RESUMO
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease which global burden is increasing often related to climatic change. Hundreds of whole genome sequences from worldwide isolates of Leptospira spp. are available nowadays, together with online tools that permit to assign MLST sequence types (STs) directly from raw sequence data. In this work we have applied R7L-MLST to near 500 genomes and strains collection globally distributed. All 10 pathogenic species as well as intermediate were typed using this MLST scheme. The correlation observed between STs and serogroups in our previous work, is still satisfied with this higher dataset sustaining the implementation of MLST to assist serological classification as a complementary approach. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences from R7-MLST loci allowed us to resolve taxonomic inconsistencies but also showed that events such as recombination, gene conversion or lateral gene transfer played an important role in the evolution of Leptospira genus. Whole genome sequencing allows us to contribute with suitable epidemiologic information useful to apply in the design of control strategies and also in diagnostic methods for this illness.
Assuntos
Leptospira/classificação , Leptospira/genética , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus/métodos , Teorema de Bayes , Evolução Molecular , Genoma Bacteriano , Filogenia , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
Bovine tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium bovis, a mycobacterium highly similar to M. tuberculosis that belongs to the M. tuberculosis complex. The main host of M. bovis is cattle but it also affects many other mammalians including humans. Tuberculosis in humans caused by either M. bovis or M. tuberculosis is clinically hard to distinguish. During 2004-2005, samples from 448 patients with diagnosis of TB were collected from different regions of Argentina. The PRA technique identified 400 isolates with representative patterns of mycobacterium. The predominant ones were the M. tuberculosis complex, the M. avium-M. intracellulare complex and M. gordonae. Samples with M. tuberculosis complex PRA restriction profiles were analyzed with a multiplex PCR to differentiate between M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. Multiplex PCR identified nine M. bovis. The results allowed the possibility to establish that 2% of pulmonary tuberculosis was due to M. bovis. Isolates of M. bovis from humans were examined using spoligotyping. These isolates presented five different spoligotypes. The main spoligotype was also the most frequently one found in cattle. The remaining human spoligotypes (grouped in clusters) are occasionally found in cattle. Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis identified five different patterns. By combining the results of spoligotyping and VNTR analysis, we were able to differentiate seven M. bovis isolates. The remaining two M. bovis samples showed the same spoligotype and VNTR profile and belonged to household contacts. An MDR-M. bovis was isolated from the samples of these household contacts. The identification of two epidemiologically linked cases of human M. bovis infection suggests person-to-person transmission of an MDR-M. bovis.
Assuntos
Repetições Minissatélites/genética , Tipagem Molecular/métodos , Mycobacterium bovis/classificação , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/transmissão , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Bovinos , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Genótipo , Humanos , Epidemiologia Molecular , Mycobacterium bovis/isolamento & purificação , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classificação , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Tuberculose/microbiologiaRESUMO
A batch of 28 llama (Lama gama) sera from Jujuy province in Argentina was studied in order to identify immune reactive antigens to Leptospira interrogans. Different antigenic preparations from the bacterium were used to study the immune reactivity by the microagglutination (MAT), ELISA and Western immunoblot tests. A control pool of positive bovine sera was used. All the llama sera were negative to MAT as well as to ELISA. Two of the llama sera and the positive bovine sera pool rendered positive results when evaluated by Western immunoblot, allowing the identification of immune reactive proteins. These proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF. A periplasmic flagellin of Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai STR called FlaB1 was identified from the reactive llama sera, and an external membrane lipoprotein of Leptospira interrogans serovar Ballum called LipL21 was identified from the pool of bovine positive sera. These proteins could be used in a new ELISA applied to the early diagnosis of leptospirosis in different kind of cattle or wild reservoirs.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/imunologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Camelídeos Americanos/imunologia , Epitopos/imunologia , Flagelina/imunologia , Leptospira interrogans/imunologia , Leptospirose/veterinária , Lipoproteínas/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Argentina/epidemiologia , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Western Blotting , Camelídeos Americanos/sangue , Bovinos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Epitopos/isolamento & purificação , Flagelina/isolamento & purificação , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Leptospirose/imunologia , Lipoproteínas/isolamento & purificação , Testes Sorológicos/veterinária , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por MatrizRESUMO
Se estudió un lote de 28 sueros de llama (Lama gama) de la provincia de Jujuy, Argentina, a fin de identificar antígenos inmunorreactivos contra Leptospira interrogans. Se utilizaron distintas preparaciones antigénicas de la bacteria para estudiar la inmunorreactividad mediante microaglutinación (MAT), ELISA y Western inmunoblot. Un pool de sueros bovinos positivos a la MAT fue empleado como control. Todos los sueros de llama fueron negativos mediante MAT e igual resultado se observó mediante ELISA. Dos de los 28 sueros de llama y el pool de sueros bovinos positivos, al ser evaluados por Western inmunoblot, arrojaron resultados positivos y permitieron identificar proteínas inmunorreactivas. Por MALDI-TOF se logró establecer que la proteína asociada a los dos sueros de llama inmunorreactivos era una flagelina periplásmica de Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai STR, mientras que la asociada al pool de sueros bovinos positivos a Leptospira sp. se trataba de una lipoproteína de la membrana externa de Leptospira interrogans serovar Ballum, LipL21. Estas proteínas podrían ser utilizadas en el diseño de un nuevo ELISA aplicado al diagnóstico temprano de leptospirosis, ya sea en distintos tipos de ganado como así también en reservorios silvestres.
