RESUMO
Hepatotoxicity related to HDS is a growing global health issue. We have undertaken a systematic review of published case reports and case series from LA from 1976 to 2020 to describe the clinical features of HDS related hepatotoxicity in this region. We search in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and specific LA databases according to PRISMA guidelines. Only HILI cases published in LA that met criteria for DILI definition were included. Duplicate records or reports that lacked relevant data that precluded establishing causality were excluded. Finally, 17 records (23 cases) were included in this review. Centella asiatica, Carthamus tinctorius, and Herbalife® were the most reported HDS culprit products, the main reason for HDS consumption was weight loss. The clinical characteristics of HDS hepatotoxicity in our study were compared to those of other studies in the USA, Europe and China showing a similar signature with predominance of young females, hepatocellular damage, a high rate of ALF and mortality, more frequent inadvertent re-challenge and chronic damage. This study underscores the challenge in causality assessment when multi-ingredients HDS are taken and the need for consistent publication practice when reporting hepatotoxicity cases due to HDS, to foster HDS liver safety particularly in LA.
Assuntos
Centella/efeitos adversos , Doença Hepática Crônica Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/etiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais/efeitos adversos , Medicina Herbária/métodos , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Coleta de Dados , Feminino , Humanos , América Latina , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Las Infecciones Asociadas a las Atenciones Sanitarias (IAAS), constituyen un serio problema de salud pública. Se describe un brote de IAAS en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales de Asunción y las medidas de control implementadas. Estudio descriptivo de serie de casos, entre el 26 de marzo y el 18 de abril del 2013. Fueron utilizados datos secundarios como historias clínicas, registros de enfermería, certificados de defunción, resultados de bacteriología, registros de control de IAAS. El universo estuvo constituido por 12 neonatos, en cuatro se aislaron Pseudomona aeruginosa y en tres Klebsiella pneumoniae BLEE. Predomino el sexo masculino (6/7), la media de edad de 2 días (rango:2-45 días), la mayoría prematuros (5/7). Todos con procedimientos invasivos durante la hospitalización. La tasa global de ataque fue 58% (7/12), con una tasa de ataque para P. aeruginosa de 33 % (4/12) y para K. pneumoniae BLEE de 38 % (3/12). La mortalidad global fue 29% (2/12) y la tasa de la letalidad atribuible a la infección por P. aeruginosa fue del 50% (2/4). Las medidas de control del brote fueron el aislamiento de los pacientes infectados, una enfermera por paciente, se intensifico los cuidados de bioseguridad para procedimientos invasivos y lavado de manos; suspensión de pacientes remitidos hasta que se asegurar el corte de transmisión. Se confirmó dos brotes simultáneos con agentes etiológicos diferentes, P. aeruginosa y K. pneumoniae BLEE. Es necesario reforzar las medidas de control de infecciones y lavado correcto de manos, de manera a prevenir brotes de IAAS en la UCIN(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Infecções por Pseudomonas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Klebsiella/epidemiologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Paraguai/epidemiologia , Surtos de DoençasRESUMO
BACKGOUND: In order to reduce the treatment gap of mental disorders, the World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed the mhGAP guidelines to be implemented globally. AIM OF THE STUDY: To examine the effectivity of a training course based on the WHO-mhGAP guidelines to increase knowledge and readiness for identification and management of depression and suicide risk in primary care (PC) in Mexico. METHODS: PC clinicians were invited to participate in a traning course; before and after it, all completed an evaluation of knowledge of mhGAP and depression (0-10 points), and self-efficacy in suicide risk management (0-40 points), and were classified according to Prochaska and Diclemente transtheorical model in their particular stage of readiness for identification and management of these conditions. RESULTS: The sample included 60 health professionals. Before training, clinicians had adequate knowledge of depression and its treatment (8.1 ± 1.66), but not on the mhGAP model and/or suicide risk management, which increased by the end of training (mhGAPpre:7.91 ± 2.19 vs. mhGAPpost:8.77 ± 1.34, p = 0.01; SuicidePRE:29.16 ± 9.35 vs. SuicidePOST:39.24 ± 6.83, p = 0.0001). Before training, most clinicians were at the contemplation stage (42.6% vs. 37.7% at the action and 19.7% at the precontemplation stage). By the end of the training, a decrease in the number of clinicians at both the contemplation and precontemplation stages (to 36.1% and to zero, respectively) and a significant increase of clinicians at the action stage (to 63.9%) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: A training course based on the WHO-mhGAP could be an effective tool for increasing PC clinicians' willingness to implement mental health services.
