RESUMO
Mathematical modelling approaches have become increasingly abundant in cancer research. Tumour infiltration extent and its spatial organization depend both on the tumour type and stage and on the bio-physicochemical characteristics of the microenvironment. This sets a complex scenario that often requires a multidisciplinary and individually adjusted approach. The ultimate goal of this work is to present an experimental/numerical combined method for the development of a three-dimensional mathematical model with the ability to reproduce the growth and infiltration patterns of a given avascular microtumour in response to different microenvironmental conditions. The model is based on a diffusion-convection reaction equation that considers logistic proliferation, volumetric growth, a rim of proliferative cells at the tumour surface, and invasion with diffusive and convective components. The parameter values of the model were fitted to experimental results while radial velocity and diffusion coefficients were made spatially variable in a case-specific way through the introduction of a shape function and a diffusion-limited-aggregation (DLA)-derived fractal matrix, respectively, according to the infiltration pattern observed. The in vitro model consists of multicellular tumour spheroids (MTSs) of an epithelial mammary tumour cell line (LM3) immersed in a collagen I gel matrix with a standard culture medium ("naive" matrix) or a conditioned medium from adipocytes or preadipocytes ("conditioned" matrix). It was experimentally determined that both adipocyte and preadipocyte conditioned media had the ability to change the MTS infiltration pattern from collective and laminar to an individual and atomized one. Numerical simulations were able to adequately reproduce qualitatively and quantitatively both kinds of infiltration patterns, which were determined by area quantification, analysis of fractal dimensions and lacunarity, and Bland-Altman analysis. These results suggest that the combined approach presented here could be established as a new framework with interesting potential applications at both the basic and clinical levels in the oncology area.
Assuntos
Modelos Biológicos , Invasividade Neoplásica/patologia , Invasividade Neoplásica/fisiopatologia , Microambiente Tumoral/fisiologia , Células 3T3-L1 , Adipócitos/citologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados , Feminino , Imageamento Tridimensional , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/patologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/fisiopatologia , Camundongos , Inoculação de Neoplasia , Esferoides Celulares/patologia , Esferoides Celulares/fisiologiaRESUMO
Male chronic alcohol abuse causes testicular failure and infertility. We analyzed the effects of moderate sub-chronic alcohol intake on sperm morphology, capacitation, fertilization and sperm head decondensation. CF-1 male mice were administered 15% ethanol in drinking water for 15 days; control mice received ethanol-free water. Similar patterns of tyrosine phosphorylation were observed in capacitated spermatozoa of control and treated males. Percentage of hyperactivation (H) and spontaneous (SAR) and progesterone-induced (IAR) acrosome reaction significantly decreased at 120 and 150 min of capacitation in treated males compared to controls (H: 14.1 ± 2.5 vs 23.7 ± 2.6, P < 0.05; SAR-T120 min: 17.9 ± 2.5 vs 32.9 ± 4.1, P < 0.01; IAR-150 min: 43.3 ± 3.5 vs 73.1 ± 1.1, P < 0.001, n = 6). During in vitro fertilization (2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 h post-insemination), there was an increased percentage of fertilized oocytes (with a decondensed sperm head and one or two pronuclei) in treated males (P < 0.001, n = 7). After 60 min of in vitro decondensation with glutathione plus heparin, the percentage of decondensed sperm heads was significantly higher in treated males than in controls (mean ± s.d.: 57.1 ± 5.6 vs 48.3 ± 4.5, P < 0.05, n = 5). The percentage of morphologically normal sperm heads was significantly decreased in treated males with respect to controls (P < 0.001, n = 9). These results show that short-term moderate alcohol consumption in outbred mice affect sperm morphology, hyperactivation, acrosomal exocytosis, and the dynamics of in vitro fertilization and in vitro sperm nuclear decondensation.
