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Introducción: El ductus arterioso persistente (DAP) es el defecto cardiocirculatorio más frecuente en prematuros, está inversamente relacionado con la edad gestacional y el peso al nacimiento; y se asocia a diversas complicaciones. Objetivo: Evaluar la morbilidad asociada a la presencia de ductus arterioso persistente (DAP) en Recién Nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer (RMBPN). Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte de RMBPN admitidos en la UCIN, de enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2015. Excluidos RN con malformaciones congénitas, fallecidos en sala de parto, fallecidos el primer día de vida asociados a asfixia perinatal severa y trasladados a otras instituciones. Las características basales fueron: peso, edad gestacional, sexo, control prenatal, hipertensión materna, embarazo múltiple, restricción del crecimiento, corticoide prenatal, ruptura prolongada de membranas, tipo de parto, Apgar. Las morbilidades analizadas fueron: distres respiratorio (SDR), hemorragia pulmonar, enterocolitis necrozante (ECN), hemorragia intraventricular (HIV), sepsis, soporte respiratorio, broncodisplasia pulmonar (DBP), ruptura alveolar, retinopatía del prematuro (ROP), días de internación y muerte. Se consignaron los datos en SSPS 17 y Epi info 7.2, se aplicó la prueba X² o Fischer, t de Student o la prueba de Mann Whitney. Significancia p< 0,05 con intervalo de confianza 95%. Resultados: Se incluyeron 131 RN, con DAP 62 y sin DAP 69, cuyas características basales fueron similares, salvo el uso de corticoides prenatales para el grupo sin DAP (p 0.035) RR 0,7 (0,5-0,9). Los RN con DAP tuvieron SDR (p 0,0003) RR 1,5 (1,1-1,9), hemorragia pulmonar (p 0,024) RR 8,9 (1,1-69), ventilación mecánica (p 0,0001) RR 1,7(1,3-2,2), oxígeno a los 28 días (p 0,001) RR 2,2 (1,3-3,8), mayor duración de NPT (p 0.01), trasfusiones (p 0,01) RR 1,7(1,3-2,2), HIV (p 0,003) RR 2,1 (1,2-3,6), BDP (p 0,0001) RR 2,6(1,5-4,5), y mayor cantidad de días de internación (p 0,008). Riesgo de muerte (p 0,001) RR 3,5 (1,5-8,2). Sin asociación con ENC (p 0,195), ROP (p 0,739), Sepsis clínica (p 0,123) ni sepsis tardía (p 0,12). Conclusión: Los RMBN con DAP tuvieron mayor riesgo de muerte y morbilidades graves en comparación con los que no desarrollaron DAP.

Introduction: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is the most frequent cardiocirculatory defect in preterm infants; it is inversely related to gestational age and birth weight; it is also associated with various complications. Objective: To determine the intrahospital morbidities in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) with and without PDA. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of cases and controls nested in a cohort of VLBWI admitted in the NICU, from January 2013 to December 2015. We excluded newborns with congenital malformations, who died in the delivery room, who died on the first day of life because of severe perinatal asphyxia or who were transferred to other institutions. The baseline characteristics were: weight, gestational age, sex, prenatal, maternal hypertension, multiple pregnancy, growth restriction, prenatal corticosteroids, prolonged rupture of membranes, type of delivery, and Apgar score. The morbidities analyzed were respiratory distress (RDS), pulmonary hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), sepsis, respiratory support, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), alveolar rupture, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and death. The data were recorded in SSPS 17 and Epi info 7.2, the X² or Fischer test, Student t test and the Mann Whitney test were applied. Significance was defined as p <0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. Results: We included 131 newborns, 62 with PDA and 69 without PDA, whose baseline characteristics were similar, except for the use of prenatal corticosteroids in the group without PDA (p 0.035) RR 0.7 (0.5-0.9). Newborns with PDA had more RDS (p 0.0003) RR 1.5 (1.1-1.9), pulmonary hemorrhage (p 0.024) RR 8.9 (1,1-69), mechanical ventilation (p 0, 0001) RR 1.7 (1.3-2.2), oxygen at 28 days (p 0.001) RR 2.2 (1.3-3.8), longer duration of TPN (p 0.01), transfusions (p 0.01) RR 1.7 (1.3-2.2), IVH (p 0.003) RR 2.1 (1.2-3.6), BPD (p 0.0001) RR 2.6 1.5-4.5), more hospitalization days (p 0.008) and a risk of death (p 0.001) RR 3.5 (1.5-8.2). No association with was observed with NEC (p 0.195), ROP (p 0.739), clinical sepsis (p 0.123) or late sepsis (p0.12). Conclusion: VLBWI with PDA had a higher risk of death and severe morbidity compared to those who did not have PDA.