Assuntos
Depressão/terapia , Pessoal de Saúde/educação , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Prevenção do Suicídio , Adulto , Educação Médica Continuada/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Serviços de Saúde Mental , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
The substantial generation of organic waste together with increasing interest in developing sustainable agriculture heralds an opportunity for mobilizing the recycling of these materials as a source of organic matter and nutrients into a viable management strategy option. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of compost derived from waste produced by the winery and distillery industries in a drip-irrigated melon crop traditionally grown in the area where these wastes are generated. A randomized complete block design was used with four treatments consisting of three different dose levels of compost: 7 (D1), 13 (D2) and 20 (D3) t ha1 and a control (D0) without the application of compost. The effects of these treatments on plant growth, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accumulation as well as fruit yield and quality were studied. The application of compost produced a slight increase in plant biomass accompanied by changes in the relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR). As a result, a significant improvement in fruit yield was observed in the plots amended with D2, which met all the requirements to obtain elevated yields. In terms of environmental correctness applications were below the limits established by a number of impact indexes. Additionally, the application of compost improved fruit quality resulting in an enhancement of Brix degrees. Although the potential effects of N and P derived from compost were partially masked by other inputs of these nutrients into the system (N in irrigation water, P supplied through fertigation), an effect of P was observed resulting in an increase in the number of individual fruits in the plots amended with compost.(AU)
Assuntos
Cucumis melo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Resíduos de Alimentos , Compostagem , Produtos Agrícolas , 24444 , Desenvolvimento SustentávelRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to identify which environmental factors are the most responsible for the disability experienced by persons with mental disorders and whether they differ (1) from those in cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory conditions, diabetes, and cancer, and (2) depending on the capacity level-a proxy for the impact of health conditions on the health state of individuals. METHODS: Nationally representative data from 12,265 adults in Chile collected in 2015 with the WHO Model Disability Survey was analyzed. RESULTS: The availability of personal assistance, frequency of receiving personal assistance, and assistive devices for mobility were the most important environmental factors across mental and other non-communicable diseases. Perception of discrimination and use of health services were also prominent factors. There was a huge overlap between the factors found relevant for mental and other non-communicable diseases, but a substantial variability depending on the intensity of difficulties in capacity. CONCLUSIONS: This study challenges the appropriateness of disease-specific approaches and suggests that considering intrinsic capacity levels is more informative than focusing on diagnosis alone when comparing needs and barriers that affect the performance in daily life of specific groups of individuals.
Assuntos
Pessoas com Deficiência/psicologia , Saúde Ambiental , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Atividades Cotidianas , Adulto , Chile/epidemiologia , Pessoas com Deficiência/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças não Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Currently, Paraguay has no data on the prevalence of soil-transmitted geohelminth infection in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years. AIM: To determine the prevalence and intensity of infection by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms and the socio-cultural-environmental characteristics of the affected population. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, in three semi-tropical climatic zones: continental, semi steppe and humid. A total of 1,404 schoolchildren from 20 schools in eight departments were selected from the country's three climate zones. Copro-parasitological exams were analyzed in situ with the Kato-Katz method. RESULTS: The national prevalence for geohelminthiasis was 3.73% (95% CI = 2.8-4.8). The risk factors found were consumption of well water OR: 2.88 (95% CI = 1.64-2.07), ground floor in housing OR: 2.56 (95% CI = 1.45-4.50) and lack of flushing water baths in households OR: 2.29 (95% CI = 1.23-4.28). CONCLUSION: Although the national prevalence of geohelminthiasis was low, it is recommended to promote good hygienic practices, use of footwear, and safe water consumption, as well as designing interventions with all relevant sectors to improve access to safe water and improved basic sanitation facilities.