Assuntos
Reação Acrossômica/efeitos dos fármacos , Etanol/administração & dosagem , Oócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Capacitação Espermática/efeitos dos fármacos , Interações Espermatozoide-Óvulo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/administração & dosagem , Fertilização in vitro , Masculino , Camundongos , Oócitos/patologiaRESUMO
We evaluated the effects of conditioned media (CMs) of human adipose tissue from renal cell carcinoma located near the tumor (hRATnT) or farther away from the tumor (hRATfT), on proliferation, adhesion and migration of tumor (786-O and ACHN) and non-tumor (HK-2) human renal epithelial cell lines. Human adipose tissues were obtained from patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and CMs from hRATnT and hRATfT incubation. Proliferation, adhesion and migration were quantified in 786-O, ACHN and HK-2 cell lines incubated with hRATnT-, hRATfT- or control-CMs. We evaluated versican, adiponectin and leptin expression in CMs from hRATnT and hRATfT. We evaluated AdipoR1/2, ObR, pERK, pAkt y pPI3K expression on cell lines incubated with CMs. No differences in proliferation of cell lines was found after 24 h of treatment with CMs. All cell lines showed a significant decrease in cell adhesion and increase in cell migration after incubation with hRATnT-CMs vs. hRATfT- or control-CMs. hRATnT-CMs showed increased levels of versican and leptin, compared to hRATfT-CMs. AdipoR2 in 786-O and ACHN cells decreased significantly after incubation with hRATfT- and hRATnT-CMs vs. control-CMs. We observed a decrease in the expression of pAkt in HK-2, 786-O and ACHN incubated with hRATnT-CMs. This result could partially explain the observed changes in migration and cell adhesion. We conclude that hRATnT released factors, such as leptin and versican, could enhance the invasive potential of renal epithelial cell lines and could modulate the progression of the disease.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Reports investigating the effects of antioxidants on obesity have provided contradictory results. We have previously demonstrated that treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibits cellular triglyceride (Tg) accumulation as well as total cellular monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) expression in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes (Calzadilla et al., Redox Rep. 2013;210-218). Here we analyzed the role of NAC on adipogenic differentiation pathway. METHODS: Assays were conducted using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (undifferentiated cells: CC), which are capable of differentiating into mature adipocytes (differentiated cells: DC). We studied the effects of different doses of NAC (0.01 or 1â mM) on DC, to evaluate cellular expression of phospho-JNK½ (pJNK½), phospho-ERK½ (pERK½) and, mitochondrial expression of citrate synthase, fumarate hydratase and MAOA. RESULTS: Following the differentiation of preadipocytes, an increase in the expression levels of pJNK½ and pERK½ was observed, together with mitotic clonal expansion (MCE). We found that both doses of NAC decreased the expression of pJNK½ and pERK½. Consistent with these results, NAC significantly inhibited MCE and modified the expression of different mitochondrial proteins. DISCUSSION: Our results suggested that NAC could inhibit Tg and mitochondrial protein expression by preventing both MCE and kinase phosphorylation.
Assuntos
Acetilcisteína/farmacologia , Adipócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Células 3T3-L1 , Adipócitos/citologia , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Monoaminoxidase/metabolismo , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The present mathematical models of microtumours consider, in general, volumetric growth and spherical tumour invasion shapes. Nevertheless in many cases, such as in gliomas, a need for more accurate delineation of tumour infiltration areas in a patient-specific manner has arisen. The objective of this study was to build a mathematical model able to describe in a case-specific way as well as to predict in a probabilistic way the growth and the real invasion pattern of multicellular tumour spheroids (in vitro model of an avascular microtumour) immersed in a collagen matrix. The two-dimensional theoretical model was represented by a reaction-convection-diffusion equation that considers logistic proliferation, volumetric growth, a rim with proliferative cells at the tumour surface and invasion with diffusive and convective components. Population parameter values of the model were extracted from the experimental dataset and a shape function that describes the invasion area was derived from each experimental case by image processing. New possible and aleatory shape functions were generated by data mining and Monte Carlo tools by means of a satellite EGARCH model, which were fed with all the shape functions of the dataset. Then the main model is used in two different ways: to reproduce the growth and invasion of a given experimental tumour in a case-specific manner when fed with the corresponding shape function (descriptive simulations) or to generate new possible tumour cases that respond to the general population pattern when fed with an aleatory-generated shape function (predictive simulations). Both types of simulations are in good agreement with empirical data, as it was revealed by area quantification and Bland-Altman analysis. This kind of experimental-numerical interaction has wide application potential in designing new strategies able to predict as much as possible the invasive behaviour of a tumour based on its particular characteristics and microenvironment.