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BACKGROUND: The clinical efficacy of IV infusion of lidocaine for treatment of equine endotoxemia has not been studied. HYPOTHESIS: Lidocaine infusion after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) will inhibit the inflammatory response and have inhibitory effects on the hemodynamic and cytokine responses to endotoxemia. ANIMALS: Twelve horses. METHODS: Two equal groups (n=6): saline (GI) and lidocaine (GII). In all animals, endotoxin (500 ng/kg body weight [BW]) was injected intraperitoneally over 5 minutes. Twenty minutes later, animals received a bolus of GI or GII (1.3 mg/kg BW) over 5 minutes, followed by a 6-hour continuous rate infusion of GI or GII (0.05 mg/kg BW/min). Treatment efficacy was judged from change in arterial blood pressure, peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid (PF) variables (total and differential cell counts, enzyme activities, and cytokine concentrations), and clinical scores (CS) for behavioral evidence of abdominal pain or discomfort during the study. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, horses treated with lidocaine had significantly lower CS and serum and PF tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) activity. At several time points in both groups, total and differential cell counts, glucose, total protein and fibrinogen concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, and TNF-alpha activities were significantly different from baseline values both in peripheral blood and in PF. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Lidocaine significantly decreased severity of CS and inhibited TNF-alpha activity in PF.

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The seroprevalence of Maedi-Visna in sheep from Araçatuba region - SP, was determined and correlated to age, gender, breed, or sheep production systems. Blood samples were collected from 444 sheep, aging from two to 12 year-old. Both sexes and different breeds were sampled in 20 farms of this region. Physical examination was performed in all animals. Agar gel immunodiffusion test kit was used to diagnose in serum samples. Twelve animals, from five different farms, were AGID positive, yielding a seroprevalence of 2.7%, with no correlation among breed, gender, or sheep production systems and the detection of the disease. No animal considered positive for Maedi-Visna showed clinical signs compatible with Maedi-Visna.

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The seroprevalence of Maedi-Visna in sheep from Araçatuba region - SP, was determined and correlated to age, gender, breed, or sheep production systems. Blood samples were collected from 444 sheep, aging from two to 12 year-old. Both sexes and different breeds were sampled in 20 farms of this region. Physical examination was performed in all animals. Agar gel immunodiffusion test kit was used to diagnose in serum samples. Twelve animals, from five different farms, were AGID positive, yielding a seroprevalence of 2.7%, with no correlation among breed, gender, or sheep production systems and the detection of the disease. No animal considered positive for Maedi-Visna showed clinical signs compatible with Maedi-Visna.(AU)

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The occurrence of Cryptosporidium in fecal samples of lambs was determined in order to test correlations among the type of animal raising, feces consistence, index of oocysts elimination, animalage, and molecular characterization of species and genotypes involved in this parasitism. A total of 460 fecal samples were collected from lambs during the first 30 days of life, in various screeds of 21 farms.All samples were analyzed using malachite green negative coloration stain under microscopy. For molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium, on positive samples under microscopy, a nested PCR protocol was used for amplification of fragmentts from 18S rRNA gene or actin gene. It was found 6.7%of animals expeling oocysts of Cryptosporidium in feces of eight farms, without statistics relation among the analyzed indexes. The species and genotype involved were C. parvum type A 18S rRNA, C. parvum type B 18S rRNA and cervid genotype, which present a zoonotic potential of disease.(AU)

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Estabeleceu-se o perfil eletroforético de proteínas séricas de ratos Wistar experimentalmente infectados com Tripanosoma evansi, utilizando-se 40 ratos, distribuídos em oito grupos de cinco animais cada. Um grupo foi mantido como testemunho (G1), e os demais (G2 a G8) foram inoculados, via intraperitoneal, com cerca de 10³tripomastigota de T. evansi. Amostras de sangue para obtenção de soro foram coletadas no quinto (G2), 10º (G3), 15º (G4), 30º (G5), 45º (G6), 60º (G7) e 75º (G1 e G8) dia após as inoculações. O fracionamento das proteínas foi realizado pela técnica SDS-PAGE. Foram identificadas 31 proteínas, sendo sete de fase aguda: ceruloplasmina (101KD), hemopexina (83KD), transferrina (75KD), albumina (66KD), antitripsina (60KD), haptoglobina (44KD) e glicoproteína ácida (38KD). As proteínas com pesos moleculares 12KD; 22KD; 25KD; 28KD; 32,5KD; 35KD; 53,5KD; 63KD e 72KD apareceram apenas nos ratos inoculados com T. evansi.

