RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The tumor lysis syndrome is a medical emergency. Its presentation can be spontaneous or secondary, as a consequence of the established treatment. The diagnosis and treatment of the tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) has become a crucial goal to the evolution and improvement of treatments and targeted therapies. METHODS: Between January 2014 and December 2019, we retrospectively reviewed inpatients aged over 18 years with hematological neoplasms from a tertiary hospital in Brazil. We identified 112 episodes of TLS in 97 patients. The incidence was 10.5% and the median OS was 13.0 months (95%CI 6.2 - 19.7). The median age was 56 years (IQR 39.5 - 64). The most frequent diagnoses were multiple myeloma (18.6%), acute myeloid leukemia (17.5%) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (17.5%). All patients received intravenous (IV) hydration. The management also included the administration of allopurinol in 76% of the cases and rasburicase in eight patients. Renal replacement therapy was necessary in 37% of the cases. In the multivariate analysis, age, HIV status and ICU treatment were significantly associated with OS. CONCLUSION: The TLS is a serious complication in the setting of hematological malignancies. The use of scores for risk stratification, as well as the inclusion of prophylactic measures and prompt treatment with frequent laboratory monitoring, is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality in the comprehensive treatment of these patients.