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Glioma/patologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Esferoides Celulares , Animais , Fenômenos Biofísicos , Proliferação de Células , Simulação por Computador , Epitélio/patologia , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Técnicas In Vitro , Camundongos , Microcirculação , Modelos Biológicos , Método de Monte Carlo , Invasividade Neoplásica , Neoplasias/metabolismoRESUMO
Four new 6E-hydroximinosteroids (1, 2a, 3 and 4) have been synthesized from the corresponding ketones, 2ß,3ß-dihydroxy-5α-cholestan-6-one (5), 2α,3α-dihydroxy-5α-cholestan-6-one (6), 2ß,3α-dihydroxy-5α-cholestan-6-one (7) and 2ß,3α-dihydroxy-5α-cholestan-6-one-disulfate (8). The cytotoxic activity of the steroidal oximes was evaluated against two prostate carcinoma cell lines (PC-3 and LNCaP) and compared with that of five polyhydroxylated sulfated analogs (8-12). Oxime 3 and trisulfated analog 11 were the most active compounds with IC50 values of 10.8µM (PC-3) and 7.9µM (LNCaP), respectively.
Assuntos
Esteroides/síntese química , Esteroides/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Masculino , Espectroscopia de Prótons por Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de FourierRESUMO
Interaction between parenchyma and stroma is essential for organogenesis, morphogenesis, and differentiation. Mammary gland has being the chosen model for developmental biologist because the most striking changes in morphology and function take place after birth. We have demonstrated a regulation of triglyceride accumulation by protein factors synthesized by normal mouse mammary gland epithelial cells (NMMG), acting on a cell line, 3T3-L1, long used as a model for adipogenesis. In this paper, we demonstrate that this inhibitory effect seems to be shared by other cells of epithelial origin but not by other cell types. We found a regulation of cell proliferation when NMMG cells are cultured in the presence of conditioned media from Swiss 3T3 or 3T3-L1 cells. We found a possible point of regulation for the mammary factor on a key enzyme of the lipid metabolic pathway, the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The inhibitory factor seems to have an effect on this enzyme's activity and reduces it. The results presented herein contribute to the understanding of cell-cell communication in a model of a normal mammary gland.
Assuntos
Adipócitos Brancos/metabolismo , Comunicação Celular/fisiologia , Proliferação de Células , Células Epiteliais/citologia , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/citologia , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Células 3T3 , Células 3T3-L1 , Adipócitos Brancos/citologia , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Células Cultivadas , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados/farmacologia , Células HeLa , Humanos , CamundongosRESUMO
Prior to this work, we found that adrenal as well as extra-adrenal factors activate the response of renal 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 to stressful situations. These results -showing ways through which the organism hinders the pathological occupation of mineralocorticoid receptors by glucocorticoids leading to sodium retention and hypertension- prompted the present study on the nature of the above-mentioned extra-adrenal factors. Serotonin was chosen because of its properties as a widely distributed neurohormone, known to interact with glucocorticoids at many sites, also exhibiting increased levels and effects under stressful situations. We studied serotonin effects on 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 activity in a cell line derived from distal nephron polarized-epithelium, employing 3H-corticosterone as substrate. The end-product, 3H- 11 -dehydrocorticosterone was separated from the substrate by HPLC and quantified. Serotonin stimulated 1I beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 activity only at 2nM and 25pM, the magnitude of the response depending also on substrate concentration. The stimulation was blocked by the specific inhibitors methiothepin and ketanserin. We postulate that the organism partially prevents renal mineralocorticoid receptor occupancy by glucocorticoids, circulating at enhanced levels under stressful situations, through serotonin-mediated catabolic regulation of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 activity. Given many, mostly positive, interactions between both hormones, this might eventually pave the way to studies on a new regulatory axis.