Assuntos
Ascaríase/epidemiologia , Ascaris lumbricoides/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Trichuris/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Ascaríase/diagnóstico , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Características Culturais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Paraguai/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Tricuríase/diagnósticoRESUMO
ABSTRACT: The substantial generation of organic waste together with increasing interest in developing sustainable agriculture heralds an opportunity for mobilizing the recycling of these materials as a source of organic matter and nutrients into a viable management strategy option. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of compost derived from waste produced by the winery and distillery industries in a drip-irrigated melon crop traditionally grown in the area where these wastes are generated. A randomized complete block design was used with four treatments consisting of three different dose levels of compost: 7 (D1), 13 (D2) and 20 (D3) t ha1 and a control (D0) without the application of compost. The effects of these treatments on plant growth, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accumulation as well as fruit yield and quality were studied. The application of compost produced a slight increase in plant biomass accompanied by changes in the relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR). As a result, a significant improvement in fruit yield was observed in the plots amended with D2, which met all the requirements to obtain elevated yields. In terms of environmental correctness applications were below the limits established by a number of impact indexes. Additionally, the application of compost improved fruit quality resulting in an enhancement of Brix degrees. Although the potential effects of N and P derived from compost were partially masked by other inputs of these nutrients into the system (N in irrigation water, P supplied through fertigation), an effect of P was observed resulting in an increase in the number of individual fruits in the plots amended with compost.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT: The substantial generation of organic waste together with increasing interest in developing sustainable agriculture heralds an opportunity for mobilizing the recycling of these materials as a source of organic matter and nutrients into a viable management strategy option. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of compost derived from waste produced by the winery and distillery industries in a drip-irrigated melon crop traditionally grown in the area where these wastes are generated. A randomized complete block design was used with four treatments consisting of three different dose levels of compost: 7 (D1), 13 (D2) and 20 (D3) t ha1 and a control (D0) without the application of compost. The effects of these treatments on plant growth, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accumulation as well as fruit yield and quality were studied. The application of compost produced a slight increase in plant biomass accompanied by changes in the relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR). As a result, a significant improvement in fruit yield was observed in the plots amended with D2, which met all the requirements to obtain elevated yields. In terms of environmental correctness applications were below the limits established by a number of impact indexes. Additionally, the application of compost improved fruit quality resulting in an enhancement of Brix degrees. Although the potential effects of N and P derived from compost were partially masked by other inputs of these nutrients into the system (N in irrigation water, P supplied through fertigation), an effect of P was observed resulting in an increase in the number of individual fruits in the plots amended with compost.
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Resumen Introducción: Actualmente Paraguay no cuenta con estudios de prevalencia de infección por geohelmintos transmitidos por contacto con el suelo en escolares de 6 a 12 años. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia e intensidad de infección por Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura y las uncinarias y las características socio culturalesambientales de la población afectada. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, en tres zonas climáticas: semi tropical continental, semi tropical semi estépico y semi tropical húmedo. Se seleccionaron 1.404 escolares de 20 escuelas de ocho departamentos, de las tres zonas climáticas del país. Se analizaron exámenes coproparasitológicos in situ con el método Kato-Katz. Resultados: La prevalencia nacional de geohelmintiasis fue de 3,7% (IC95% = 2,8-4,8). Los factores de riesgo fueron el consumo de agua de pozo OR: 2,88 (IC95% = 1,64-2,07), piso de tierra en la vivienda OR: 2,56 (IC95% = 1,45-4,50) y falta de baño con arrastre de agua en los hogares OR: 2,29 (IC95% = 1,23-4,28). Conclusión: A pesar de que la prevalencia nacional de geohelmintiasis fue baja, se recomienda promocionar buenas prácticas higiénicas, el uso de calzado, y consumo de agua segura, así como diseñar intervenciones con los sectores pertinentes para mejorar el acceso al agua segura y a instalaciones mejoradas de saneamiento básico.
