 vs 139±23 ms; p=0,002). CONCLUSÃO: Uma grande proporção de indivíduos, com idade entre 60 e 80 anos, apresenta função diastólica normal pela análise Doppler-ecocardiográfica do fluxo mitral. Idosos sadios, portadores de disfunção diastólica do VE do tipo alteração do relaxamento, exibem maior diâmetro da raiz da aorta e intervalo PR mais longo.
BACKGROUND: Healthy elderly individuals present alterations in mitral Doppler velocities, which are characteristic of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction with impaired relaxation. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of LV diastolic dysfunction by mitral Doppler in healthy elderly individuals and identify clinical and echocardiographic characteristics associated to this finding. METHODS: Seventy-three apparently healthy individuals (64 percent women, aged 60 to 80) were carefully selected and submitted to clinical, laboratory and Doppler-echocardiographic assessment, with particular regard to the characteristics of the mitral flow. RESULTS: A total of 33 patients (45 percent) presented an impaired LV relaxation pattern (group I), characterized by the association between the maximum velocities of the mitral wave flow (E/A ratio) <0.75 or E-wave deceleration time >240 ms, and 40 (55 percent) with a normal pattern (group II). Group I presented a larger aortic root diameter (32.1±4.2 vs 30.3±3.3 mm; p=0.044) and a longer PR interval (156±22 vs 139±23 ms; p=0.002). CONCLUSION: A large proportion of individuals aged 60 to 80 years present normal diastolic function at the Doppler-echocardiographic assessment of the mitral flow. Healthy elderly individuals with impaired LV relaxation filling have a larger aortic root diameter and longer PR interval.
Assuntos
Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valva Mitral , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda , Ecocardiografia Doppler , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Intraventricular obstruction (IVO) during dobutamine stress echocardiogram (DSE) may be associated with or reproduce symptoms. Predictors of IVO are not well established. METHODS: 149 patients were studied at rest and during DSE. The normal range of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) velocities was investigated in 68 healthy patients. RESULTS: 19 patients (13%) developed IVO (peak LVOT velocity > 271 cm/sec). A significant linear correlation was observed between peak LVOT velocity during DSE and the following rest parameters: LV end-diastolic dimension (r =-0.20, P = 0.018), LV end-systolic dimension (r =- 0.27, P = 0.001), relative wall thickness (r = 0.23, P = 0.006), shortening fraction (r = 0.24, P = 0.004), LVOT diameter (r =- 0.20, P = 0.023) and LVOT velocity (r = 0.29, P < 0.0001). Only relative wall thickness (P = 0.012) and LVOT diameter (P = 0.027) were independent predictors of IVO. As a dichotomous variable, a relative wall thickness > or =0.44 was the only independent predictor of IVO (OR 5.7, 95% CI 1.6-20, P = 0.006), with sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of 77%, 62%, 95%, and 21%, respectively, and global accuracy of 63% (area under the ROC curve = 0.7). IVO was significantly associated with general cardiovascular symptoms (P = 0.0006) and with chest pain (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Relative wall thickness and LVOT diameter were independent predictors of obstruction. As a dichotomous variable, a relative wall thickness < or = 0.44 was the only independent predictor of dynamic IVO.
