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Background: In Colombia, the average age of first sexual intercourse is between 14 and 15, and it has one of the highest fertility rates among adolescents in Latin America, which reflects poor access to health services and a lack of knowledge about contraception. Some laws support comprehensive sex education as a learning process that families and schools should provide. The objective of this work was to assess the frequency of adequate knowledge and attitudes of acceptance towards contraception in students, their associated factors, sexual behaviours in sexually active students, and experiences with sex education. Methods: Mixed methods study consisting of an analytical cross-sectional study and a qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological study. The former included students who completed a questionnaire with sociodemographic variables, surveys on knowledge and attitudes toward contraception, and questions about sexual behaviour. Focus groups were used in the qualitative study to evaluate students' and parents' sex education experiences. Findings: 827 students were surveyed, of whom 52.3% had adequate knowledge about contraceptives and 80.1% had attitudes of acceptance. Talking with parents about sex education, receiving sex education, and being in the eleventh grade increased the likelihood of having adequate knowledge. Each year of age, being male, being a victim of forced displacement, and studying in a public school were associated with lower possibilities of attitudes of acceptance. Using condoms, compared to other contraceptives, was associated with less adequate knowledge and attitudes of acceptance (p < 0.05). Experiences with sex education, contraception, and sexual and reproductive rights were three emerging categories in the focus groups. Interpretation: In a group of Colombian high school students, half of them had adequate knowledge, eight out of 10 had attitudes of acceptance about contraception, and both were associated with having received sex education. Nevertheless, different types of barriers to sexual education were identified at home and in schools. The results will allow the generation of educational policies that modify the educational model as well as new strategies by health professionals to raise awareness about responsible sexuality. Funding: This project was financed by internal research of the Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud-FUCS (DI-I-0392-20).

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RESUMEN Objetivo: Clasificar al personal de 2 instituciones de referencia para la atención de la COVID-19 en Antioquia según la intensidad de los síntomas ansiosos y depresivos y determinar los factores asociados con estas clases. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en el que se usaron las escalas GAD-7, PHQ-9, miedo a la COVID-19 y escala Burnout de Copenhague. Se hizo análisis de clases latentes para identificar las clases y se determinaron los factores asociados mediante regresión logística multinomial. Resultados: Participaron 486 personas. El modelo con mejor ajuste fue el de 3 clases. La I, con puntajes bajos en escalas; la II, con grados leves de ansiedad y depresión, e intermedios de miedo a la COVID-19 y estrés percibido; y la III, con grados moderados y graves de ansiedad, depresión y estrés percibido. Los factores asociados con pertenecer a la clase III fueron: edad (OR = 0,94; IC95%, 0,91-0,96), cambio de vivienda para no exponer a familiares (OR = 4,01; IC95%, 1,99-8,09), y antecedente de trastorno depresivo (OR = 3,10; IC95%, 1,27-7,56) y ansioso (OR = 5,5; IC95%, 2,36-12,90). Los factores asociados con la clase II fueron: edad (OR = 0,97; IC95%, 0,95-0,99), antecedente de trastorno depresivo (OR = 3,41; IC95%, 1,60-7,25), convivir con alguien con riesgo de muerte por COVID-19 (OR = 1,86; IC95%, 1,192,91), familiar personal de salud (OR = 1,58; IC95%, 1,01-2,47) y cambio de vivienda para no exponer a familiares (OR=1,99; IC95%, 1,11-3,59). 0034-7450/© 2021 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados. Conclusiones: Se obtuvieron 3 clases de participantes, 2 de ellas con síntomas ansiosos y depresivos. La menor edad y el antecedente de un trastorno mental fueron factores asociados con las 2 clases de pacientes sintomáticos; otros factores pueden ser causa o consecuencia de los síntomas. © 2021 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados.

ABSTRACT Objective: To classify the staff of two reference institutions for COVID-19 care in Antioquia according to the intensity of anxiety and depression symptoms, and to determine the factors associated with these classes. Methods: Cross-sectional study in which the GAD-7, PHQ-9, fear of COVID-19, and the Copenhagen Burnout scale were used. Latent class analysis was performed to identify the classes, and the factors associated with these were determined using multinomial logistic regression. Results: 486 people participated. The three-class model had the best fit: class I with low scores on the scales; class II with mild degrees of anxiety and depression, and intermediate levels of fear of COVID-19 and perceived stress; and class III with moderate and severe degrees of anxiety, depression, and perceived stress. The factors associated with belonging to class III were age (OR = 0.94; 95%CI, 0.91-0.96), change of residence to avoid exposing relatives (OR = 4.01; 95%CI, 1.99-8.09), and a history of depressive disorder (OR = 3.10; 95%CI, 1.27-7.56), and anxiety (OR = 5.5; 95%CI, 2.36-12.90). Factors associated with class II were age (OR = 0.97; 95%CI, 0.95-0.99), history of depressive disorder (OR = 3.41; 95%CI, 1.60-7.25), living with someone at risk of death from COVID-19 (OR= 1.86; 95%CI, 1.19-2.91), family member being healthcare staff (OR = 1.58; 95%CI, 1.01-2.47), and change of residence to avoid exposing relatives (OR = 1.99; 95%CI, 1.11-3.59). Conclusions: Three classes of participants were obtained, two of them with anxiety and depression symptoms. Younger age and a history of mental disorder were factors associated with the two classes of symptomatic patients; other factors may be causes or consequences of the symptoms.