A batch of 28 llama (Lama gama) sera from Jujuy province in Argentina was studied in order to identify immune reactive antigens to Leptospira interrogans. Different antigenic preparations from the bacterium were used to study the immune reactivity by the microagglutinattion (MAT), ELISA and Western immunoblot tests. A control pool of positive bovine sera was used. All the llama sera were negative to MAT as well as to ELISA. Two of the llama sera and the positive bovine sera pool rendered positive results when evaluated by Western immunoblot, allowing the identification of immune reactive proteins. These proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF. A periplasmic flagellin of Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai STR called FlaB1 was identified from the reactive llama sera, and an external membrane lipoprotein of Leptospira interrogans serovar Ballum called LipL21 was identified from the pool of bovine positive sera. These proteins could be used in a new ELISA applied to the early diagnosis of leptospirosis in different kind of cattle or wild reservoirs.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/imunologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Camelídeos Americanos/imunologia , Epitopos/imunologia , Flagelina/imunologia , Leptospira interrogans/imunologia , Leptospirose/veterinária , Lipoproteínas/imunologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Argentina/epidemiologia , Western Blotting , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Camelídeos Americanos/sangue , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Epitopos/isolamento & purificação , Flagelina/isolamento & purificação , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Leptospirose/imunologia , Lipoproteínas/isolamento & purificação , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Testes Sorológicos/veterináriaRESUMO
A Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis expression library in lambda ZAP was screened with immunized mice sera. One clone was selected, sequenced and further characterized. The sequence analysis of the hypothetical open-reading frame (ORF) predicts a protein of 20.8 kDa with a probable signal sequence compatible with Cys-acylation at Cys24, characteristic of lipoproteins. In consequence, the protein was termed Lpp34. Recombinant expression of Lpp34 was achieved by cloning the lpp34 gene into the histidine-tag expression vector pRSET-A. Western blot analysis showed a protein band with a molecular weight of 34 kDa. The native protein was localized in the membrane fraction of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and extracted in the detergent phase of Triton X-114. Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction showed that the gene is absent from all the non-M. avium complex mycobacterial genomes tested. Humoral reactivity using bovine sera demonstrated that this protein is widely recognized by both the infected and non-infected animals. This could partly be due to the conserved sequence in close-related environmental bacteria such as M. avium subsp. avium and to the presence of a conserved epitope in other bacteria such as Escherichia coli. In conclusion, these findings show that Lpp34 is a membrane protein and a putative lipoprotein present in M. avium complex mycobacteria and absent in the M. tuberculosis complex.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Lipoproteínas/isolamento & purificação , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/imunologia , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Proteínas de Bactérias/classificação , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Sequência de Bases , Western Blotting/veterinária , Bovinos , Clonagem Molecular , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Lipoproteínas/classificação , Lipoproteínas/imunologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Peso Molecular , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/classificação , Fases de Leitura Aberta , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Proteínas Recombinantes/classificação , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/isolamento & purificação , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Análise de Sequência de ProteínaRESUMO
Bovine tuberculosis is a highly prevalent animal disease in Argentina. In this work evidence was obtained showing that a major Mycobacterium bovis group in Argentina had been introduced with the bovine bulls imported from the United Kingdom at the end of the XIX century. This evidence came from two sources: historical, obtained by bibliographical references, and from laboratory results, using a molecular typing method called spoligotyping. These strains are also present in other countries that introduced cattle from the same origin.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium bovis/classificação , Tuberculose Bovina/microbiologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos/história , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Bovinos , Comércio , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Genótipo , História do Século XIX , Masculino , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Mycobacterium bovis/isolamento & purificação , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , África do Sul/epidemiologia , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Bovina/história , Tuberculose Bovina/transmissão , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Bovine tuberculosis is a highly prevalent animal disease in Argentina. In this work evidence was obtained showing that a major Mycobacterium bovis group in Argentina had been introduced with the bovine bulls imported from the United Kingdom at the end of the XIX century. This evidence came from two sources: historical, obtained by bibliographical references, and from laboratory results, using a molecular typing method called spoligotyping. These strains are also present in other countries that introduced cattle from the same origin.
