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INTRODUCTION: Esophageal pH-impedance monitoring is a tool for diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux in children. The position of the pH catheter is essential for a reliable reading and the current formulas for calculating catheter insertion length are not completely accurate. The aim of the present study was to develop a new formula for adequate insertion of the pH catheter. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on children that underwent pH-impedance monitoring and later radiographic control, to calculate the correct catheter insertion length. The documented variables were age, sex, weight, height, naris to tragus distance, tragus to sternal notch distance, sternal notch to xiphoid process distance, and initial insertion length determined by the Strobel and height interval formulas. A multivariate regression analysis was carried out to predict the final insertion length. Regression ANOVA and Pearson's adjusted R-squared tests were performed. RESULTS: Forty-five pH-impedance studies were carried out, 53% of which were in males. The age and weight variables were not normally distributed. In the initial regression model, the variables that did not significantly correlate with the final insertion length were: sex (P 0.124), length determined by the Strobel or height interval formulas (P 0.078), naris to tragus distance (P 0.905), and tragus to sternal notch distance (P 0.404). The final equation: 5.6 + (height in cm * 0.12) + (sternal notch to xiphoid process distance * 0.57) produced an R2 of 0.93 (P 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: This formula can be considered a valid option for placement of the pH-impedance monitoring catheter in pediatrics.
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Impedância Elétrica , Monitoramento do pH Esofágico , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Adolescente , Refluxo GastroesofágicoRESUMO
The largest wave of infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus in Ecuador was observed in mid-December 2021 and early January 2022, driven by B.1.1.529/BA (Omicron) variant. During the second half of March, an increase in the number of daily cases was observed and coincided with the emergence of the BA.2 variant, which we describe in the present study. The first sequenced five cases of SARS-CoV-2 21L/BA.2 in Ecuador were identified using variant specific genotyping by qPCR and confirmed by whole genome sequencing (WGS). The first sequenced Ecuadorian BA.2 isolate was obtained from a person with international travel history who became symptomatic 3 days after travelling, whereas in the other cases no travel history was recorded.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , Equador , COVID-19/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Sequência de Bases , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
Background: COVID-19 infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can cause mild symptoms to severe illness and death. Co-infections of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory viruses have been described. However, two SARS-CoV-2 lineage co-infection have been rarely reported. Methodology: A genotyping analysis and two different types of whole genome sequencing were performed (Illumina MiniSeq and ONT MinION). When examining the phylogenetic analysis in NextClade and Pangolin webservers, and considering the genotyping findings, conflicting results were obtained. Results: The raw data of the sequencing was analyzed, and nucleotide variants were identified between different reads of the virus genome. B.1 and P.1 lineages were identified within the same sample. Conclusions: We concluded that this is a co-infection case with two SARS-CoV-2 lineages, the first one reported in Ecuador.
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OBJECTIVE: To report the ocular manifestations in patients with leukaemia. METHODS: This is a retrospective, descriptive and observational study in patients with ocular manifestations of leukaemia. RESULTS: A total of 14 eyes were evaluated corresponding to 8 patients (5 women and 3 men) with ocular manifestations of leukaemia. The mean age at diagnosis was 43 years (31-76 years). Six eyes corresponded to patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), four eyes to acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL), two eyes to chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), and the remaining two belonged to patients with hairy cell leukaemia (HCL). The primary ocular findings were choroidal invasion in 12 eyes (85.7%), retinal infiltration in 4 eyes (28.6%), and neuro-ophthalmic disorders in 4 eyes (28.6%). The mean visual acuity improved from 0.689 to 0.449 (logMAR) (P=.012) after the systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy. Of the eight patients, four died from systemic complications of the underlying disease. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of multiple ocular manifestations secondary to leukaemia in a Colombian population. It is important to keep in mind that this disease is included within the masquerade syndromes and that the ophthalmological findings that, while subtle, can also be devastating and be signs of a life-threatening disease.