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OBJECTIVE: To classify the staff of two reference institutions for COVID-19 care in Antioquia according to the intensity of anxiety and depression symptoms, and to determine the factors associated with these classes. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in which the GAD-7, PHQ-9, fear of COVID-19, and the Copenhagen Burnout scale were used. Latent class analysis was performed to identify the classes, and the factors associated with these were determined using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: 486 people participated. The three-class model had the best fit: class I with low scores on the scales; class II with mild degrees of anxiety and depression, and intermediate levels of fear of COVID-19 and perceived stress; and class III with moderate and severe degrees of anxiety, depression, and perceived stress. The factors associated with belonging to class III were age (OR = 0.94; 95%CI, 0.91-0.96), change of residence to avoid exposing relatives (OR = 4.01; 95%CI, 1.99-8.09), and a history of depressive disorder (OR = 3.10; 95%CI, 1.27-7.56), and anxiety (OR = 5.5; 95%CI, 2.36-12.90). Factors associated with class II were age (OR = 0.97; 95%CI, 0.95-0.99), history of depressive disorder (OR = 3.41; 95%CI, 1.60-7.25), living with someone at risk of death from COVID-19 (OR = 1.86; 95%CI, 1.19-2.91), family member being healthcare staff (OR = 1.58; 95%CI, 1.01-2.47), and change of residence to avoid exposing relatives (OR = 1.99; 95%CI, 1.11-3.59). CONCLUSIONS: Three classes of participants were obtained, two of them with anxiety and depression symptoms. Younger age and a history of mental disorder were factors associated with the two classes of symptomatic patients; other factors may be causes or consequences of the symptoms.

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Abstract Introduction: Among the sub-types of lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, or what was previously known as intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma, accounts for 3-10% of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Treatment is directed according to the patient's classification, age, functional status and comorbidities, and is directly related to the ability to receive intensive treatment or transplantation. It is important to homogenize treatments to offer the best alternatives in the Colombian context, as there are different diagnostic and therapeutic options today, most of which are financed by the Colombian healthcare system. Objective: To structure a series of considerations for the diagnosis and treatment of MCL within the Colombian context. Methods: A formal, mixed (Delphi/nominal) expert consensus was developed. The options for each question were scored in two masked rounds and an open nominal session. The information was consolidated in Excel and analyzed using STATA 13. Results: 25 considerations were developed for the diagnosis and treatment of MCL. Twenty-two specialists participated: 16 hematologists and hematologist-oncologists, four hematopathologists, one radiation therapist and one nuclear medicine specialist from Bogotá, Medellín and Cali, with an average of 10.5 years' of practical experience and who were members of the Asociación Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología [Colombian Association of Hematology and Oncology]. Conclusions: The consensus established 26 considerations for the diagnosis and treatment of MCL, according to the Colombian context, aimed at healthcare professionals with a direct relationship with this disease. It is expected that clinical management will be homogenized by a consideration of this consensus and the referenced literature. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2023.2606).

Resumen Introducción: Dentro de los subtipos de linfoma, el linfoma de células del manto o anteriormente denominado linfoma linfocítico intermedio corresponde a 3-10% de los linfoma no Hodgkin de células B. El tratamiento se enfoca según la clasificación del paciente, edad, estado funcional y comorbilidades, lo cual está directamente relacionado con la capacidad de recibir un tratamiento intensivo o trasplante. Es importante homogeneizar conductas con el fin de ofrecer las mejores alternativas bajo el contexto colombiano, pues actualmente existen diferentes opciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas, financiadas en su mayoría por el sistema de salud colombiano. Objetivo: Estructurar una serie de consideraciones para el diagnóstico y tratamiento para LCM, en el contexto colombiano. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un consenso formal de expertos, tipo mixto (Delphi/ Nominal). Se calificaron las opciones de cada pregunta en dos rondas enmascaradas y una sesión abierta nominal. La información fue consolidada en Excel y analizada en STATA 13. Resultados: Se elaboraron 25 consideraciones para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de LCM. Participaron 22 médicos especialistas: 16 hematólogos y hemato-oncólogos, cuatro hemato-patólogos, un radioterapeuta y un especialista en medicina nuclear de Bogotá, Medellín y Cali, con experticia en la práctica de 10.5 años en promedio y quienes forman parte de la Asociación Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología. Conclusiones: El consenso definió 26 consideraciones para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de LCM, según el contexto colombiano, dirigidas a profesionales de la salud con relación directa a esta patología. Se espera homogeneizar las conductas clínicas teniendo en cuenta este consenso y la literatura referida. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2023.2606).