Introduction: Currently, Paraguay has no data on the prevalence of soil-transmitted geohelminth infection in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years. Aim: To determine the prevalence and intensity of infection by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms and the socio-cultural-environmental characteristics of the affected population. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, in three semi-tropical climatic zones: continental, semi steppe and humid. A total of 1,404 schoolchildren from 20 schools in eight departments were selected from the country's three climate zones. Copro-parasitological exams were analyzed in situ with the Kato-Katz method. Results: The national prevalence for geohelminthiasis was 3.73% (95% CI = 2.8-4.8). The risk factors found were consumption of well water OR: 2.88 (95% CI = 1.64-2.07), ground floor in housing OR: 2.56 (95% CI = 1.45-4.50) and lack of flushing water baths in households OR: 2.29 (95% CI = 1.23-4.28). Conclusion: Although the national prevalence of geohelminthiasis was low, it is recommended to promote good hygienic practices, use of footwear, and safe water consumption, as well as designing interventions with all relevant sectors to improve access to safe water and improved basic sanitation facilities.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Ascaríase/epidemiologia , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Ascaris lumbricoides/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Paraguai/epidemiologia , Ascaríase/diagnóstico , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Tricuríase/diagnóstico , Trichuris/isolamento & purificação , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Características CulturaisRESUMO
La influenza (FLU) causa morbilidad grave y mortalidad. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la incidencia, la etiología y el uso de recursos para la gripe en un barrio de bajos ingresos de Asunción, Paraguay mediante un estudio de cohorte prospectiva de base poblacional con muestreo aleatorio estratificado de viviendas de julio a Octubre de 2013. El monitoreo de los hogares para la identificación de los casos de enfermedad tipo influenza (ETI) fue telefónico. En aquellos pacientes con ETI, se tomaron hisopados nasofaríngeos para RT-PCR e IFI. Se establecieron los factores de riesgo para ETI por la prueba de chi cuadrado considerándose significativa p<0,05; además se calculó RR con IC95%. De 8.279 viviendas, 401 familias (2.065 personas) fueron monitoreadas; se identificaron 141 casos de ETI que representa una incidencia de 6,8% (IC95%: 5,5-7,6%); el 56% de los casos buscaron atención médica, en su mayoría (80%) en servicios públicos. Se testaron 84% de los hisopados nasofaríngeos, siendo positivo en el 22% para virus respiratorios; 86% FLU (63% FLU A, 37% FLU B). Se encontró asociación (p< 0,001) entre enfermar de ETI y tener edad menor de 5 años (RR: 2,43 (1,68-3,49). Este es el primer estudio que da información sobre la carga de Influenza en Paraguay. El monitoreo telefónico resultó ser una buena estrategia para monitoreo de los hogares para la identificación de los casos de ETI. El virus de la Influenza fue el patógeno más común identificado, con una alta demanda de asistencia médica, lo que resulta una carga sustancial para los servicios de salud.
Influenza (FLU) causes severe morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, etiology and use of resources for influenza in a low-income neighborhood in Asunción, Paraguay through a prospective population base cohort with stratified random sampling of houses from July to October 2013. Monitoring of cases of influenza-like illness (ILI) was by telephone. In ETI cases, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for RT-PCR and IFI. Risk factors for ETI were established using chi square test at p≤0.05; RR with CI 95% was also calculated. Of 8,279 homes, 401 families (2,065 people) were monitored; 141 ILI cases were identified, yielding an incidence of 6.8% (95% CI 5.5-7.6), 56% of cases sought medical attention, mostly (80%) in public health services. Among the ILIs, 84% of nasopharyngeal swabs were tested, 22% positive for respiratory viruses; 86% FLU (63% FLU A, 37% FLU B). An association (p<0.001) between ILI disease and aged less than 5 years (RR: 2.43 (1.68-3.49) was found. This is the first study that gives information on Influenza burden in Paraguay. Telephone monitoring was a good strategy for house monitoring in order to identify cases of ILI. Influenza virus was the most common pathogen identified, with a high demand for medical assistance, which results in a substantial burden for health services.
