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BACKGROUND: The Yucatan Peninsula (YP) is one of the most important regions in global apiculture. Hence, this work reviews and integrates the knowledge of the species diversity, growth habits, ecosystems, floral calendars during the apiculture production cycles and the types of vegetation represented in the melliferous flora (MF) of the YP; as a basis for proposing selection strategies locating suitable apiculture production areas for local beekeepers and help in the economic development of the region. METHODS: A comprehensive review of the MF literature was carried out using the snowball method to determine and update the number of species useful for apiculture. The growth habits and flower calendars were determined through a review of the literature and databases of specimens from the herbaria CICY, UCAM and MEXU. RESULTS: The YP reports a total of 935 taxa of MF (98 families and 498 genera); of these, Campeche has 812 taxa, followed by Quintana Roo (786) and Yucatán (767). The MF is made up of herbs (282), followed by shrubs (260), trees (229), climbers (82), woody climbers (67) palms (14) and parasitic plant (1). CONCLUSION: Of the 935 species of MF registered at the regional level, a high number of species have flowering throughout the year, however, not all of these species are considered useful for local commercial apiculture. Only a select group of 23 species are considered of major importance for local apiculture industry.

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BACKGROUND: The knowledge of native melliferous flora (MF) may contribute to identify the diversity of species available for beekeeping activities during the dry and rainy seasons of the year in the Yucatan Peninsula (YP) region. The acute shortage of food resources considerably reduce local honey production and needs to be addressed appropriately. The objective of this study has been identifying the local MF, their nectar and pollen contribution, their flowering patterns, and the criteria of the vegetation to be established adjacent to local apiaries for stable production of quality honey. The study also investigates how this approach helps to complete the annual flowering cycle required to maintain the honeybee colonies, thereby preventing swarm escapes during periods of acute food stress in the community of Xmabén, Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a comprehensive survey based on interviews with 40 local beekeepers and a review of herbarium specimens (CICY) of the database of the global information network on the native MF biodiversity with high apiculture potential, the contribution of nectar and pollen they provide, and their flowering patterns. Furthermore, we documented interviews with the same beekeepers on the necessary conditions for establishing the ideal components of vegetation in areas adjacent to apiaries for high-quality honey production in the Xmabén community of Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico. RESULTS: We have identified 56 native MF species with apiculture potential, that need to be planted around the apiaries for assisting honeybees in successfully running the beekeeping production cycle. Hence, the MF diversity of Xmabén community constitutes a valuable resource for successful beekeeping in the region and adjoining localities. We found that 22.5% of local beekeepers are dedicated exclusively to apilcilture, while 77.5% practice it as a secondary activity due to better sources of income in agriculture (60%), masonry (10%), and livestock management (7.5%). The data generated can help in further expansion of the local apiaries, beekeeping business, and in building future opportunities for the local apiculture industry. Indigenous knowledge of the beekeepers was comprehensive and corroborated the technical information on MF collected from the herbarium, further emphasizing the value of indigenous knowledge on traditional beekeeping practices. CONCLUSION: From the perspective of human ecology, our study reveals the need of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting indigenous knowledge to facilitate traditional beekeeping practices of the region without using expensive, modern technology to solve ecosystem-based problems through long-term, sustainable, traditional, and environment friendly approaches.