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La rinosinusitis (RS) se define como la inflamación de la nariz y los senos paranasales con dos o más síntomas como bloqueo/obstrucción/congestión o secreción nasal (goteo nasal anterior/posterior) más dolor/presión facial y/o reducción o pérdida del sentido del olfato. Adicional, se tienen en cuenta los hallazgos objetivos como la presencia de pólipos nasales y/o descarga mucopurulenta en meato medio y/o edema u obstrucción de la mucosa en el meato medio en la endoscopia nasal. Se pueden considerar o no, los cambios tomográficos como cambios mucosos en el complejo osteomeatal y la mucosa de los senos paranasales. Se reconoce que los síntomas tienen alta sensibilidad, pero baja especificidad, de ahí la necesidad de hallazgos objetivos.

Rhinosinusitis (RS) is defined as inflammation of the nose and sinuses with two or more symptoms such as blockage/obstruction/congestion or nasal discharge. with two or more symptoms such as nasal blockage/obstruction/congestion or nasal discharge (anterior/posterior runny nose) plus facial pain/pressure and/or reduction or loss of the sense of smell. sense of smell. In addition, objective findings such as the presence of nasal polyps and/or nasal presence of nasal polyps and/or mucopurulent discharge from the middle meatus and/or edema or mucosal obstruction or mucosal obstruction in the middle meatus on nasal endoscopy. Tomographic changes may or may not tomographic changes may or may not be considered as mucosal changes in the osteomeatal complex and mucosal osteomeatal complex and the mucosa of the paranasal sinuses. It is recognized that the symptoms symptoms have high sensitivity but low specificity, hence the need for objective findings. findings.

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La rinosinusitis (RS) se define como la inflamación de la nariz y los senos paranasales con dos o más síntomas como bloqueo/obstrucción/congestión o secreción nasal (goteo nasal anterior/posterior) más dolor/presión facial y/o reducción o pérdida del sentido del olfato. Adicional, se tienen en cuenta los hallazgos objetivos como la presencia de pólipos nasales y/o descarga mucopurulenta en meato medio y/o edema u obstrucción de la mucosa en el meato medio en la endoscopia nasal.

Rhinosinusitis (RS) is defined as inflammation of the nose and sinuses with two or more symptoms such as blockage/obstruction/congestion or nasal discharge with two or more symptoms such as nasal blockage/obstruction/congestion or nasal discharge (anterior/posterior runny nose) plus facial pain/pressure and/or reduced or lost sense of smell sense of smell. Additionally, objective findings such as the presence of nasal polyps and/or nasal presence of nasal polyps and/or mucopurulent discharge in the middle meatus and/or edema or mucous or mucosal obstruction in the middle meatus on nasal endoscopy.

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Purpose: To assess, in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with subcutaneous antitumor necrosis factor drugs (anti-TNFs), the levels of treatment adherence before and after implementing a comprehensive care model (CCM). Patients and Methods: An observational study including RA patients under treatment with subcutaneous anti-TNFs (adalimumab, etanercept, and golimumab) selected at convenience was performed; a sample size of 125 patients was calculated. The outcome variable was adherence assessed with the Compliance Questionnaire on Rheumatology (CQR19), measured before and after implementing a CCM. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed comparing adherence before and after applying the model (Wilcoxon and McNemar's Chi2 test). For multivariate analysis, a generalized linear model adjusted for covariates was performed, where the difference in the proportion of adherence was the outcome measure. Results: A total of 131 RA patients were followed-up for 24 months; average age was 62 years, and 83.9% were women. The median of DAS28 at the beginning of the follow-up was 2.32, and the HAQ was 0.25. At baseline, 87.8% were adherent; after 24 months, 96.2% were adherent according to CQR19. At the end of follow-up, adherence increased with the three types of anti-TNFs treatment. In a matched model adjusted for clinical variables, the CCM was estimated to produce a 9.4% increase in the total percentage of adherent patients. Additionally, a statistically significant increase of 4.5% in the percentage of adherent patients treated with golimumab compared with etanercept and adalimumab was found. Conclusion: A CCM produced an important increase in the percentage of patients with rheumatoid arthritis adherent to treatment after 24 months of follow-up. It is noteworthy that Golimumab patients were more adherent when compared with other current anti-TNFs treatments.