This study established the electrophoretic profile of serum proteins of Wistar rats experimentally infected with Tripanosoma evansi. For such, 40 rats were allocated into eight groups of five animals. A group was kept as control (G1) and the others (G2 to G8) were intraperitoneally inoculated with 1.0 x 10³ tripomastigote of T. evansi. Blood samples were collected at 5th (G2), 10th (G3), 15th (G4), 30th (G5), 45th (G6), 60th (G7), and 75th (G1 and G8) days after inoculation (DAI). The serum protein concentrations were determined by means of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thirty-one distinct proteins were identified, seven of these were identified as acute phase proteins: ceruloplasmin (110KD), hemopexin (83KD), transferrin (75KD), albumin (66KD), antitrypsin (60KD), haptoglobin (44KD), and acid glycoprotein (38KD). The proteins with molecular weights 12KD; 22KD; 25KD; 28KD; 32,5KD; 35KD; 53,5KD; 63KD, and 72KD were found only in infected rats.

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Estabeleceu-se o perfil eletroforético de proteínas séricas de ratos Wistar experimentalmente infectados com Tripanosoma evansi, utilizando-se 40 ratos, distribuídos em oito grupos de cinco animais cada. Um grupo foi mantido como testemunho (G1), e os demais (G2 a G8) foram inoculados, via intraperitoneal, com cerca de 10³tripomastigota de T. evansi. Amostras de sangue para obtenção de soro foram coletadas no quinto (G2), 10º (G3), 15º (G4), 30º (G5), 45º (G6), 60º (G7) e 75º (G1 e G8) dia após as inoculações. O fracionamento das proteínas foi realizado pela técnica SDS-PAGE. Foram identificadas 31 proteínas, sendo sete de fase aguda: ceruloplasmina (101KD), hemopexina (83KD), transferrina (75KD), albumina (66KD), antitripsina (60KD), haptoglobina (44KD) e glicoproteína ácida (38KD). As proteínas com pesos moleculares 12KD; 22KD; 25KD; 28KD; 32,5KD; 35KD; 53,5KD; 63KD e 72KD apareceram apenas nos ratos inoculados com T. evansi.(AU)

This study established the electrophoretic profile of serum proteins of Wistar rats experimentally infected with Tripanosoma evansi. For such, 40 rats were allocated into eight groups of five animals. A group was kept as control (G1) and the others (G2 to G8) were intraperitoneally inoculated with 1.0 x 10³ tripomastigote of T. evansi. Blood samples were collected at 5th (G2), 10th (G3), 15th (G4), 30th (G5), 45th (G6), 60th (G7), and 75th (G1 and G8) days after inoculation (DAI). The serum protein concentrations were determined by means of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thirty-one distinct proteins were identified, seven of these were identified as acute phase proteins: ceruloplasmin (110KD), hemopexin (83KD), transferrin (75KD), albumin (66KD), antitrypsin (60KD), haptoglobin (44KD), and acid glycoprotein (38KD). The proteins with molecular weights 12KD; 22KD; 25KD; 28KD; 32,5KD; 35KD; 53,5KD; 63KD, and 72KD were found only in infected rats.(AU)

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The goals of this study were to evaluate if hemoglobin played a role as adjuvant in experimental peritonitis in horses and could cause clinical and haematological alterations that could be used for diagnosis and prognosis of cases of peritonitis. Fifteen adult horses were randomly divided into 5 equal groups, which were injected intraperitoneally with the following suspension: GI: 1x109 colony-forming units (CFU) of E. coli diluted in 500 mL of 0.9% saline solution plus 5 g of hemoglobin; GII: 1x109 CFU of B. fragilis diluted in 500 mL of 0.9% saline plus 5 g of hemoglobin; GIII: 1x109 CFU of E. coli in combination with 1x109  CFU of B. fragilis diluted in 500 ml of 0.9% of saline plus 5 g of hemoglobin; GIV: 500 mL of 0.9% saline plus 5 g of hemoglobin and GV: 500 mL of 0.9% saline. Leukopenia with neutropenia was observed in GI and GIII  and a significant increase in plasma fibrinogen concentration occurred in horses of GI. There was a significant increase in total nucleated cell count in peritoneal fluid in horses of GI, GII, GIII and GIV. Fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, abdominal wall sensibility and tension, diarrhoea, colic, and decreased borborygmi sounds were the most frequent clinical signs observed in horses of GI, GII, GIII and GIV. In conclusion, hemoglobin was able to cause chemical peritonitis in horses, it had an adjuvant effect when associated t

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Five adult donkeys were experimentally infected with Brazilian strain of Trypanosoma evansi originally isolated from a naturally infected dog to study the hematological biochemical and histopathological alterations during the evolution of the disease. The course of the experimental infection was followed up to 145 days. Hematological analyses of the infected donkeys revealed a marked decline in hemoglobin, packed-cell volume, and erythrocyte count. Anemia was observed after successive peaks of parasitemia. Biochemical analyses showed increased levels of icterus index, serum globulins and decreased serum albumin and glucose values. All infected donkeys revealed enlargement of spleen and its white pulp, enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes and lungs congestion. The main histopathological features consisted of meningoencephalitis. Demyelination in some areas of the cerebellum pediculus and neuropil vacuolization were observed. This study showed that donkeys infected with a Brazilian strain of T. evansi developed a chronic disease.