Assuntos
Dobutamina , Teste de Esforço , Interpretação de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cardiotônicos , Feminino , Humanos , Aumento da Imagem/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To compare the short-term prognosis of patients with severe acute rheumatic carditis when treated with an intravenous pulse of methylprednisolone in comparison with conventional treatment using oral prednisone. METHODS: We designed a randomized clinical trial in the setting of a university general hospital in Brazil. We randomly allocated 18 patients with the diagnosis of severe acute rheumatic carditis and congestive heart failure to receive an intravenous pulse as opposed to oral prednisolone. Methylprednisolone was administered in a dose of 1 g intravenously for 3 consecutive days in the first and second weeks, for two days in the third, and one day in the fourth week. Prednisone was administered in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg/day over the period of 4 weeks. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 11.1 +/- 3.7 years, with a median of 12 years. Patients on oral treatment showed a more pronounced decrease in the heart rate, sedimentation rate, and in the titres of C-reactive protein than those receiving intravenous therapy. At the end of treatment, a mild decrease in the left ventricular end-systolic dimension was found in those having oral treatment, compared to an increase in the group having intravenous treatment (p = 0.036). The ejection fraction showed a median increase of 5% in those undergoing oral treatment, and a median decrease of 6% in the group with intravenous therapy (p = 0.009). There were 5 therapeutic failures in those receiving intravenous therapy (56%), including 1 death. Therapeutic failures were not observed in those treated orally (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Intravenous treatment of methylprednisolone, as a single anti-inflammatory agent, was inferior to conventional treatment with oral prednisone in the control of severe rheumatic carditis.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Metilprednisolona/administração & dosagem , Prednisona/administração & dosagem , Cardiopatia Reumática/tratamento farmacológico , Doença Aguda , Administração Oral , Adolescente , Criança , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Masculino , Miocardite/complicações , Miocardite/diagnóstico por imagem , Miocardite/tratamento farmacológico , Probabilidade , Pulsoterapia/métodos , Valores de Referência , Cardiopatia Reumática/complicações , Cardiopatia Reumática/diagnóstico por imagem , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Objetivo - Avaliar as alteraçöes segmentares da contratilidade do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) na miocardite chagásica crônica (MCC) com e sem dilataçäo ventricular para melhor compreender a progressäo da disfunçäo miocárdica nessa patologia. Métodos - Sessenta e nove pacientes com a MCC, 39 com dimensäo diastólica final do VE (DDVE) e índice cárdio-torácico (ICT) normais (grupo A) e 30 com DDVE e ICT aumentados (grupo B), todos com ECG anormal, foram estudados através de ecocardiograma bidimensional com análise da contratilidade global e segmentar do VE. Foi aplicado um sistema de escore de pontos para a análise da contratilidade do VE. Resultados - Alteraçöes segmentares foram muito freqüentes, ocorrendo num total de 68// dos pacientes, com a seguinte distribuiçäo: apical 64// póstero-inferior 30//, septal 17//, anterior 6// e lateral 0. Aneurisma apical foi observado em 42// dos pacientes, póstero-inferior em 6// e septo-basal em 3//. Observou-se correlaçäo estatisticamente significante entre a DDVE e o escore de contratilidade (r=0,66; p=0,0000). Um total de 28// dos pacientes apresentava contratilidade do VE normal, todos exceto um, pertencentes ao grupo A. Enquanto que no grupo A a alteraçäo da contratilidade era segmentar em todos, exceto um paciente, no grupo B era difusa na grande maioria (93//). Conclusäo - A alteraçäo inicial da contratilidade na MCC é segmentar. Além do ápice, outras regiöes säo particularmente envolvidas, como a parede pótero-inferior e o septo basal, inclusive com formaçäo de aneurismas, o que näo deve ser confundido com a doença isquêmica. A MCC parece evoluir desde uma fase com alteraçöes essencialmente segmentares e DDVE normal até uma fase com dilataçäo ventricular e hipocontratilidade difusa