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Background: Multidisciplinary care (MDC) remains a cornerstone for breast cancer management as it is associated with improved quality of care and patient outcomes. However, the adoption of MDC practice is heterogeneous and has been poorly explored in Latin America. The objective was to describe barriers and possible facilitators for providing MDC to breast cancer patients in five Latin American countries. Methods: A panel of experts with an active clinical practice in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, and Uruguay was convened to identify barriers and facilitators to MDC. This study is a qualitative synthesis of a structured discussion regarding the state of MDC in the setting of breast cancer. Findings: Experts recognized that most oncology practices in Latin America do not apply a multidisciplinary approach for breast cancer patients. Predominant barriers for MDC are fragmentation of health services, being understaffed, inadequate infrastructure, and geographic disparities. Access to MDC varies widely in the region, with significant heterogeneity documented within countries. MDC practice was described as being more common in the private sector in Ecuador and Uruguay, while it is more widely implemented in public institutions of Colombia and Bolivia. Interpretation: Establishing quality MDC remains a challenge for oncology practices in Latin America. Addressing regional issues and identifying specific local needs is warranted to encourage the adoption of an effective multidisciplinary approach and, consequently, improve clinical outcomes. Active involvement of all stakeholders is required to build locally solutions and should involve institutions, health professionals, and patients. Funding: Research was funded by Productos Roche S.A.

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La leucemia linfocítica crónica (LLC) es una neoplasia caracterizada por la proliferación y acumulación clonal de células B maduras, que típicamente co-expresan los antígenos de superficie CD5 ­ CD23, dentro de la sangre, la médula ósea, los ganglios linfáticos, el bazo y otros tejidos . Esta patología es considerada el tipo de leucemia más común en personas adultas en países occidentales, y se considera una enfermedad de adultos mayores, con una mediana de edad al diagnóstico de 70 años .

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a neoplasm characterized by the proliferation and clonal accumulation of mature B cells, which typically co-express the CD5 - CD23 surface antigens, within the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen and other tissues. This pathology is considered the most common type of leukemia in adults in Western countries, and is considered a disease of older adults, with a median age at diagnosis of 70 years.

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La guía está dirigida al personal clínico asistencial especializado que brinda tratamiento a los pacientes con diagnóstico de LLC, en el contexto del SGSSS colombiano. Incluye a los siguientes profesionales potenciales: Hematólogos y Hematólogos-oncólogos. También está dirigida a los centros asistenciales que brindan cuidado a los pacientes con diagnóstico de LLC y a quienes toman decisiones administrativas, tanto en el medio hospitalario como en las aseguradoras, pagadores del gasto en la salud y en la generación de políticas de salud. Finalmente, las recomendaciones pueden ser de interés para pacientes con LLC, sus familiares y cuidadores. Se considera pertinente aclarar que la guía ofrecerá recomendaciones específicas frente a las preguntas definidas, y excede el alcance de esta, definir las competencias profesionales del equipo involucrado en el manejo de esta patología.

The guide is aimed at specialized clinical care personnel who provide treatment to patients diagnosed with CLL, in the context of the Colombian SGSSS. It includes the following potential professionals: hematologists and hematologist-oncologists. It is also addressed to health care centers that provide care to patients diagnosed with CLL and to administrative decision makers, both in the hospital environment and in the insurance companies, health care payers and health policy makers. Finally, the recommendations may be of interest to CLL patients, their families and caregivers. It is considered pertinent to clarify that the guide will offer specific recommendations in response to the questions defined, and it is beyond the scope of this guide to define the professional competencies of the team involved in the management of this pathology.

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Introducción: la Rinosinusitis Crónica se define como la inflamación crónica de la nariz y los senos paranasales por más de 12 semanas. La prevalencia varía entre el 5% - 30% de acuerdo con la zona geográfica según un estudio de carga de enfermedad (2012-2014), la prevalencia de las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas (rinitis y sinusitis crónica) varió entre el 10% y el 25%. Objetivo: establecer un conjunto de consideraciones basadas en consenso de expertos, para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la rinosinusitis crónica en pacientes adultos, en el contexto colombiano. Métodos: se llevó a cabo un consenso formal (Delphi y nominal). Se conformó un grupo de expertos, se definieron el alcance y las preguntas. Se realizaron dos rondas de calificación anónimas, y una discusión para las preguntas sin consenso. En las preguntas con opciones de uno a nueve, se consideró consenso con una mediana de uno a tres o de siete a nueve. En las preguntas tipo Likert, se consideró consenso un porcentaje igual o superior al 80% en acuerdos o desacuerdos. Resultados: se definieron y calificaron 18 preguntas, con la participación de 17 otorrinolaringólogos, de 8 ciudades colombianas, todos miembros de la Asociación Colombiana de Otorrinolaringología y con un promedio de experticia de 19.2 años (Desviación estándar [DE]: 10,2). Se obtuvieron 18 recomendaciones para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta patología. Conclusiones: las recomendaciones emitidas por los expertos permiten orientar y estandarizar el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la rinosinusitis crónica en adultos, en el contexto de los servicios de salud en Colombia.