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PURPOSE: Both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are very prevalent conditions among Mexicans. Genetic variants in the LIPC gene have been associated with both conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the -514C < T (rs1800588) LIPC gene polymorphism with different metabolic traits, particularly the effects of this polymorphism on HDL-C plasma levels and T2D risk. METHODS: Mediation analysis was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of the -514C>T LIPC gene variant on HDL-C levels, T2D risk, and body mass index (BMI), in 2105 Mexican mestizo participants. We also assessed the functional effect of the -514C>T LIPC variant on the promoter activity of a reporter gene in the HepG2 cell line. RESULTS: Direct effects show that the -514C>T LIPC polymorphism is significantly associated with increased HDL-C plasma levels (ß = 0.03; p < 0.001). The -514C>T variant resulted in an indirect protective effect on T2D risk through increasing HDL-C levels (ß = - 0.03; p < 0.001). Marginal direct association between -514C>T and T2D was found (ß = 0.08; p = 0.06). Variables directly influencing T2D status were European ethnicity (ß = - 7.20; p < 0.001), age (ß = 0.04; p < 0.001), gender (ß = - 0.15; p = 0.017) and HDL-C (ß = - 1.07; p < 0.001). In addition, we found that the -514C>T variant decreases the activity of LIPC promoter by 90% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The -514C>T polymorphism was not directly associated with T2D risk. HDL-C acts as a mediator between -514C>T LIPC gene variant and T2D risk in the Mexican population.
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Biomarcadores/sangue , Índice de Massa Corporal , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Lipase/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
En Bolivia se práctica la medicina tradicional por su alta diversidad cultural y biológica. Las plantas medicinales son comercializadas en Sucre-Bolivia mediante puestos urbanos atendidos por mujeres de origen quechua y castellano el objetivo es saber los conocimientos y usos de las plantas medicinales. La recolección de información fue por medio de entrevistas, con cinco preguntas básicas en los meses de julio-agosto. Se identificó que las señoras que tienen puesto fijo tienen de 90 a 110 especies de plantas medicinales y las señoras ambulantes que en su mayoría se encuentran en el mercado campesino tienen poca variedad de plantas medicinales de 5 a 10 especies, estas ambulantes en su totalidad son de orígenes indígenas es porque ellas siembran y cosechan sus propias plantas que en este caso son plantas con características medicinales en cambio las que tienen puesto fijo, también son las que tienen más años de experiencia traen plantas de La Paz (yungas), Cochabamba ya que estas ciudades producen mayor cantidad de plantas medicinales, también son traídas de los alrededores de sucre como Yotala, Icla, Jatun Mayu, Ravelo y del valle que son exportadas para su venta. Es así que estos recursos genéticos representan oportunidades para impulsar el desarrollo económico, enmarcado dentro la sostenibilidad y equidad social.
In Bolivia, traditional medicine is practiced because of its high cultural and biological diversity. The medicinal plants are commercialized in Sucre-Bolivia through urban posts served by women of Quechua and Spanish origin. The objective is to know the knowledge and uses of the medicinal plants. The information was collected through interviews, with five basic questions in the months of July-August. It was identified that the ladies who have a fixed position have 90 to 110 species of medicinal plants and the traveling ladies who are mostly in the peasant market have little variety of medicinal plants of 5 to 10 species, these ambulants in their entirety are of indigenous origins it is because they sow and harvest their own plants that in this case are plants with medicinal characteristics instead those that have a fixed position, they are also those that have more years of experience bring plants from La Paz (yungas), Cochabamba since These cities produce more medicinal plants, they are also brought from the surroundings of Sucre such as Yotala, Icla, Jatun Mayu, Ravelo and the valley that are exported for sale. Thus, these genetic resources represent opportunities to boost economic development, framed within sustainability and social equity.
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Plantas Medicinais , Conhecimento , Medicina Tradicional , Mulheres , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Comércio , Povos IndígenasRESUMO
La estrongiloidiosis es una infección cuyos agentes responsables son Strongyloides stercoralis y S. fuelleborni. Estos nematodos son de localización intestinal, el factor de riesgo principal es el andar descalzo en lugares contaminados con las larvas filariformes. El estudio presenta a un paciente varón de 23 años de edad, residente de San Juan de Lurigancho, presentó 14 meses de enfermedad con signos de meteorismo, náuseas, vómitos y permaneció afebril, se indica también que 28 días antes presentó dolor del epigastrio irradiado a la espalda de duración constante. Al examen físico se encontró un abdomen distendido, blando timpánico doloroso a la palpación, el informe de ecografía abdominal evidenció dilatación de las asas intestinales, meteorismo, con presencia abundante de líquido libre en la cavidad abdominal (ascitis) y en los exámenes parasitológicos del líquido se observó larvas rabditoides L1, L2 y filariformes L3 de Strongyloides stercoralis; por lo que recibió tratamiento con Ivermectina, obteniéndose la recuperación del paciente.
