RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Stress and menstrual cycle have been described as factors influencing bad breath, as they can alter oral homeostasis and contribute to the production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC). OBJECTIVE: Considering that the experimenter's and volunteer's gender may influence the volunteer's responses to stress, the aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of stress and gender on the production of VSC and salivary biomarkers. METHODS: The experimental acute stress was induced by the Video-Recorded Stroop Color-Word Test (VRSCWT). The VSC, salivary proteins, and cardiovascular parameters were measured before and after VRSCWT. RESULTS: The VRSCWT induced significant increase in total VSC, hydrogen sulfide, and blood pressure values in men and women. Women presented higher values of both these compounds than men. The increase in systolic blood pressure was more pronounced when subjects were evaluated by an experimenter of the opposite gender. When women were evaluated by a member of the opposite gender, they showed significant increases in salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol compared with baseline values. CONCLUSION: Thus, the results showed that VRSCWT induced acute stress, which increased VSC production, and these effects were shown to be influenced by the gender.
Assuntos
Halitose/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Compostos de Enxofre/metabolismo , Ansiedade/complicações , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Pressão Sanguínea , Feminino , Halitose/etiologia , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Sulfeto de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina A/análise , Masculino , Ciclo Menstrual/fisiologia , Saliva/química , Fatores Sexuais , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Gravação em Vídeo , Adulto Jovem , alfa-Amilases/sangueRESUMO
The purpose of the present study was to observe the casual levels of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) in volunteers with different clinical scores of tongue coating, periodontal pockets depth and Gingival Bleeding Index. Seventy-two subjects who attended for the first time at the dental clinic of the University were randomly selected for intra-oral and periodontal examinations. Systemic and dental histories were also obtained. The subjects were unaware of all procedures. The level of VSC was assessed by using a portable sulphide monitor (Halimeter; Interscan Co., Chatsworth, CA, USA). High tongue coating levels were related with more VSC counts (multivariate anova, P = 0.01). No statistically significant relation (multiple linear regression, P > 0.05) was observed among the VSC levels considering age, bleeding and periodontal pockets sites (depth > 4 mm). We concluded that the tongue coating was one of the main factors influencing the VSC levels.
Assuntos
Biofilmes , Halitose/etiologia , Doenças Periodontais/complicações , Compostos de Enxofre/análise , Língua , Adolescente , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Halitose/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Periodontais/metabolismo , Índice Periodontal , Valores de Referência , Análise de Regressão , Compostos de Enxofre/efeitos adversos , Compostos de Enxofre/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/efeitos adversos , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/metabolismo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The menstrual cycle has been pointed out as a factor influencing halitosis. However, this relationship has not yet been clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of gender and the menstrual cycle on the production of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) in women (n=14) across the menstrual cycle, and in men (n=17). Volunteers in good oral and general health were submitted to the evaluation of VSC, salivary flow, cortisol and anaerobic bacteria counts in saliva. Data were compared among groups by Analysis of Variance (alpha=5%). VSC was higher in the menstrual and premenstrual phases when compared with men and the follicular phase (p<0.05). Salivary flow was lower in the menstrual and premenstrual phases when compared with men and the follicular phase (p<0.05). Salivary cortisol was higher in the menstrual phase in comparison with men and the premenstrual and follicular phases (p<0.05). Total salivary protein was higher in men when compared to women (p<0.05) with no differences among menstrual phases (p>0.05). Levels of anaerobic micro-organisms, however, were not different among groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, the production of VSC is influenced by menstrual cycle and protein concentration and salivary flow might be involved in this process.
Assuntos
Halitose/etiologia , Ciclo Menstrual/metabolismo , Saliva/química , Compostos de Enxofre/metabolismo , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Fase Folicular/metabolismo , Halitose/microbiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Saliva/microbiologia , Taxa Secretória/fisiologia , Fatores Sexuais , Estudantes de Medicina , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of nandrolone decanoate on anxiety levels in rats. Male Wistar rats were treated with nandrolone decanoate (5mg/kg, two times per week, i.m.) or vehicle (propylene glycol--0.2 ml/kg, two times per week, IM) for 6 weeks. Control rats were subject only to procedures related to their routine husbandry. By the end of 6 weeks, all groups (24-29 rats/group) were submitted to the elevated plus maze test in order to evaluate their anxiety level. Some of these animals (12-14/group) were treated with diazepam (1 mg/kg i.p.) 30 min before the elevated plus maze test. Nandrolone decanoate significantly decreased the percentage of time spent in the open arms (1.46+/-0.49%) compared with control (3.80+/-0.97%) and vehicle (3.96+/-0.85%) groups, with no difference between control and vehicle treatments. The percentage of open arm entries was also reduced in the group treated with nandrolone decanoate in comparison with the vehicle and control. No changes in the number of closed arm entries were detected. Diazepam abolished the effects of nandrolone decanoate on the percentage of time in, and entries into the open arms. The present study showed that chronic treatment with a high dose of nandrolone decanoate increased the anxiety level in male rats.