Cinco jumentos, adultos foram infectados experimentalmente com cepa brasileira de Trypanosoma evansi, isolada de um cão naturalmente infectado, com o intuito de observar as alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas e histopatológicas durante a evolução da enfermidade. O curso da infecção experimental foi de 145 dias. Análise hematológica dos jumentos infectados revelou declínio nos valores de hemoglobina, hematócrito e contagem total de eritrócitos. Notou-se anemia após sucessivos picos de parasitemia. Análise bioquímica indicou aumento dos níveis de índice ictérico, globulinas séricas e diminuição dos valores séricos de albumina e glicose. Todos os jumentos infectados apresentaram aumento do baço e de sua polpa branca, aumento de linfonodos mediastínicos e congestão pulmonar. Meningoencefalite foi o principal achado histopatológico. Em algumas áreas do pedículo cerebelar foram observadas desmielinização, além de vacuolização do neurópilo. O estudo mostrou que jumentos infectados com a cepa brasileira do T. evansi desenvolveram doença crônica.

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Five adult donkeys were experimentally infected with Brazilian strain of Trypanosoma evansi originally isolated from a naturally infected dog to study the hematological biochemical and histopathological alterations during the evolution of the disease. The course of the experimental infection was followed up to 145 days. Hematological analyses of the infected donkeys revealed a marked decline in hemoglobin, packed-cell volume, and erythrocyte count. Anemia was observed after successive peaks of parasitemia. Biochemical analyses showed increased levels of icterus index, serum globulins and decreased serum albumin and glucose values. All infected donkeys revealed enlargement of spleen and its white pulp, enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes and lungs congestion. The main histopathological features consisted of meningoencephalitis. Demyelination in some areas of the cerebellum pediculus and neuropil vacuolization were observed. This study showed that donkeys infected with a Brazilian strain of T. evansi developed a chronic disease.(AU)

Cinco jumentos, adultos foram infectados experimentalmente com cepa brasileira de Trypanosoma evansi, isolada de um cão naturalmente infectado, com o intuito de observar as alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas e histopatológicas durante a evolução da enfermidade. O curso da infecção experimental foi de 145 dias. Análise hematológica dos jumentos infectados revelou declínio nos valores de hemoglobina, hematócrito e contagem total de eritrócitos. Notou-se anemia após sucessivos picos de parasitemia. Análise bioquímica indicou aumento dos níveis de índice ictérico, globulinas séricas e diminuição dos valores séricos de albumina e glicose. Todos os jumentos infectados apresentaram aumento do baço e de sua polpa branca, aumento de linfonodos mediastínicos e congestão pulmonar. Meningoencefalite foi o principal achado histopatológico. Em algumas áreas do pedículo cerebelar foram observadas desmielinização, além de vacuolização do neurópilo. O estudo mostrou que jumentos infectados com a cepa brasileira do T. evansi desenvolveram doença crônica.(AU)

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This research investigated the humoral immune response in sheep experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Ten healthy eight-months-old crossbred ewes were used. The animals were previously tested by fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and were serum negative for T. evansi. Four of them were kept as non-infected controls; three animals were experimentally infected by intravenous route with approximately 2.4 x 106 and the remaining three with 2.4 x 107 trypomastigotes of T. evansi. Serum samples of the experimentally T. evansi-infected and non-infected sheeps were obtained before inoculation and daily thereafter until 14 days post infection (DPI). Later, the serum samples were obtained weekly and biweekly until the 133rd and 253rd DPI, respectively. No clinical signs were observed. The immune responses started on the 14th DPI and progressive increases in antibodies levels were documented between the 30th and the 90th DPI. After this period the levels of antibodies remained high up to the end of the observation period. Sheeps experimentally infected with 2.4 x 107 trypomastigotes of T. evansi showed the highest IFAT values. KEY-WORDS: Trypanosoma evansi. Trypanosomiasis. Sheep. Immune response