Assuntos
11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 2/metabolismo , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Néfrons/enzimologia , Serotonina/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Corticosterona/análogos & derivados , Corticosterona/metabolismo , Cães , Comunicação ParácrinaRESUMO
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) is an essential factor for the differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes. We investigated the expression of IGF-I receptor and IGF-I RNA messenger during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Levels of IGF-I receptor decreased in the mature adipocytes compared to cells before the initiation of differentiation. In addition, cultures not induced to differentiate showed a decrease on the receptor levels after 4 days in the presence of insulin compared to cultures without treatment. The levels of the IGF-I RNA messenger were shown to be higher in mature adipocytes compared to preadipocytes. We propose an autocrine and/or paracrine action of IGF-I in this adipocyte differentiation model, where IGF-I produced by the differentiating preadipocytes acts over their adjacent cells and, in this way, diminishes the expression of IGF-I receptor.
Assuntos
Adipócitos/citologia , Adipócitos/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/genética , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/genética , Células 3T3 , Adipócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Insulina/farmacologia , Camundongos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/metabolismoRESUMO
Con el propósito de estudiar el efecto temprano de la administación de hCG sobre los túbulos seminiferos de la rata adulta, se inyectaron dosis únicas de 100, 200 ó 400 UI de la gonadotrofina a ratas Sherman de 80 a 90 días de edad. El análisis histológico reveló un daño tubular detectable desde las 6 horas de la inyección. Esta lesión precoz se incrementó entre los 2 y 5 días después del tratamiento y consistió en degeneración e hipocelularidad del epitelio germinal, marginación de la cromatina de las espermátides redondas y formación de células gigantes multinucleadas. Este daño involucró grandes áreas del testículo, de localización preferentemente subalbugínea. Tres meses después de la estimulación aguda, se observaron cambios regresivos tubulares, los cuales indican la incompleta reversibilidad del fenómeno. En las ratas tratadas con hCG el entorno hormonal se modificó. La testosterona sérica aumentó significativamente de 6 a 72 horas luego de una inyección de 200 UI de hCG. Asimismo se observó una disminución severa de los niveles circulantes de FSH, y un aumento significativo del estradiol sérico. La administración intratesticular de benzoato de estradiol logró reproducir el daño tubular en algunos animales. Por otra parte, la reposición de los niveles circulantes de FSH por la administración simultánea de HCG y hFSH purificada no revirtió el daño inducido por la hCG sola. Estos resultados sugieren que la lesión tubular inducida por la administración de hCG sería mediada por los altos niveles intratesticulares de E2 y no por la disminución de los tenores circulantes de FSH
Assuntos
Ratos , Animais , Masculino , Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Túbulos Seminíferos/efeitos dos fármacos , Gonadotropina Coriônica/administração & dosagem , Túbulos Seminíferos/patologiaRESUMO
Con el propósito de estudiar el efecto temprano de la administación de hCG sobre los túbulos seminiferos de la rata adulta, se inyectaron dosis únicas de 100, 200 ó 400 UI de la gonadotrofina a ratas Sherman de 80 a 90 días de edad. El análisis histológico reveló un daño tubular detectable desde las 6 horas de la inyección. Esta lesión precoz se incrementó entre los 2 y 5 días después del tratamiento y consistió en degeneración e hipocelularidad del epitelio germinal, marginación de la cromatina de las espermátides redondas y formación de células gigantes multinucleadas. Este daño involucró grandes áreas del testículo, de localización preferentemente subalbugínea. Tres meses después de la estimulación aguda, se observaron cambios regresivos tubulares, los cuales indican la incompleta reversibilidad del fenómeno. En las ratas tratadas con hCG el entorno hormonal se modificó. La testosterona sérica aumentó significativamente de 6 a 72 horas luego de una inyección de 200 UI de hCG. Asimismo se observó una disminución severa de los niveles circulantes de FSH, y un aumento significativo del estradiol sérico. La administración intratesticular de benzoato de estradiol logró reproducir el daño tubular en algunos animales. Por otra parte, la reposición de los niveles circulantes de FSH por la administración simultánea de HCG y hFSH purificada no revirtió el daño inducido por la hCG sola. Estos resultados sugieren que la lesión tubular inducida por la administración de hCG sería mediada por los altos niveles intratesticulares de E2 y no por la disminución de los tenores circulantes de FSH (AU)