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Influenza Humana , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
Abstract Introduction Valid and feasible measures to properly assess the most impaired areas of functioning in various groups of patients with mental disorders would allow the development and evaluation of interventions designed to modify the specific environmental barriers that contribute to patients´ disability. Objective This article seeks to evaluate the internal consistency and construct and convergent validity of the Spanish version of the World Health Organization's Disability Assessment Schedule WHODAS 2.0, as well as its relationship with sociodemographic variables and symptomatic severity in Mexican patients with and without psychotic symptoms. Method The WHODAS 2.0 and the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale SOFAS were administered to 153 patients with any of the following diagnoses: affective disorders, anxiety disorders, stress-related disorders, and psychotic disorders. Results The WHODAS 2.0 showed high internal consistency in patients with psychotic symptoms (Cronbach's alpha = .92) and without psychotic symptoms (Cronbach's alpha = .89). Nevertheless, only in patients without psychotic symptoms, was a significant negative correlation between WHODAS (disability) and SOFAS (functioning) total scores observed, together with significant differences in WHODAS scores between those with mild and severe symptomatology. Discussion and conclusion The WHODAS 2.0 is an adequate measure of disability in patients without psychotic symptoms. It could be used as a complementary measure of disability in those with psychotic symptoms. Further studies are required to determine other psychometric properties of the WHODAS 2.0, particularly those related to temporal stability and sensitivity to change.
Resumen Introducción Disponer de medidas válidas y confiables para evaluar las áreas de funcionamiento más comprometidas en los diferentes grupos de pacientes con trastornos mentales permitiría el desarrollo y la evaluación de intervenciones dirigidas a modificar barreras específicas del contexto que contribuyen a su deterioro funcional. Objetivo Evaluar la consistencia interna y la validez de constructo y convergente de la versión en español del cuestionario para la evaluación de discapacidad de la Organización Mundial de la Salud WHODAS 2.0, así como su relación con variables demográficas y la gravedad sintomática en pacientes mexicanos con y sin síntomas psicóticos. Método El WHODAS y la escala de evaluación del funcionamiento social y ocupacional SOFAS se aplicaron a una muestra de 153 pacientes con algún diagnóstico de trastorno afectivo, de ansiedad, relacionado con el estrés o psicótico. Resultados El WHODAS mostró alta consistencia interna en pacientes con síntomas psicóticos (alpha de Cronbach = .92) y en aquellos sin síntomas psicóticos (alpha de Cronbach = .89). Sin embargo, sólo en los pacientes sin síntomas psicóticos se observó una correlación negativa entre las puntuaciones del WHODAS 2.0 (discapacidad) y el SOFAS (funcionalidad) así como diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones WHODAS de aquellos con sintomática leve y grave. Discusión y conclusión La escala WHODAS 2.0 es adecuada para medir discapacidad en pacientes sin síntomas psicóticos. En aquellos con síntomas psicóticos, podría servir más bien con fines complementarios. Se sugieren estudios para determinar otras propiedades psicométricas del WHODAS, especialmente las relacionadas con su estabilidad temporal y sensibilidad al cambio.
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BACKGROUND: Unhealthy lifestyles and depression are highly interrelated: depression might elicit and exacerbate unhealthy lifestyles and people with unhealthy lifestyles are more likely to become depressed over time. However, few longitudinal evidence of these relationships has been collected in emerging countries. The present study aims i) to analyse whether people with unhealthy lifestyles are more likely to develop depression, and ii) to examine whether depressed people with unhealthy lifestyles are more likely to remain depressed. A total of 7908 participants from Ghana, India, Mexico and Russia were firstly evaluated in the World Health Organization's Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE) Wave 0 (2002-2004) and re-evaluated in 2007-2010 (Wave 1). Data on tobacco use, alcohol drinking and physical activity, were collected. Logistic regressions models were employed to assess whether baseline unhealthy lifestyles were related to depression in Wave 1, among people without 12-month depression in Wave 0 and any previous lifetime diagnosis of depression, and to 12-month depression at both study waves (persistent depression). RESULTS: Baseline daily and non-daily smoking was associated with depression in Wave 1. Low physical activity and heavy alcohol drinking were associated with persistent depression. CONCLUSIONS: Unhealthy lifestyles and depression are also positively related in emerging countries. Smoking on a daily and non-daily basis was longitudinally related to depression. Depressed people with low physical activity and with heavy drinking patterns were more likely to become depressed over time. Several interpretations of these results are given. Further studies should check whether a reduction of these unhealthy lifestyles leads to lower depression rates and/or to a better clinical prognosis of depressed people.