Introduction: Chronic Rhinosinusitis is defined as chronic inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses for more than 12 weeks. The prevalence varies between 5% - 30% depending on the geographical area according to a disease burden study (2012-2014), the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases (rhinitis and chronic sinusitis) varied between 10% - 25%. Objective: To establish a set of considerations based on expert consensus, for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis in adult patients, in the Colombian context. Methods: A formal consensus (Delphi and nominal) was carried out. A group of experts was formed, the scope and questions were defined. Two anonymous grading rounds were conducted, and a discussion for questions without consensus. In the Questions with options from one to nine were considered consensus with a median of one to three or seven to nine. In the Likert-type questions, a percentage equal to or greater than 80% in agreements or disagreements was considered consensus. Results: 18 questions were defined and scored, with the participation of 17 otorhinolaryngologists, from eight Colombian cities, all members of the Colombian Association of Otorhinolaryngology and with an average experience of 19.2 years (Standard desviation [SD]: 10.2). 18 recommendations were obtained for the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. Conclusions: The recommendations issued by the experts allow to guide and standardize the diagnosis and treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis in adults, in the context of health services in Colombia.

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Resumen Introducción: El melanoma ocasiona el 75% de las muertes por cáncer de piel. Según GLOBOCAN, en 2018 se presentaron 287.723 casos nuevos de melanoma, con una mortalidad de 60.712 casos, que equivale al 20% del total de los casos incidentes. Las alternativas para el tratamiento del melanoma se fundamentan en la estatificación de la enfermedad, y en las características moleculares de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Consensuar, por común acuerdo de expertos, sugerencias para el diagnóstico y manejo de melanoma temprano basadas en la evidencia y ajustadas al contexto colombiano. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un consenso de expertos multidisciplinario, constituido por 19 oncólogos clínicos, 2 cirujanos de mama y tejidos blandos, 2 dermatólogos, 2 patólogos y 2 radioterapeutas, miembros activos de la Asociación Colombiana de Hemato Oncología (ACHO). Este consenso se realizó en 4 etapas: 1. Estructuración de 29 preguntas, que se calificaron de 1 a 9. 2. Reenvío de las preguntas no consensuadas. 3. Análisis y discusión de las respuestas. 4. Las respuestas no consensuadas se llevaron a un consenso nominal. Resultados: Se discutieron 29 preguntas relacionadas con el diagnóstico y tratamiento de melanoma temprano, se construyeron sugerencias basadas en evidencia utilizada por los expertos y en guías de manejo de oncología reconocidas internacionalmente, adaptadas al contexto y realidad colombianos. Conclusiones: Se presentan sugerencias multidisciplinarias para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de melanoma temprano, las cuales debe considerarse para orientar la toma de decisiones y homogenizar la práctica clínica de acuerdo al contexto colombiano y a las características propias del sistema de salud del país. Este es un documento académico y no regulatorio.

Abstract Introduction: Melanoma causes 75% of deaths from skin cancer. In 2018, according to GLOBOCAN, 287,723 new melanoma cases were registered, with a mortality of 60,712 cases, which is equivalent to 20% of all incident cases. Alternatives for the treatment of melanoma are based on disease staging and the molecular characteristics of the disease. Objective: To establish a consensus by common agreement of experts and construct suggestions for the diagnosis and management of early-stage melanoma based on evidence and adjusted to the Colombian context. Methods: A multidisciplinary expert consensus was established, wth the participation of 19 clinical oncologists, 2 soft tissue surgeons, 2 dermatologists, 2 pathologists, and 2 radiotherapists, active members of the Colombian Association of Hemato-Oncology (ACHO). This consensus was carried out in four stages: 1) Structuring of 29 questions, which were scored from 1 to 9; 2) Resubmission of non-consensual questions; 3) Analysis and discussion of responses; and 4) Validation of non-consensual responses by nominal consensus. Results: Twenty-nine questions related to the diagnosis and treatment of early-stage melanoma were discussed in order to construct suggestions based on evidence proven by experts, as well as on internationally recognized oncology management guidelines adapted to the Colombian context and reality. Conclusions: Multidisciplinary suggestions are offered for the diagnosis and treatment of early-stage melanoma, which should be considered in order to guide decision-making and homogenize clinical practice according to the Colombian context and the characteristics of the Colombian health care system. This is an academic and non-regulatory document.