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RESUMEN Se contribuye al conocimiento de la diversidad florística de la familia Orchidaceae presente en el sistema fluvio-lagunar-deltaico Palizada-del Este (SFLD-PE) a partir de los datos obtenidos de 15 recolectas realizadas en diez sitios, durante agosto 2013 a febrero 2014. El listado incluye 27 especies en 17 géneros. Ocho especies son nuevos registros para el SFLD-PE: Bletia purpurea, Catasetum integerrimum, Habenaria pringlei, H. repens, Laelia (Schomburgkia) rubescens, Myrmecophila tibicinis, Ornithocephalus inflexus y Rhetinantha friedrichsthalii. Los géneros con el mayor número de especies son Epidendrum (4) y Prosthechea (4). En lo que respecta al hábito de crecimiento, 23 especies son epífitas (85 %), tres especies son terrestres o semiacuáticas (12 %) y una especie es exclusivamente terrestre (3 %). Las especies mejor representadas en los sitios son Brassavola grandiflora (8), Bletia purpurea (7) y Habenaria repens (6). Los hospederos con mayor número de especies son Pachira aquatica (20) y Zygia latifolia (7). Epidendrum isthmi fue la única especie que se encuentra en alguna categoría de riesgo, de acuerdo a la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Diversas acciones antrópicas inciden negativamente en el SFLD-PE: deforestación, incendios y apertura de canales de agua provocan el deterioro y fragmentación de los hábitats, lo que pone en peligro el futuro de este grupo taxonómico y de otros grupos de plantas, por lo que el conocimiento de la biodiversidad de esta área es necesario para establecer estrategias de conservación, restauración y manejo sustentable.

ABSTRACT This paper is a contribution to the knowledge of the diversity of Orchidaceae in the Palizada del Este (SFLD-PE) fluvial-lagoon-deltic system based upon data generated from 15 collection events at ten sites conducted August 2012 through February 2014. The checklist includes 27 species in 17 genera. Eight species are new records for the SFLD-PE: Bletia purpurea, Catasetum integerrimum, Habenaria pringlei, H. repens, Laelia (Schomburgkia) rubescens, Myrmecophila tibicinis, Ornithocephalus inflexus, and Rhetinantha friedrichsthalii. The genera with the largest number of species are Epidendrum (4) and Prosthechea (4). As regards to life form, 23 species are epiphytic (85 %), three species are terrestrial or semiaquatic (12 %), and one species is terrestrial (3 %). The species present in more sites are Brassavola grandiflora (8), Bletia purpurea (7), and Habenaria repens (6). The hosts with the largest number of species are Pachira aquatica (20) and Zygia latifolia (7). Epidendrum isthmi is found in a risk category according to NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Several anthropic actions negatively affect the SFLD-PE: deforestation, fires, and open water channels lead to deterioration and fragmentation of habitats, which threatens the future of this taxonomic group as well as that of other groups of plants. Thus, knowledge of the biodiversity of this area is necessary for developing sound strategies for conservation, restoration, and sustainable management.

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Se registran 11 novedades para la flora de Honduras a partir de ejemplares recolectados en el Parque Nacional Montaña Celaque. Los nuevos registros son: Tillandsia mateoensis (Bromeliaceae), Diastema affine (Gesneriaceae), Scutellaria costaricana (Lamiaceae), Miconia contrerasii (Melastomataceae), Acianthera violacea, Dendrophylax porrectus, Epidendrum santaclarense, Lepanthes enca-barcenae, L. fratercula, L. isabelae y Sarcoglottis schaffneri (Orchidaceae). Por otra parte, Potosia guatemalensis es sinonimizado bajo S. schaffneri. Se incluyen fotos de todas las especies, hábitats y un mapa de distribución con sus localidades en Honduras.

Eleven new records for the flora of Honduras from Celaque Mountain National Park are reported here. The new records are: Tillandsia mateoensis (Bromeliaceae), Diastema affine (Gesneriaceae), Scutellaria costaricana (Lamiaceae), Miconia contrerasii (Melastomataceae), Acianthera violacea, Dendrophylax porrectus, Epidendrum santaclarense, Lepanthes enca-barcenae, L. fratercula, L. isabelae, and Sarcoglottis schaffneri (Orchidaceae). Moreover, Potosia guatemalensis is synonimized under S. schaffneri. We include photos of all species, habitats, and a distributional map with their localities in Honduras.