Assuntos
Depressão/etiologia , Incidência , Estilo de Vida/etnologia , Adulto , Idoso , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Fumar Cigarros/epidemiologia , Fumar Cigarros/psicologia , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Feminino , Gana/epidemiologia , Gana/etnologia , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Índia/etnologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Federação Russa/epidemiologia , Federação Russa/etnologia , Organização Mundial da Saúde/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In water scarcity areas the use of saline water for irrigation is a common practice. In this study, experimental data from two two-year melon tests were collected for the calibration (2004 'Yellow Melon' (YeMe) type) and validation (2002 YeMe, 2005 and 2006 'Piel de Sapo' (PiSa) type) processes in melon crop simulation under deficit irrigation conditions using salt water. The simulations were carried out for Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) and Ceará (Brazil) using the MOPECO model, which includes optimized regulated deficit irrigation (ORDI) methodology. The objective was to determine the most suitable irrigation strategy for both areas. RESULTS: Under fresh water conditions, ORDI may increase yield by up to 20% (PiSa) and 7% (YeMe) compared with constant deficit irrigation. Higher water deficit should be induced during the vegetative development and ripening stages. The rainfall between irrigation periods is able to leach the salts supplied by the irrigation water. CONCLUSION: The combination of ORDI with different strategies for managing saline water may increase water use efficiency. In these areas it may be of interest not to apply the leaching fraction (saving up to 67% of irrigation water). However, leaching of the soluble salts accumulated before starting the most sensitive periods may be suitable.
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Irrigação Agrícola , Cucurbitaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Modelos Biológicos , Transpiração Vegetal , Cloreto de Sódio , Água/química , Biomassa , Brasil , Calibragem , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Cucurbitaceae/metabolismo , Frutas , Humanos , Chuva , Salinidade , Sais/química , Cloreto de Sódio/química , EspanhaRESUMO
Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for melon (Cucumis melo L.) production. However there is scanty information about the amount necessary to maintain an appropriate balance between growth and yield. Melon vegetative organs must develop sufficiently to intercept light and accumulate water and nutrients but it is also important to obtain a large reproductive-vegetative dry weight ratio to maximize the fruit yield. We evaluated the influence of different N amounts on the growth, production of dry matter and fruit yield of a melon 'Piel de sapo' type. A three-year field experiment was carried out from May to September. Melons were subjected to an irrigation depth of 100% crop evapotranspiration and to 11 N fertilization rates, ranging 11 to 393 kg ha-1 in the three years. The dry matter production of leaves and stems increased as the N amount increased. The dry matter of the whole plant was affected similarly, while the fruit dry matter decreased as the N amount was increased above 112, 93 and 95 kg ha-1, in 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. The maximum Leaf Area Index (LAI), 3.1, was obtained at 393 kg ha-1 of N. The lowest N supply reduced the fruit yield by 21%, while the highest increased the vegetative growth, LAI and Leaf Area Duration (LAD), but reduced yield by 24% relative to the N93 treatment. Excessive applications of N increase vegetative growth at the expense of reproductive growth. For this melon type, rates about 90-100 kg ha-1 of N are sufficient for adequate plant growth, development and maximum production. To obtain fruit yield close to the maximum, the leaf N concentration at the end of the crop cycle should be higher than 19.5 g kg-1.