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Objective: To classify the staff of two reference institutions for COVID-19 care in Antioquia according to the intensity of anxiety and depression symptoms, and to determine the factors associated with these classes.Methods:Cross-sectional study in which the GAD-7, PHQ-9, fear of COVID-19, and the Copenhagen Burnout scale were used. Latent class analysis was performed to identify the classes, and the factors associated with these were determined using multinomial logistic regression.Results: 486 people participated. The three-class model had the best fit: class I with low scores on the scales; class II with mild degrees of anxiety and depression, and intermediate levels of fear of COVID-19 and perceived stress; and class III with moderate and severe degrees of anxiety, depression, and perceived stress. The factors associated with belonging to class III were age (OR=0.94; 95%CI, 0.91-0.96), change of residence to avoid exposing relatives (OR=4.01; 95%CI, 1.99-8.09), and a history of depressive disorder (OR=3.10; 95%CI, 1.27-7.56), and anxiety (OR=5.5; 95%CI, 2.36-12.90). Factors associated with class II were age (OR=0.97; 95%CI, 0.95-0.99), history of depressive disorder (OR=3.41; 95%CI, 1.60-7.25), living with someone at risk of death from COVID-19 (OR=1.86; 95%CI, 1.19-2.91), family member being healthcare staff (OR=1.58; 95%CI, 1.01-2.47), and change of residence to avoid exposing relatives (OR=1.99; 95%CI, 1.11-3.59).Conclusions: Three classes of participants were obtained, two of them with anxiety and depression symptoms. Younger age and a history of mental disorder were factors associated with the two classes of symptomatic patients; other factors may be causes or consequences of the symptoms.

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OBJECTIVE: To characterize the pediatric patients presenting at the two pediatric centers in Bogotá, with first isolate urine culture of community-acquired extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enterobacteriaceae. METHODS: Review of microbiological data of children between January, 2012 and December, 2018, obtained using the WHONET software. RESULTS: A total of 2657 Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp and Proteus mirabilis - positive urine cultures were obtained within a 6-year period; data of 132 patients were finally selected. Frequency of ESBL-producing bacteria infections in community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTI) was 5%: 123 E. coli (93.2%), 7 K. pneumoniae (5.2%), 1 K. oxytoca (0.8%), and 1 P. mirabilis (0.8%). CONCLUSION: A predominance of female sex, preschool children, and lower tract urinary infections were found, as well as a low frequency of comorbidities. Adequate sensitivity to amikacin and nitrofurantoin was found in this study.

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Continuous drive friction welding is a solid-state welding process that has been experimentally proven to be a fast and reliable method. This is a complex process; deformations in the viscosity of a material alter the friction between the surfaces of the pieces. All these dynamics cause changes in the vibration signals; the interpretation of these signals can reveal important information. The vibration signals generated during the friction and forging stages are measured on the stationary part of the structure to determine the influence of the manipulated variables on the time domain statistical characteristics (root mean square, peak value, crest factor, and kurtosis). In the frequency domain, empirical mode decomposition is used to characterize frequencies. It was observed that it is possible to identify the effects of the manipulated variables on the calculated statistical characteristics. The results also indicate that the effect of manipulated variables is stronger on low-frequency signals.

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Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: La mielinolisis extrapontina forma parte del síndrome de desmielinización osmótica que lesiona los oligodendrocitos y ocasiona la pérdida de mielina en regiones del sistema nervioso central diferentes al puente del tronco encefálico. Se origina por la corrección rápida de sodio en pacientes con hiponatremia y en mujeres embarazadas se asocia con hiperémesis gravídica. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente indígena, de 32 años, enviada a un hospital universitario de alta complejidad en Bogotá, desde un territorio de la Amazonia colombiana, en el marco de un nuevo modelo de salud, con embarazo de 15 semanas, quien tuvo un episodio convulsivo, afasia y automatismo bucal, con antecedente de hiperémesis gravídica y otro episodio de hiperémesis con hiponatremia un mes antes. Inicialmente se sospechó eclampsia y neuroinfección; se implementó tratamiento para la corrección rápida del sodio y prescripción de anticonvulsivos. La resonancia magnética cerebral fue compatible con mielinolisis extrapontina. Luego de un mes regresó a su territorio de origen para rehabilitación. Tuvo parto domiciliario a las 38.3 semanas y acudió al hospital para el alumbramiento. CONCLUSIONES: La mielinolisis extrapontina debe considerarse en el diagnóstico diferencial entre embarazo con cuadro neurológico agudo y antecedente de hiperémesis e hiponatremia. Es importante integrar, sistemáticamente, hospitales universitarios o de alta complejidad en los territorios rurales para optimizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de estas pacientes.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Extrapontine myelinolysis is part of the osmotic demyelination syndrome, being an acute non-inflammatory demyelinating disease caused by hyperosmotic stress that injures oligodendrocytes and causes myelin loss in regions of the central nervous system other than the pons of the brain stem. Primarily caused by a rapid sodium correction in patients with hyponatremia, in pregnant women its most frequent association is with hyperemesis gravidarum. CLINICAL CASE: A 32-year-old indigenous woman was referred to a university hospital of high complexity, in Bogotá, from a territory of the Colombian Amazon, within the framework of a new health care model, with a 15-week pregnancy, who had a convulsive episode, aphasia and oral automatism, and a recent history of hyperemesis gravidarum. Another history of hyperemesis and hyponatremia a month ago. Initially, eclampsia and neuroinfection were suspected, a rapid correction of sodium, anticonvulsant, remission and management in the intensive care unit was performed. MRI was compatible with extrapontin myelinolysis. After a month she returned to the territory of origin for rehabilitation. She had a home delivery at 38.3 weeks and went to the hospital for placental delivery. CONCLUSION: Extrapontin myelinolysis should be considered in the differential diagnosis between pregnancy with acute neurological symptoms conditions and a history of hyperemesis or hyponatremia. In case of a repeated history of acute hyponatremia in pregnant women with hyperemesis, chronicity should be considered. It is recommended to integrate university hospitals to rural territories to optimize the diagnosis and management of this type of cases.