RESUMO
Bovine tuberculosis is a highly prevalent animal disease in Argentina. In this work evidence was obtained showing that a major Mycobacterium bovis group in Argentina had been introduced with the bovine bulls imported from the United Kingdom at the end of the XIX century. This evidence came from two sources: historical, obtained by bibliographical references, and from laboratory results, using a molecular typing method called spoligotyping. These strains are also present in other countries that introduced cattle from the same origin.
RESUMO
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PRA) which relies on the amplification of a 439-bp portion of the hsp65 gene present in all mycobacteria, followed by two distinct digestions (with BstEII and HaeIII) of the PCR product, offers a rapid and easy alternative that allows identification of the species without the need for specialized equipment. Wild leprosy in the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is characterized by the presence of multiple bacilli in internal organs such as lymph nodes, spleen and liver, as well as in nerves and skin. We could observe this in 9 out of 132 animals captured in Corrientes, Argentina, an area endemic for leprosy in humans. Mycobacterium leprae were recognized in those naturally infected animals through different techniques. Three samples of extracted DNA of the mycobacteria present in the spleen, liver and popliteal lymph node of a naturally infected animal during the Experimental Program in Armadillo (PEA) and three samples of human lepromas were processed by PRA. The patterns of the six samples analyzed were identical and were characteristic of M. leprae. These studies, made for the first time in Argentina, corroborate the initial discoveries in South America made by our investigative group on the detection of armadillos naturally infected with the Hansen bacillus.
Assuntos
Tatus/microbiologia , Hanseníase/microbiologia , Mycobacterium leprae/classificação , Animais , Argentina , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Chaperonina 60 , Chaperoninas/genética , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Humanos , Hanseníase/veterinária , Mycobacterium leprae/genética , Mycobacterium leprae/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Spoligotyping is a major tool for molecular typing of Mycobacterium bovis. This technique is based on the polymorphism of spacers that separate direct repeats (DRs) in the M. tuberculosis complex DR region. Numerous M. bovis strains show a lack of several spacers which appears as a gap in the spoligotyping pattern. To determine whether these gaps contain alternative spacers not included in the spoligotyping membrane, PCRs using primers that hybridize to the spacers adjacent to the gaps were performed. Comparing the sizes of products obtained by PCR with those deduced from spoligotyping patterns, fragments were selected and sequenced to look for alternative spacers. Upon analysis of the sequences, five alternative spacers were detected, although deletions of spacers are mainly responsible for the observed gaps. The alternative spacers, which are more frequent in M. bovis than in M. tuberculosis, may contribute to increased M. bovis differentiation.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium bovis/classificação , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Sequências Repetitivas de Ácido Nucleico/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Sequência de Bases , Bovinos , DNA Bacteriano/análise , DNA Intergênico/genética , Oligonucleotídeos/análise , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
P27 is an antigenic membrane lipoprotein synthesized by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Northern blotting and RT-PCR experiments indicated that the genes encoding P27 and a putative antibiotic transporter (P55) form an operon. A promoter region was identified and characterized by deletion analysis in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Two transcription initiation points were mapped in Mycobacterium bovis BCG by primer extension analysis to 76 bp and 87 bp upstream of the ATG initiation codon. Putative -10 and -35 promoter consensus sequences associated with these showed 66% similarity to previously identified mycobacterial promoters. These results suggest that the P27/P55 operon is transcribed from two promoters in M. bovis BCG.