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Introducción: La agenesia traqueal es una malformación congénita muy rara, incompatible con la vida, el defecto consiste en una ausencia parcial o total de la tráquea debajo de la laringe permitiendo que el tracto respiratorio inferior se conecte con el tracto gastrointestinal por medio de una fístula traqueó-esofágica distal. Caso Clínico: Se presenta el caso clínico de un recién nacido, con antecedente materno de polihidramnios, nace con dificultad respiratoria, ausencia de llanto y dificultad para la intubación orotraqueal, Apgar 4/8, pasa a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivo neonatales (UCIN) y es conectado a Asistencia Respiratoria Mecánica (ARM) a las 6hs de vida se extuba en forma accidental, con imposibilidad para la reintubación, se realizan Tomografía de cuello y tórax donde se constata agenesia traqueal con fistula traqueoesofágica distal, sin otras malformaciones congénitas asociadas, se realizan varias cirugías paliativas. A pesar de todos los esfuerzos médicos, el paciente fallece a los 6 días de vida, ante colapso de vías aéreas. Discusión: Se presenta este caso por ser la agenesia traqueal una malformación extremadamente rara, y con muy pocos casos descriptos en la literatura. Es el primer caso en nuestro hospital, se presenta como un caso clínico complejo, de manejo multidisciplinario, sometido a varias cirugías paliativas, el paciente fallece, la evolución es generalmente fatal y de mal pronóstico debido a que aún no se han desarrollado técnicas adecuadas de reemplazo traqueal .

Introduction: Tracheal a genesis is a very rare congenital malformation that is incompatible with life.The anomaly consists of the partial or total absence of the trache a below the larynx that allows connection of the lower respiratory...

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Introducción: El dengue es la enfermedad viral trasmitida por mosquitos más común en la raza humana. La transmisión vertical del virus del dengue ha sido descrita de manera esporádica y se tiene que tener en cuenta, esta modalidad de trasmisión, en los neonatos, más aún en períodos epidémicos. Objetivo: Presentar una serie de casos de neonatos con fiebre dengue atendidos en el Departamento de Neonatología del Hospital de Clínicas de San Lorenzo, Paraguay. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de una serie de casos. Se han presentado en total diez neonatos, hijos de madre con fiebre dengue en el periparto, que luego han desarrollado la enfermedad. De los estudios auxiliares de laboratorio practicados se tienen hemogramas seriados y dosaje de antígeno NS1. En algunos casos, se indicó serología IgM específica. Resultados: Se registró diez casos de dengue de trasmisión vertical entre los años 2011 a 2013. El 70% fue del sexo masculino; 70% nació a término y con peso adecuado. El 60% ya se hallaba internado al momento del diagnóstico y el 40% restante fue reingreso. El 100% presentó fiebre y el 30% manifestaciones cutáneas. El inicio de síntomas tuvo un promedio de 6,6 días. El tiempo de internación fue de un promedio de 11,7 días. Seis pacientes requirieron expansiones e hidratación parenteral. La extravasación capilar se observó en la mitad de los casos. Se presentó leucopenia (80%), hematocrito que en el promedio de casos fue 57,4% (con 80% de neonatos con hemoconcentración); plaquetopenia moderada a severa (90%), con un pico mínimo entre el cuarto y sexto día de enfermedad. La antigenemia NS1 fue positiva (90%), y la serología IgM positiva (40%). El 100% de los recién nacidos fue dado de alta. Conclusión: Ante esto, sería prudente observar a estos neonatos en un medio hospitalario hasta los siete días de vida. Urge elaborar un protocolo de manejo de los casos de dengue en el embarazo y en los recién nacidos en base a la experiencia actual.