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Introducción: los pacientes NN "Nomen Nescio" constituyen un reto para los profesionales de la salud, descifrar su identidad, encontrar a la familia e informar la situación puede ser tan complicado como el diagnóstico de su patología. Incluso desde el punto de vista psicosocial la falta de identificación puede llevar a un problema adicional para la prestación de los servicios en salud. Caso clínico: hombre de 36 años llevado al servicio de urgencias del Hospital de San José en Bogotá con politrauma al ser arrollado en calidad de peatón; al ingreso sin pertenencias, con Glasgow 11 lo que imposibilitó su identificación. Ante la evidencia de una lesión clasificada como urgencia, se llevó a procedimiento quirúrgico requiriendo soporte vasopresor y respiratorio. Se trasladó a la unidad de cuidado intensivo y fue declarado como NN hombre, por lo que se debió aplicar el protocolo para identificación del paciente. Discusión: en Colombia existe un protocolo para la atención en salud de los pacientes ingresados a un hospital como NN "Nomen Nescio", es importante el conocimiento del mismo por parte de los profesionales de la salud, en especial el personal médico; debido a que su labor debe ir más allá del manejo o prevención del padecimiento bioclínico, enfocándolo a la notificación ante las entidades correspondientes y la articulación con otras disciplinas para identificar al paciente, porque ante un NN probablemente hay una persona en búsqueda de su familiar, que se puede encontrar en nuestras manos.

Introduction: unidentified N.N "Nomen nescio" patients pose a challenge for healthcare providers. To determine their identity, find their family and inform about the situation may be as complicated as diagnosing their illness. Even from the psychosocial perspective the lack of identity may lead to additional problems for the provision of healthcare services. Clinical case: a 36 year-old male trauma patient who was hit by a car as a pedestrian arrives to the emergency room of Hospital de San José in Bogotá; at the time of admission, his Glasgow coma scale score is 11 and has no belongings that might reveal his identity. He undergoes a surgical procedure in which he requires vasopressor and respiratory support as his lesion was classified as an emergency. He was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit and was declared an unidentified male patient, thus the protocol to uncover his identity must be applied. Discussion: Colombia has a protocol regarding provision of healthcare services to patients admitted to a hospital as unidentified N.N "Nomen nescio" patients. Knowing about this protocol is important among healthcare providers, especially among the medical staff; for their work must go beyond the management and prevention of the bio-clinical affection, focusing in notifying the corresponding entities and articulating with other disciplines to establish patient ́s identity, for there may probably be someone inquiring for a missing relative who might be the unidentified patient who is under our care.

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Resumen Introducción: Los estudios de utilización de medicamentos sirven para evaluar la efectividad y seguridad de los fármacos en la práctica real, diferente al contexto del estudio clínico controlado. Los hipolipemiantes actúan sobre el perfil lipídico disminuyendo el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Describir el desempeño clínico y seguridad de la utilización de medicamentos hipolipemiantes en la práctica médica real en una cohorte de pacientes con diagnóstico de dislipidemia. Metodología: Estudio observacional de cohorte. Se siguió una cohorte de pacientes con indicación de hipolipemiantes durante 6 meses, en 12 ciudades de Colombia pertenecientes a un registro biomédico de seguimiento de pacientes tratados con medicamentos del portafolio de Abbott. Se midieron variables demográficas y clínicas basales, de seguridad y de desempeño clínico de los medicamentos sobre el perfil lipídico a los 3 y 6 meses. Resultados: Se siguieron 501 pacientes en tratamiento con hipolipemiantes. Las estatinas solas disminuyeron el colesterol de baja densidad de 249 mg/ dL (RIQ=226-268) en la medición basal a 190 (177.6-210) y 170 (108-170) en la segunda y tercera medición, respectivamente. Para estatina + ezetimibe, de 167 mg/dL (RIQ=139-184) a 132 (110-150) y 128.5 (101.5-128.5). El fenofibrato disminuyó los triglicéridos de 275 mg/dL (RIQ=21çj-346) a 201 (172-239) y 150.5 (140-150.5). Conclusiones: la administración de estatinas sola o en combinación disminuyó los niveles de LDL y colesterol total, mientras que el fenofibrato demostró su efectividad al disminuir los triglicéridos. No se reportaron efectos adversos. Hubo una adherencia parcial del médico tratante a la guía de práctica clínica para dislipidemias. MÉD.UIS.2019;32(1):13-20.

