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Introduction Most medical students are not familiar with Anesthesiology, as it is infrequently addressed properly in medical school curricula. However, anesthesiology skills are widely practiced across specialties and commonly performed by general practitioners. Currently, anesthesia curricula are often based on shadowing and lectures without emphasizing relevant skills, behaviors, and attitudes, whereas simulation-based curricula enable a holistic evaluation of the trainee. Objective To implement and assess the perceptions of students and professors of a novel simulation-based anesthesiology curriculum. Methods A descriptive study was planned for evaluating the new proposal. A simulation-based 3-week curriculum was organized using a blended course with skill laboratories. We designed flipped classroom-based lectures (2 weeks) combined with activities using standardized patients, manikins, and hybrid scenarios (1 week). After each activity, feedback was given by an anesthesiologist, as well as individual grading and a survey based on the Kirkpatrick levels. Results From June to November 2020, 53 students were enrolled in the clerkship. Each week, every group of 6-8 students was assigned to the same specialist to perform the activities and track individual progress. The response rate of the survey was 83%. Across the levels of Kirkpatrick, there was an excellent opinion of the activities, as well as a high similarity between the perception of both students and professors. Conclusion Our simulation-based curriculum, which was highly appraised by students and professors, was found to be feasible, appealing, and offered a good introduction to the principles and practices of anesthesiology to medical students.
Introducción: La mayoría de los estudiantes de medicina no están familiarizados con la Anestesiología, ya que la materia pocas veces se aborda adecuadamente en el programa académico de la facultad de medicina. Sin embargo, las habilidades en anestesiología son ampliamente utilizadas por los médicos generales. En la actualidad los currículos de anestesiología suelen basarse en prácticas y conferencias donde no se enfatizan las destrezas pertinentes, las conductas y las actitudes, mientras que los currículos basados en simulación permiten una evaluación integral del aprendiz. Objetivo: Implementar y evaluar las percepciones de estudiantes y de los profesores de un novedoso plan de estudios de anestesiología basado en la simulación. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo para valorar la nueva propuesta. Se organizó un plan de estudios de 3 semanas, basado en simulación, utilizando un curso mixto con habilidades de laboratorio. Diseñamos conferencias basadas en el modelo de aula invertida (2 semanas), combinadas con actividades basadas en pacientes estandarizados, maniquíes y escenarios híbridos (1 semana). Luego de cada actividad, un anestesiólogo ofrecía su retroalimentación, así como calificaciones individuales y una encuesta basada en los niveles de Kirkpatrick. Resultados: Se inscribieron 53 estudiantes en la pasantía de junio a noviembre de 2020. Cada semana se asignaba un grupo de 6-8 estudiantes a un mismo especialista para llevar a cabo las actividades y hacer un seguimiento al progreso alcanzado de manera individual. La tasa de respuesta de la encuesta fue de 83%. En todos los niveles de Kirkpatrick, hubo una excelente opinión sobre las actividades y una elevada similitud en la percepción, tanto de los estudiantes como de los profesores. Conclusión: Nuestro currículo basado en simulación fue muy bien valorado por estudiantes y profesores y se consideró factible, atractivo y que ofrecía a los estudiantes una buena introducción a los principios y prácticas de la anestesiología.
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No cardiovascular risk score has included Latin American patients in its development. The ACC/AHA ASCVD risk score has not been validated in Latin America; consequently, its predictive capacity in the population of the region is unknown. The aim of this study is to evaluate the discrimination capacity and calibration of the ACC/AHA ASCVD score to predict the 10-year risk of a cardiovascular event in a primary prevention cohort followed in a Colombian hospital. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in primary prevention patients belonging to an intermediate/high-risk and low-risk cohort without established atherosclerotic disease. Cardiovascular risk was calculated at inclusion. The calibration was analyzed by comparing observed and expected events in the different risk categories. A discrimination analysis was made using the area under the ROC curve and C statistic. A total of 918 patients were included-202 from the intermediate/high-risk and 716 from the low-risk cohort. The median cardiovascular risk was 3.6% (IQR 1.7-8.5%). At the 10-year follow-up, 40 events (4,4%) occurred. The area under the ROC curve was 0.782 (95% CI 0.71-0.85). The Hosmer-Lemeshow test did not show differences between expected and observed events. The ACC/AHA ASCVD score is calibrated and has good discrimination capacity in predicting 10-year risk of cardiovascular events in a Colombian population.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Aterosclerose/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Glioblastoma and neuroblastoma are the most common central nervous system malignant tumors in adult and pediatric populations. Both are associated with poor survival. These tumors are highly heterogeneous, having complex interactions among different cells within the tumor and with the tumor microenvironment. One of the main challenges in the neuro-oncology field is achieving optimal conditions to evaluate a tumor's molecular genotype and phenotype. In this respect, the zebrafish biological model is becoming an excellent alternative for studying carcinogenic processes and discovering new treatments. This review aimed to describe the results of xenotransplantation of patient-derived CNS tumors in zebrafish models. The reviewed studies show that it is possible to maintain glioblastoma and neuroblastoma primary cell cultures and transplant the cells into zebrafish embryos. The zebrafish is a suitable biological model for understanding tumor progression and the effects of different treatments. This model offers new perspectives in providing personalized care and improving outcomes for patients living with central nervous system tumors.