A presente pesquisa objetivou estudar a resposta imunitária humoral de ovinos experimentalmente infectados com T.evansi. Para tal, foram utilizadas dez fêmeas, com idade aproximada de oito meses, com variado grau de mestiçagem, clinicamente sadias e sorologicamente negativas para a presença de anticorpos anti-T. evansi (Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta - RIFI). Desses dez animais, quatro foram utilizados como testemunhos (G3) e os seis restantes constituíram os grupos G1 e G2. As ovelhas do G1 e G2 foram inoculadas via intravenosa, com cerca de 2,4 x 106 e 2,4 x 107 tripomastigotas de T. evansi, respectivamente. A pesquisa de anticorpos anti-T. evansi foi realizada diariamente até o 14º dia após as inoculações (DAI), semanalmente até 133º DAI e a cada 15 dias até o 253º DAI. O curso da doença foi assintomático e anticorpos anti-T. evansi foram identificados no soro dos ovinos inoculados a partir do 14º DAI. Títulos crescentes foram verificados entre o 30º e 90º DAI e, após esse período, mantiveram-se elevados até o final do período de observação. Os ovinos que receberam maior inóculo (G2) apresentaram em média maiores títulos de anticorpos anti-T. evansi.PALAVRAS CHAVE: Trypanosoma evansi. Tripanossomíase. Ovinos. Resposta imune.

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Foram estudadas as características físico-químicas e citológicas do líquido sinovial da bainha tendínea digital de nove eqüinos hígidos. Verificou-se que o líquido é viscoso, amarelo claro, límpido, livre de partículas e que não coagula à temperatura ambiente. Sua concentração média de ácido hialurônico foi 60,20mg/dl, a taxa de glicose, similar à plasmática e sua concentração protéica não ultrapassou 1,74g/dl, com relação média albumina:globulina de 0,94. O número médio de células nucleadas foi de 313 células/æl, com predominância de grandes células mononucleares e linfócitos. Houve correlação significativa (r = - 0,649, P<0,01) entre o aumento da concentração de ácido hialurônico e a diminuição percentual de linfócitos. As mensurações das características pesquisadas no líquido sinovial da bainha tendínea digital de eqüinos são de execução simples e passíveis de implantação na rotina de atendimentos clínico-cirúrgicos.

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Foram estudadas as características físico-químicas e citológicas do líquido sinovial da bainha tendínea digital de nove eqüinos hígidos. Verificou-se que o líquido é viscoso, amarelo claro, límpido, livre de partículas e que não coagula à temperatura ambiente. Sua concentração média de ácido hialurônico foi 60,20mg/dl, a taxa de glicose, similar à plasmática e sua concentração protéica não ultrapassou 1,74g/dl, com relação média albumina:globulina de 0,94. O número médio de células nucleadas foi de 313 células/µl, com predominância de grandes células mononucleares e linfócitos. Houve correlação significativa (r = - 0,649, P<0,01) entre o aumento da concentração de ácido hialurônico e a diminuição percentual de linfócitos. As mensurações das características pesquisadas no líquido sinovial da bainha tendínea digital de eqüinos são de execução simples e passíveis de implantação na rotina de atendimentos clínico-cirúrgicos.(AU)

Physical, biochemical and cytological characteristics of the digital flexor tendon sheath synovial fluid were studied in nine clinically normal horses. It is a viscous, pale yellow, clear fluid, without flocculent material and does not clot at room temperature. Its hyaluronic acid mean concentration was 60.20mg/dL, glucose levels were similar to the plasmatic levels, and its protein concentration was up to 1.74g/dL, with mean albumin:globulin ratio of 0.94. Nucleated cells mean number was 313 cells/µL, with predominating large mononuclear cells and lymphocytes. There was a significant correlation (r= -0.649, P<0.01) between increasing hyaluronic acid concentration and decreasing lymphocyte counts. Equine digital tendon sheath synovial fluids can be easily evaluated, being feasible in clinical and surgical routine, and the information may be useful to the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of animals with tendon sheath associated lesions.(AU)

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Descrevem-se os achados clínico, cirúrgico e anatomopatológico de intussuscepçäo em quatro bovinos fêmeas. Observaram-se intussuscepçäo do jejuno, com obstruçäo total, em três animais, e intussuscepçäo do cólon, com obstruçäo parcial, em um animal. A presença de parasitismo intenso por Oesophagostomum sp. em dois animais sugere a participaçäo desse parasita na gênese da intussuscepçäo

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Descrevem-se os achados clínico, cirúrgico e anatomopatológico de intussuscepção em quatro bovinos fêmeas. Observaram-se intussuscepção do jejuno, com obstrução total, em três animais, e intussuscepção do cólon, com obstrução parcial, em um animal. A presença de parasitismo intenso por Oesophagostomum sp. em dois animais sugere a participação desse parasita na gênese da intussuscepção (AU)

The clinical, surgical, and anatomopathologic findings of four cases of intussusception in cattle are described. In three cows it was observed jejunum intussusception with total obstruction, and in one cow, intussusception of the colon with partial obstruction. The presence of massive parasitism by Oesophagostomum sp. in two animals suggests the participation of this parasite in the genesis of the intussusception.(AU)

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