Abstract Introduction: Drug use studies are important to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of drugs in daily practice, outside the controlled clinical study. Lipid-lowering drugs act on the lipid profile, decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To describe the clinical performance and safety of the use of lipid-lowering drugs in real practice in a group of patients diagnosed with dyslipidemia. Methods: An observational, descriptive cohort study. A cohort of patients with hypolipidemic indication for 6 months was followed in 12 cities of Colombia that belong to the biomedical registry of follow-up of patients treated with medicines from the Abbott portfolio. Baseline demographic and clinical variables, safety and efectivity of the drugs were measured on the lipid profile at 3 and 6 months. Results: 501 patients received lipid-lowering agents. Statins alone decreased the low density (LDL) cholesterol of 249 mg / dL (RIQ = 226-268) at baseline to 190 (177.6-210) and 170 (108-170) at the second and third measurements, respectively. For statin + ezetimibe, from 167 mg / dL (RIQ = 139-184) to 132 (110-150) and 128.5 (101.5-128.5). Fenofibrate decreased triglycerides from 275 mg / dL (RIQ = 219-346) to 201 (172-239) and 150.5 (140-150.5). Conclusions: The administration of statins alone or in combination decreased LDL and total cholesterol levels, while fenofibrate demonstrated its effectiveness in lowering triglycerides. No adverse effects were reported. There was partial adherence of the treating physician to GPC for dyslipidemias. There were no adverse events. MÉD.UIS.2019;32(1):13-20.

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RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El estado epiléptico (EE) es una condición ocasionada por la falla en los mecanismos de supresión de las crisis epilépticas. Se considera como una urgencia neurológica y obliga al profesional de la salud a conocer las características de presentación para poder estabilizar al paciente. La mortalidad varía entre el 2 % y el 50 % según el grupo etario. OBJETIVO: Construir una serie de sugerencias para el tratamiento del EE, como resultado del consenso por común acuerdo de expertos en epilepsia, teniendo en cuenta el contexto colombiano. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un consenso formal de expertos con 16 neurólogos-epileptólogos de adultos y niños. Las preguntas y sugerencias fueron revisadas en dos fases, donde fueron calificadas y consensuadas por los participantes. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 15 preguntas, con sus respectivas sugerencias sobre el manejo del estado epiléptico, se tuvieron en cuenta referencias bibliográficas relevantes consideradas por los expertos y de acuerdo con el contexto colombiano. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de este consenso presentan una serie de sugerencias para el tratamiento del estado epiléptico tanto en los primeros niveles de atención como en los de alta complejidad para mejorar el pronóstico del paciente, de acuerdo con el contexto colombiano.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Status epilepticus is a condition caused by failure in the mechanisms of suppression of epileptic seizures. It is considered a neurological emergency, and mortality varies between 2 % to 50 % according to the age group. Due to the above, it is relevant that health professionals know the characteristics of SE in order to stabilize the patient. OBJECTIVE: To define a series of propositions for the treatment of SE, as a result of consensus by common agreement of experts in epilepsy, taking into account the Colombian context. METHODS: A formal consensus of experts was carried out with 16 adult and pediatric neurologists-epilep-tologists. The questions and propositions were reviewed in two phases, where they were graded and agreed by the participants. RESULTS: Fifteen questions were evaluated on the management of status epilepticus. Relevant bibliographic references were considered by the experts according to the Colombian context. CONCLUSIONS: As results of this consensus we present a series of propositions for the treatment of status epilepticus for the primary level of care and high complexity level of care in order to improve the patient's prognosis, according to the Colombian context.

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BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative demyelinating disease. Current treatment of multiple sclerosis focuses on the use of immunomodulatory, immunosuppressant, and selective immunosuppressant agents. Some of these medications may result in high risk of opportunistic infections including tuberculosis. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to obtain consensus from a panel of neurologists, pulmonologists, infectious disease specialists, and epidemiology experts regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of latent tuberculosis in patients with multiple sclerosis. METHODS: A panel of experts in multiple sclerosis and tuberculosis was established. The methodological process was performed in three phases: definition of questions, answer using Delphi methodology, and the discussion of questions not agreed. RESULTS: Tuberculosis screening is suggested when multiple sclerosis drugs are prescribed. The recommended tests for latent tuberculosis are tuberculin and interferon gamma release test. When an anti-tuberculosis treatment is indicated, monitoring should be performed to determine liver enzyme values with consideration of age as well as comorbid conditions such as a history of alcoholism, age, obesity, concomitant hepatotoxic drugs, and history of liver disease. CONCLUSION: Latent tuberculosis should be considered in patients with multiple sclerosis who are going to be treated with immunomodulatory and immunosuppressant medications. Transaminase level monitoring is required on a periodic basis depending on clinical and laboratory characteristics. In addition to the liver impairment, other side effects should be considered when Isoniazid is prescribed.