O nitrogênio (N) é um nutriente importante para a produção de melão (Cucumis melo L.), porém existe pouca informação sobre a quantidade necessária para se obter um balanço entre o crescimento e a produtividade. Os órgãos vegetativos do melão precisam se desenvolver suficientemente para interceptor luz, acumular água e nutrients, mas também é importante alcançar uma grande relação de massa seca produtiva-vegetativa para maximizar a produção de frutos. Investigou-se a influência de quantidades de N no crescimento, na produção de matéria seca e na produtividade do melão tipo 'Pele de sapo'. Foi conduzido experimento com três anos de duração, de maio a setembro, com irrigações de 100% da evapotranspiração e 11 doses de adubação de N, no intervalo de 11 a 393 kg ha-1 em três anos. A produção de massa seca de folhas e caules aumentou com o aumento das doses de N. A matéria seca da planta toda foi afetada de maneira semelhante, enquanto a dos frutos decresceu com o aumento de N acima de 112, 93 e 95 kg ha-1, em 2005, 2006 e 2007, respectivamente. O índice de área foliar máxima (LAI) mais aulto (3.1) foi obtido com a dose de 393 kg N ha-1de N. A dose mais baixa de N reduziu a produtividade de frutos em 21%, enquanto a dose mais alta aumentou o crescimento vegetative, LAI e a duração de área foliar (LAD), mas reduziu a produtividade em 24% em relação ao tratamento N93. Aplicações excessivas de N aumentam o crescimento vegetativo às expensas do crescimento vegetativo. Para este tipo de melão, doses da ordem de 90-100 kg ha-1 de N são suficientes para crescimento adequado e produção máxima. Para obter produções próximas ao máximo, a concentração de N na folha no final do ciclo da cultura não deve ser maior que 19.5 g kg-1.
RESUMO
Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for melon (Cucumis melo L.) production. However there is scanty information about the amount necessary to maintain an appropriate balance between growth and yield. Melon vegetative organs must develop sufficiently to intercept light and accumulate water and nutrients but it is also important to obtain a large reproductive-vegetative dry weight ratio to maximize the fruit yield. We evaluated the influence of different N amounts on the growth, production of dry matter and fruit yield of a melon 'Piel de sapo' type. A three-year field experiment was carried out from May to September. Melons were subjected to an irrigation depth of 100% crop evapotranspiration and to 11 N fertilization rates, ranging 11 to 393 kg ha-1 in the three years. The dry matter production of leaves and stems increased as the N amount increased. The dry matter of the whole plant was affected similarly, while the fruit dry matter decreased as the N amount was increased above 112, 93 and 95 kg ha-1, in 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. The maximum Leaf Area Index (LAI), 3.1, was obtained at 393 kg ha-1 of N. The lowest N supply reduced the fruit yield by 21%, while the highest increased the vegetative growth, LAI and Leaf Area Duration (LAD), but reduced yield by 24% relative to the N93 treatment. Excessive applications of N increase vegetative growth at the expense of reproductive growth. For this melon type, rates about 90-100 kg ha-1 of N are sufficient for adequate plant growth, development and maximum production. To obtain fruit yield close to the maximum, the leaf N concentration at the end of the crop cycle should be higher than 19.5 g kg-1.