Purpose- To evaluate left ventricular (LV) segmental wall motion abnormalities in dilated and nondilated chronic chagasic myocarditis (CCM), to better understand the myocardial dysfunction progression in this pathology. Methods- Sixty nine patients with the CCM, 39 had normul end-diastolic left ventricular dimension (L VEDD) and normal cardio-thoracic ratio (CTR) (group A), and 30 had increased LVEDD and CTR (group B), all of them with abnormal EKG, had the LV global and segmental contractility analysed by two-dimensional echocardiogram (Echo). A point score system to the LV contractility was applied. Results - Segmental wall motion abnormalities were seen in 68% of the patients: apical 64%, postero-- inferior 30%, septal 17%, anterior 6% and lateral 0. Apical aneurysm was observed in 42% of the patients, postero-inferior in 6% and basal septal in 3%. There was a statistically significant correlation between the LVDD and the LV score of contractility (r= 0. 66; p= 0.0000). The LV contractility was normal in 28% of the patients, 47% in group A and 3% in group B. While in group A the abnormal pattern of contractility was segmental in all, but one patient, in group B it was diffuse in the large majority (93%). Conclusion - Initially LV abnormality in CCM is segmental. Beyond the apex, other regions of the LV are involved, the postero-inferior wall and basal septum for instance, even with aneurysm morphology. The CCM seems to evolve from an stage with essentially segmental wall motion abnormalities and normal LVDD to LV dilatation and diffuse hypocontractility
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Contração Miocárdica , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/fisiopatologia , Ecocardiografia , Doença Crônica , Volume SistólicoRESUMO
Objetivo Comparar o ecocardiograma bidimensional (Eco-2D) à angiocardiografa (Angio) na avaliação da gravidade de endomiocardiofibrose (EMF). Métodos Doze pacientes e idades entre 14 e 35 (média 24,6 ± 6,6) anos, sendo 8 mulheres. Para comparar a gravidade pelos 2 métodos, o processo obliterativo foi graduado em cruzes, de acordo com a sua extensão ao longo do eixo maior do ventrículo correspondente na diástole: 1. + ocupando apenas o ápice: 2 + < 50% e 3 + ³ 50% desde o ápice até o piano da valva atrioventricular (AV). Resultados Todos os pacientes tinham doença biventricular na Angio, com predomínio em ventrículo direito (VD) em 5 (42%), em ventrículo esquerdo (VE) em 1 (8%) e balanceado em 6 (50%). Pelo Eco-2D estes númerosforam 11 (92%), 5 (42%),1 (8%) e 5 (42%) respectivamente. Em apenas 1 caso o envolvimento do VE (1 +) não foi identificado pelo Eco 2D. O grau de concordância entre o Eco-2D e a Angio foi de 100% para o VD e 75% para o VE (p < 0,005). Insuficiência mitral (IM) foi detectada em 7 (58%) e tricúspide (IT) em 11 (92% ) pacientes pela Angio. Estes pacientes, exceto 1, tinham a área do átrio correspondente maior que 18 cm, pelo Eco-2D. Observou-se correlação estatisticamente significativa entre a área atrial e a gravidade da insuficiência valval (IM p < 0,005; IT p < 0,05). 0 movimento paradoxal do septo interventricular (SIV) foi obsevado em 6 (50%) pacientes, associando-se a doença predominante do VD, IT severa e IM ausente ou leve...
Purpose To evaluate the capacity of two dimensional echocardiogram (2D-Echo) to establish the severity of endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) in comparison with angiography (Angio). Méthods Twelve patients with EMF were prospectively studied by both: 2D-Echo and Angio. The mean age was 24.6 ± 6.6 years (14 to 35), with 8 women and 4 men. To compare the severity by the 2 methods the obliterative process was graded according to its extension relative to the long exis of the respective, in diastole, as follows: 1 + only apical: 2 + < 50°% and 3 + ³ 50% from the apex to the atrioventricular valve level. Results All patients (100%) had biventricular disease by Angio, with right ventricle (RV) predominance in 5 (42%), left ventricle (LV) predominance in 1 (8%) and balanced in 6 (50%). By 2D-Echo the se numbers were: 11 (92%),5(42%), 1 (8%) and 5 (42%), respectively. The degree of concordance between 2D-Echo and Angio was 100% for the RV and 75% for the LV (p < 0.005). In only 1 patient the LV apical involvement (+) was not identified by 2D-Echo. Mitral insufficiency (MI) was detected in 7 (58%) and tricuspid (TI) in 11 (92%) patients by Angio. These patients, expect one, had the corresponding atrial area > 18 cm2 by 2D-Echo. It was observed a statistically significant correlation between the atrial area and the degree of AV valve insufficiency (MI p < 0.005; TI p < 0.05). Paradoxicalmovement of the interventricular septum (IVS) was noted in 6 (50%) patients, associated with predominant RV disease, severe TI and mild or abesent Mi...