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The genera Cohniella, Lophiarella, Lophiaris, and Trichocentrum are included in the Trichocentrum-clade. These genera are distributed from Florida and Northern Mexico to Southern Brazil and Northern Argentina, growing in tropical deciduous forests or tropical rain forests and thorn scrub forests to pine-oak forest, from sea level to 1 700m. The leaf anatomical structure of 23 members of the Trichocentrum-clade was explored as a source of taxonomic and phylogenetic characters. A total of 11 species of Cohniella, three species of Lophiarella, seven species of Lophiaris, two species of Trichocentrum, and other four species were included as outgroup. Anatomical characters were studied by cross sections and paradermic observations of the middle portion of fresh leaves. Although anatomical characters were fairly homogeneous throughout the clade, twelve vegetative anatomical, phylogenetically informative characters were selected and coded for an analysis that was performed using an exhaustive search implicit enumeration implemented through TNT. The strict consensus of 2 692 most parsimonious trees resulted in a poorly resolved polytomy, which however recovers the Trichocentrum-clade with a monophyletic, strongly supported Cohniella nested within it with unifacial leaves and the presence of cellular inclusions in the epidermis as synapomorphies. We concluded that the anatomy characters alone are insufficient to assess the relationships amongst the genera of the Trichocentrum-clade. However, the two synapomorphies recovered for Cohniella strongly support its monophyly when these are analyzed in conjunction with other data sources e.g., molecular and morphological characters.

El clado-Trichocentrum incluye los géneros Cohniella, Lophiarella, Lophiaris y Trichocentrum s.s. Estos géneros se distribuyen desde Florida y el Norte de México hasta el Sur de Brasil y Norte de Argentina, creciendo desde bosques caducifolios, bosques húmedos tropicales hasta matorrales espinosos y bosques de pino-encino, desde el nivel del mar hasta los 1 700m. En este estudio se exploró el valor taxonómico y filogenético de la estructura anatómica de las hojas de 23 especies del clado-Trichocentrum, repartidos en 11 especies de Cohniella, tres de Lophiarella, siete de Lophiaris y dos de Trichocentrum s.s., y de otras cuatro especies incluidas como grupo externo. Se realizaron secciones transversales y observaciones paradérmicas de la porción media de hojas frescas para el estudio de los caracteres anatómicos. Doce caracteres anatómico foliares fueron seleccionados y codificados para el análisis filogenético que se realizó mediante el uso de una búsqueda exhaustiva enumeración implícita con el programa TNT. El consenso estricto de 2 692 árboles más parsimoniosos dio lugar a una politomía que recupera dentro del clado-Trichocentrum a Cohniella como un clado monofilético fuertemente apoyado con sinapomorfías de las hojas unifaciales y la presencia de inclusiones celulares en la epidermis.

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The genera Cohniella, Lophiarella, Lophiaris, and Trichocentrum are included in the Trichocentrum-clade. These genera are distributed from Florida and Northern Mexico to Southern Brazil and Northern Argentina, growing in tropical deciduous forests or tropical rain forests and thorn scrub forests to pine-oak forest, from sea level to 1700 m. The leaf anatomical structure of 23 members of the Trichocentrum-clade was explored as a source of taxonomic and phylogenetic characters. A total of 11 species of Cohniella, three species of Lophiarella, seven species of Lophiaris, two species of Trichocentrum, and other four species were included as outgroup. Anatomical characters were studied by cross sections and paradermic observations of the middle portion of fresh leaves. Although anatomical characters were fairly homogeneous throughout the clade, twelve vegetative anatomical, phylogenetically informative characters were selected and coded for an analysis that was performed using an exhaustive search (implicit enumeration) implemented through TNT. The strict consensus of 2692 most parsimonious trees resulted in a poorly resolved polytomy, which however recovers the Trichocentrum-clade with a monophyletic, strongly supported Cohniella nested within it with unifacial leaves and the presence of cellular inclusions in the epidermis as synapomorphies. We concluded that the anatomy characters alone are insufficient to assess the relationships amongst the genera of the Trichocentrum-clade. However, the two synapomorphies recovered for Cohniella strongly support its monophyly when these are analyzed in conjunction with other data sources (e.g., molecular and morphological characters).

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