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ABSTRACT Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common disease in childhood and one of the most common causes of consultation in the pediatric emergency department. Its incidence ranges between 5% and 10% in children under 2 years old. Objective: To generate recommendations on the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of UTI in pediatric patients in Colombia. Methods: 15 questions of clinical interest in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of UTI in pediatric patients were formulated. A systematic review of the literature was carried out to identify the clinical practice guidelines (CPG) available in UTI, in order to use this evidence to answer the proposed questions and articulate the recommendations. Local and international tools were used to select and evaluate the CPGs. Information was retrieved from the selected guidelines, preliminary recommendations were compiled, and final recommendations were approved by expert consensus. Finally, the strength and direction of each recommendation was assessed. Results: A total of 4 CPGs were selected: American Academy of Pediatrics, Spanish Ministry of Health, McTaggart, and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Final recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of UTI are presented in this paper. Conclusions: These recommendations will guide the teams to make clinical decisions regarding health care of pediatric patients with UTI in Colombia. This will help to improve health care and to generate policies for timely diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up in these patients.

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BACKGROUND: Testicular tumors (TT) are infrequent in pediatric patients, representing 1% of pediatric solid tumors; benign testicular tumors (BTT) are the most common. We present a multicenter study aiming to describe the incidence, histology and surgical technique of BTT, with special emphasis on which approach could present better outcomes. METHODS: The records of pediatric patients diagnosed with BTT between 2005 and 2020 from 8 centers in 5 different countries in Latin-America, were reviewed. RESULTS: Sixty two BTTs were identified. 73% tumors presented as a testicular mass, and 97% underwent testicular ultrasound as the initial imaging study, all of them had findings suggestive of a benign tumor. 87% had preoperative tumor markers (AFP and BHCG). In 66%, an intraoperative biopsy was done and 98% of the intraoperative biopsies were concordant with the final pathology report. Tumorectomy was performed in 81% of patients and total orchiectomy in the remaining 19%. Six percentage of patients underwent a subsequent orchiectomy. Mean follow-up was 39 months (1-278 months) where no cases of atrophy were observed clinically or on ultrasound. Fertility was not evaluated in this series. CONCLUSIONS: Proper management of BTTs is essential to avoid unnecessary orchiectomies. Preoperative ultrasound associated with intraoperative biopsy seems accurate in identifying benign pathology, thus enabling conservative testicular surgery with safety margins. Based on this multicenter series, we suggest performing an intraoperative biopsy with subsequent tumorectomy preserving healthy testicular tissue in BTT.

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SUMMARY: Leydig Cell Tumors (LCT) in children are very rare, with an incidence of 1-3% for all testicular tumors in children. Clinical presentation is testicular mass, pain and hormone alteration such as precocious puberty and gynecomastia. We present one case of LCT and his conservative management after an incidental finding. Literature is reviewed.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: With the increased use of minimally invasive surgery, the urethral diverticulum after anorectal surgery has become an issue. The few cases reported have been managed by surgical excision. We hereby report a case of urethral diverticulum after a laparoscopically-assisted anorectal pull-through (LAARP)procedure with a successful outcome after a period of active surveillance. METHODS: A full-term boy who displayed a high anorectal malformation (ARM) and a rectoprostatic fistula underwent colostomy on the first day. He also showed associated malformations: bilateral low-grade reflux, horseshoe kidney and thoracic hemivertebrae; however, there were no signs of spinal cord tethering. Antimicrobial prophylaxis was started. RESULTS: At the age of 3 months, he underwent a LAARP with a 3 abdominal-port approach. After complete dissection of the distal bowel, the recto-prostatic fistula was identified and tied with metallic clips. A 10 mm trocar was inserted through the centre of the sphincteric complex, which had been previously identified under laparoscopic view during perineal electrical stimulation. The anorectal pull-through was accomplished without tension. The bladder remained stented for 14 days. On the 18th postoperative day, a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) showed a 15 X 5 mm image of the diverticulum at the level of the membranous urethra. After 6 months, a new VCUG showed a normal urethra with neither signs of the diverticulum nor strictures; persistence of grade 2 reflux on the right side and resolution of the reflux on the left. When the boy was one year old his colostomy was closed uneventfully. Six months later he had not come into the emergency since the operation and voided with a normal flow. CONCLUSION: This report suggests that LAARP is a feasible approach for ARM, although urethral diverticulum is a major concern. It may evolve without complications, and eventually resolve spontaneously. Active surveillance might be an option in selected asymptomatic patients; however a longer follow-up is advised to constitute better evidence supporting that policy.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: The best time to perform a genitoplasty in a Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) girl is an issue that has been discussed extensively. The purpose of this study is to find criteria that may help in the decision. METHODS: Charts of all patients with diagnosis of CAH with 21 Hydroxylase deficit who underwent genitoplasty in our institution were reviewed (Jan 1996-Dec 2006). Demographic data, surgery performed and outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: In the 10 year-period, 25 patients fit the inclusion criteria; 22 had complete data. All patients were classified based on Prader's criteria; Prader 2 (n=3), Pra der 3 (n=13) and Prader 4 (n=6). Mean age at first surgery was 13.5 months (range 2-89 m). In Prader 2 patients, a reduction clitoroplasty with a "cut back" vaginoplasty was performed with no complications. All patients in the Prader 3 group underwent a reduction clitoroplasty. A vaginoplasty was done in 9/13; 5/9 at the same surgery session (4 stenotic) and the other 4 in a 2nd stage with good results; vaginoplasty is still pending for the other 4 girls. In the Prader 4 group, a vaginoplasty pull-through was performed in 4/6 using the posterior sagital approach; one at the reduction clitoroplasty stage which ended stenotic and need dilatations, and the other 3 in a 2nd surgery with a good outcome. The other 2/6 girls are awaiting a vaginoplasty. 22/22 had acceptable results after a mean follow-up of 63 months (range 12-144). CONCLUSIONS: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) shows different approaches may be used for different degrees of virilization. For less severe cases (Prader 3) a cut-back may be the surgery of choice for vaginoplasty, while in the more complex cases a flap with pull-through or a posterior sagital procedure could be useful. Based on this series, we recommend performing vaginoplasty in a 2nd stage surgery, avoiding complications and further procedures such as di lactations.

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OBJECTIVES: To compare three different surgical approaches for the performance of varicocelectomy in the pediatric population, analyzing their effectiveness and secondary complications. METHODS: Over an eight year period 90 varicocelectomies were performed in 89 children with a mean age of 12 years (range 8-16). Patients were divided into three groups, in 21 cases laparoscopic approach was performed (Group 1), in 55 the Palomo's retroperitoneal approach (Group 2) and inguinal approach in 14 cases (Group 3). Preoperative demographic characteristics, and intraoperative data, followup and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: Age, indication and follow-up time were similar in all three groups. Average surgical time were 36 minutes,34 minutes and 30 minutes respectively. Recurrences appeared in one (4%), 5 (9%) and 0 patients respectively. Postoperative hydrocele requiring surgical treatment appeared in 2 (9%), 4 (7%) and 0 respectively, with an incidence of hydrocele of 2 cases (9%), 5 (9%) and 1 (7%) which resolved during follow-up. One patient presented bleeding at the site of trocar insertion which was solved intraoperatively, and another patient in the laparoscopy group had a wound infection. CONCLUSIONS: Comparisons between the three groups reveal that there were not significant differences, although the results were somewhat better in the inguinal approach group. Any technique has adequate results, with a total recurrence rate in our series of 6%, and 6% of hydroceles. The development of methods that will make possible to diminish hydrocele, such as lymphatic preservation, will give better general results.

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