RESUMO
In Central America, nearly 70% of pediatric cancer is related to hemato-oncologic disorders, especially acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Preliminary studies have described a high incidence of childhood leukemia in these countries; however, no molecular analyses of these malignancies have yet been carried out. We studied diagnostic samples from 84 patients from the National Children's Hospital in San Jose, Costa Rica (65 precursor B-ALL, 5 T-cell ALL, and 14 acute myeloblastic leukemia). Our methodology included cytogenetic, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction approaches. The observed rate of leukemia was 52.2 cases per million children per year. Twelve out of 65 (18.4%) precursor B-ALL tested positive for TEL-AML1 and 3 cases for BCR-ABL (4.6%). In addition, we detected 2 patients carrying an E2A-PBX1 transcript (3.1%) and 1 patient with an MLL-AF4 fusion gene (1.5%). None of the T-cell ALL cases were positive for either SIL-TAL1 or HOX11L2. Within 14 acute myeloblastic leukemia patients, we confirmed 2 cases with FLT3-internal tandem duplication+, 1 patient with AML1-ETO, and only 1 case carrying a PML-RARalpha rearrangement. The present study confirms the relatively high incidence of pediatric leukemia in Costa Rica and constitutes the first report regarding the incidence of the main molecular alterations of childhood leukemia in our region.
Assuntos
Leucemia/epidemiologia , Leucemia/genética , Doença Aguda , Criança , Costa Rica/epidemiologia , Análise Citogenética , Rearranjo Gênico , Humanos , Leucemia/diagnóstico , Mutação , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/análiseRESUMO
La presencia de Cyclospora sp., Cryptosporidum sp., mocrosporidios y los niveles de coliformes fecales fueron determinados en lechuga, apio, cilantro, fresas y moras adquiridas en ferias del Agricultor del Valle Central de Costa Rica, con el fin de establecer el riesgo de transmisión de estos microorganismos y otros patógenos a partir del consumo de productos crudos. Durante el segundo semestre del 2001 y primero del 2002, 50 muestras de cada producto fueron evaluadas, durante la estación seca de y 25 durante la estación lluviosa y provenientes de cinco diferentes ferias del Agricultor. El recuento de coliformes fecales fue realizado de acuerdo a la técnica recomendada po Venderzant & Slipttstoesser. La determinación de parásitos fue hecha utilizando las tinciones de Ziehl Nielsen y Weber a partir de un sedimento obtenido por el lavado de los productos mencionados, usando agua peptonada estéril 0,1 por ciento y centrifugado a 900G por min. 100 por ciento de las muestras de vegetales presentaron coliformes fecales, y la mayor prevalencia fue obtenida curante la estación lliviosa. A pesar de que todos los vegetales presentaron coliformes fecales en altas concentraciones, la lechuga y cilantro presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la estación lluviosa y la seca, siendo mayor durante la estación lluviosa. No se detectó coliformes fecales en fresas y moras probablemente debido a su bajo pH. Todos los productos evaluados presentaron, anque sea una vez, Cyclospora sp., Cryptosporidium sp., y microsporidios, demostrando el riesgo que representaban para Salud Pública. Cryptosporidium sp. estuvo presente en todos los productos excepto moras y cyclosporas sp. únicamente fue aislado de lechuga durante la estación seca. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de introducir en el país las Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas, especialmente debido a la resistencia de Cyclospora sp. y Cryptosporidium sp. a agentes desinfectantes
Assuntos
Cryptosporidium , Frutas , Plantas , Costa Rica , Microbiologia , Ciências da NutriçãoRESUMO
The presence of Cyclospora sp., Cryptosporidium sp. and microsporidia and the levels of fecal coliforms were determined in lettuce, parsley, cilantro, strawberries and blackberries acquired in local agricultural markets of the Central Valley of Costa Rica, in order to establish the possible transmission risk of these microorganisms and other pathogens from the consumption of these raw products. During the second semester of 2001 and the first of 2002, 50 different samples of each product, 25 taken in the dry season and 25 in the rainy season and coming from five different local agricultural markets were evaluated. The fecal coliforms count was done according to the technique recommended by Vanderzant & Splittstoesser. The parasite determination was done using Zielh Nielsen and Weber staining techniques from a sediment obtained through the rinse of the mentioned products, using sterile peptonated water 0.1% and centrifuging at 900 G for 15 min. One hundred per cent of vegetable samples had fecal coliforms and the greatest prevalence was obtained during the rainy season. Although all vegetables presented fecal coliforms in high concentrations, lettuce and cilantro presented statistical difference between rainy and dry season, being greater during the rainy season. Fecal coliforms were not detected in strawberries and blackberries probablydue to its low pH. All products evaluated presented, at least once, Cryptosporidium sp., Cyclospora sp. and microsporidia, showing the risk they represent to Public Health. Cryptosporidium was present in all products but strawberries. Microsporidia was present in all products except blackberries and Cyclospora was only isolated from lettuce during the dry season. These results show the importance of introducing in the country Good Agricultural Practices, especially due to the resistance of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora to disinfecting agents.