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BACKGROUND: Mexico has the highest adult overweight and obesity prevalence in the Americas; 23.8% of children <5 years old are at risk for overweight and 9.7% are already overweight or obese. Creciendo Sanos was a pilot intervention to prevent obesity among preschoolers in Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) clinics. METHODS: We randomized 4 IMSS primary care clinics to either 6 weekly educational sessions promoting healthful nutrition and physical activity or usual care. We recruited 306 parent-child pairs: 168 intervention, 138 usual care. Children were 2-5 years old with WHO body mass index (BMI) z-score 0-3. We measured children's height and weight and parents reported children's diet and physical activity at baseline and 3 and 6-month follow-up. We analyzed behavioral and BMI outcomes with generalized mixed models incorporating multiple imputation for missing values. RESULTS: 93 (55%) intervention and 96 (70%) usual care families completed 3 and 6-month follow-up. At 3 months, intervention v. usual care children increased vegetables by 6.3 servings/week (95% CI, 1.8, 10.8). In stratified analyses, intervention participants with high program adherence (5-6 sessions) decreased snacks and screen time and increased vegetables v. usual care. No further effects on behavioral outcomes or BMI were observed. Transportation time and expenses were barriers to adherence. 90% of parents who completed the post-intervention survey were satisfied with the program. CONCLUSIONS: Although satisfaction was high among participants, barriers to participation and retention included transportation cost and time. In intention to treat analyses, we found intervention effects on vegetable intake, but not other behaviors or BMI. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01539070.Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica del IMSS: 2009-785-120.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs), initially supported with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and then selectively treated with the INSURE (intubation, surfactant, and extubation to CPAP; CPAP/INSURE) protocol, need less mechanical ventilation than those supported with supplemental oxygen, surfactant, and mechanical ventilation if required (Oxygen/mechanical ventilation [MV]). STUDY DESIGN: In a multicenter randomized controlled trial, spontaneously breathing VLBWIs weighing 800-1500 g were allocated to receive either therapy. In the CPAP/INSURE group, if respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) did not occur, CPAP was discontinued after 3-6 hours. If RDS developed and the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2)) was >0.35, the INSURE protocol was indicated. Failure criteria included FiO(2) >0.60, severe apnea or respiratory acidosis, and receipt of more than 2 doses of surfactant. In the Oxygen/MV group, in the presence of RDS, supplemental oxygen without CPAP was given, and if FiO(2) was >0.35, surfactant and mechanical ventilation were provided. RESULTS: A total of 256 patients were randomized to either the CPAP/INSURE group (n = 131) or the Oxygen/MV group (n = 125). The need for mechanical ventilation was lower in the CPAP/INSURE group (29.8% vs 50.4%; P = .001), as was the use of surfactant (27.5% vs 46.4%; P = .002). There were no differences in death, pneumothorax, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and other complications of prematurity between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: CPAP and early selective INSURE reduced the need for mechanical ventilation and surfactant in VLBWIs without increasing morbidity and death. These results may be particularly relevant for resource-limited regions.

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BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine Mexican caregivers' perceptions of the role of primary care in childhood obesity management, understand the barriers and facilitators of behavior change, and identify opportunities to strengthen obesity prevention and treatment in clinical settings. METHODS: We conducted 52 in-depth interviews with parents and caregivers of overweight and obese children age 2-5 years in 4 Ministry of Health (public, low SES) and 4 Social Security Institute (insured, higher SES) primary care clinics in Mexico City and did systematic thematic analysis. RESULTS: In both health systems, caregivers acknowledged childhood overweight but not its adverse health consequences. Although the majority of parents had not received nutrition or physical activity recommendations from health providers, many were open to clinician guidance. Despite knowledge of healthful nutrition and physical activity, parents identified several barriers to change including child feeding occurring in the context of competing priorities (work schedules, spouses' food preferences), and cultural norms (heavy as healthy, food as nurturance) that take precedence over adherence to dietary guidelines. Physical activity, while viewed favorably, is not a structured part of most preschooler's routines as reported by parents. CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of success for clinic-based obesity prevention among Mexican preschoolers will be higher by addressing contextual barriers such as cultural norms regarding children's weight and support of family members for behavior change. Similarities in caregivers' perceptions across 2 health systems highlight the possibility of developing comprehensive interventions for the population as a whole.

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