O nitrogênio (N) é um nutriente importante para a produção de melão (Cucumis melo L.), porém existe pouca informação sobre a quantidade necessária para se obter um balanço entre o crescimento e a produtividade. Os órgãos vegetativos do melão precisam se desenvolver suficientemente para interceptor luz, acumular água e nutrients, mas também é importante alcançar uma grande relação de massa seca produtiva-vegetativa para maximizar a produção de frutos. Investigou-se a influência de quantidades de N no crescimento, na produção de matéria seca e na produtividade do melão tipo 'Pele de sapo'. Foi conduzido experimento com três anos de duração, de maio a setembro, com irrigações de 100% da evapotranspiração e 11 doses de adubação de N, no intervalo de 11 a 393 kg ha-1 em três anos. A produção de massa seca de folhas e caules aumentou com o aumento das doses de N. A matéria seca da planta toda foi afetada de maneira semelhante, enquanto a dos frutos decresceu com o aumento de N acima de 112, 93 e 95 kg ha-1, em 2005, 2006 e 2007, respectivamente. O índice de área foliar máxima (LAI) mais aulto (3.1) foi obtido com a dose de 393 kg N ha-1de N. A dose mais baixa de N reduziu a produtividade de frutos em 21%, enquanto a dose mais alta aumentou o crescimento vegetative, LAI e a duração de área foliar (LAD), mas reduziu a produtividade em 24% em relação ao tratamento N93. Aplicações excessivas de N aumentam o crescimento vegetativo às expensas do crescimento vegetativo. Para este tipo de melão, doses da ordem de 90-100 kg ha-1 de N são suficientes para crescimento adequado e produção máxima. Para obter produções próximas ao máximo, a concentração de N na folha no final do ciclo da cultura não deve ser maior que 19.5 g kg-1.
RESUMO
Child Sexual Exploitation is a complex phenomenon in our country and the world; it dates back to an ancient past but it has a very recent conceptualization and specific approach. This article proposes a tour through this process as well as some inputs for its categorization, the attention to the affected subjects by the very design of public policies taken from a concrete institutional experience.
Assuntos
Abuso Sexual na Infância , Trabalho Sexual , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
La Explotación Sexual Comercial Infantil es un fenómeno complejo de antigua data en nuestro país y en el mundo pero de relativamente reciente conceptualización y abordaje específico. En este artículo se propone un recorrido a través de este proceso, así como también algunos aportes para su caracterización, la atención de las personas afectadas por el mismo y el diseño de políticas públicas, desde una experiencia institucional concreta.(AU)
Child Sexual Exploitation is a complex phenomenon in our country and the world; it dates back to an ancient past but it has a very recent conceptualization and specific approach. This article proposes a tour through this process as well as some inputs for its categorization, the attention to the affected subjects by the very design of public policies taken from a concrete institutional experience.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Feminino , Criança , Abuso Sexual na Infância , Trabalho Sexual , Violência , Política Pública , Argentina , Delitos Sexuais , Redes Comunitárias , Reabilitação , SocializaçãoRESUMO
La Explotación Sexual Comercial Infantil es un fenómeno complejo de antigua data en nuestro país y en el mundo pero de relativamente reciente conceptualización y abordaje específico. En este artículo se propone un recorrido a través de este proceso, así como también algunos aportes para su caracterización, la atención de las personas afectadas por el mismo y el diseño de políticas públicas, desde una experiencia institucional concreta.
Child Sexual Exploitation is a complex phenomenon in our country and the world; it dates back to an ancient past but it has a very recent conceptualization and specific approach. This article proposes a tour through this process as well as some inputs for its categorization, the attention to the affected subjects by the very design of public policies taken from a concrete institutional experience.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Feminino , Criança , Abuso Sexual na Infância , Política Pública , Trabalho Sexual , Violência , Argentina , Delitos Sexuais , Redes Comunitárias , Reabilitação , SocializaçãoRESUMO
Se estudió la micobiota alcalofílica y alcalino tolerante de suelos de intercordones del bosque nativo de Celtis tala y Scutia buxifolia en el Partido de Magdalena, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Los aislamientos de los geohongos se realizaron en agar extractos de malta en rangos de pH desde 5 hasta 11, ajustados mediante diferentes concentraciones de sales sódicas. Se aislaron e identificaron 43 taxa fúngicos. El 50 por ciento no fueron capaces de crecer a pH 10 siendo asignados a la categoría de alcalófilos. El 39 por ciento fueron alcalino-tolerantes dado que pudieron ser aislados hasta pH 10, mientras que el 11 por ciento restante creció a pH 10 pero no a pH 5-6 y fueron asignados a la categoría de alcalofílicos. Sólo Fusarium solari fue aislado con altas frecuencias en suelos de los 3 intercordones en todos lo pH probados.