The strongyloidiasis is an infection whose responsible agents are Strongyloides stercoralis and S. fuelleborni. These nematodes have an intestinal location; the main risk factor is to be barefoot in places contaminated with filariform larvae. The study presents a male 23-year-old resident of San Juan de Lurigancho, with 14 months of illness with signs of bloating, nausea, vomiting and wasafebrile,also indicates that 28 days before he had epigastric pain irradiated to the back. On physical examination a distended abdomen was found, soft painful tympanic tenderness, the abdominal ultrasonography showed dilated bowel loops, bloat, with abundant presence of free fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites) and parasitological examinations observed, rabditoides larvae L1 and L2 and filariform L3 of Strongyloides stercoralis. He received Ivermectin, obtaining the patient's recovery.
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Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Estrongiloidíase/parasitologia , Líquido Ascítico/parasitologia , Strongyloides stercoralis/isolamento & purificação , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
The strongyloidiasis is an infection whose responsible agents are Strongyloides stercoralis and S. fuelleborni. These nematodes have an intestinal location; the main risk factor is to be barefoot in places contaminated with filariform larvae. The study presents a male 23-year-old resident of San Juan de Lurigancho, with 14 months of illness with signs of bloating, nausea, vomiting and wasafebrile,also indicates that 28 days before he had epigastric pain irradiated to the back. On physical examination a distended abdomen was found, soft painful tympanic tenderness, the abdominal ultrasonography showed dilated bowel loops, bloat, with abundant presence of free fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites) and parasitological examinations observed, rabditoides larvae L1 and L2 and filariform L3 of Strongyloides stercoralis. He received Ivermectin, obtaining the patient's recovery.
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Líquido Ascítico/parasitologia , Strongyloides stercoralis/isolamento & purificação , Estrongiloidíase/parasitologia , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adulto JovemRESUMO
RESUMEN En la investigación sobre movimiento, la experimentación animal ha proporcionado fundamentación científica para la investigación clínica, mejorando procedimientos diagnósticos y de rehabilitación. Lesiones cerebrales en roedores pueden ser usadas para modelar síntomas locomotores, sensoriales y/o cognitivos. Con el propósito de determinar la funcionalidad locomotriz y sensorial en roedores, se han propuesto varios métodos de evaluación y pronóstico clínico para identificar y evaluar adaptaciones estructurales y mecanismos de neuro-recuperación. Esto ha permitido que métodos de intervención terapéutica, como el ejercicio físico, sean utilizados para restaurar funciones sensitivo-motoras y cognitivas en roedores y humanos. La extrapolación (translación) de los resultados de investigaciones en ciencias básicas a áreas clínicas, supone la continua cooperación y retroalimentación entre investigadores y profesionales de la salud, favoreciendo la formulación de intervenciones terapéuticas más eficaces basadas en resultados obtenidos de la experimentación animal. El objetivo de esta revisión es exponer las principales deficiencias motoras y los métodos empleados para determinar la dificultad motriz en la marcha en roedores con lesión cerebrovascular, para lo cual se realizó una revisión de literatura, sobre términos definidos (MeSH), en las bases de datos PsychINFO, Medline y Web of Science, entre enero de 2000 y enero de 2017. Se excluyeron artículos de carácter cualitativo o narrativo, sin revisión por pares, disertaciones, tesis o trabajos de grado y resúmenes de conferencias. Se revisan algunas manifestaciones clínicas, su efecto en la locomotricidad en roedores, algunas metodologías usadas para generar lesiones y para estudiar la función motriz, los principales métodos de medición y algunos aspectos translacionales.
ABSTRACT Animal experimentation is crucial for the advance in the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms and their application on both clinical diagnosis and neuro-rehabilitation. Particularly, rodent brain lesion is commonly used in the modeling of locomotor, somatosensory and cognitive symptoms. The automated rodent gait analysis has been proposed as a tool for studying locomotor and sensory abilities and its use includes the identification of functional alterations, structural adaptations as well as neuro-rehabilitation mechanisms. From that standpoint, the effectiveness of many therapeutic interventions (i.e. physical exercises) has been documented in rodents and humans. The translation from experimental data to clinical conditions requires the continuous collaboration and feedback between researchers and health clinicians looking for the selection of the best rehabilitation protocols obtained from animal research. Here we will show some locomotor alterations, the traditional methods used to assess motor dysfunction and gait abnormalities in rodent models with stroke. The aim of this review is to show some motor deficiencies and some methods used to establish gait disturbances in rodents with cerebrovascular lesion. The review included the search of defined terms (MeSH) in PychINFO, Medline and Web of Science, between January 2000 and January 2017. Qualitative and narrative reports, dissertations, end course works and conference resumes were discarded. The review focuses on some clinical signs, their effects on rodent locomotor activity, some methodologies used to create lesion and to study motor function, some assessment methods and some translational aspects.
RESUMO No estudo do movimento, a experimentação animal tem proporcionado sólida fundamentação científica para a pesquisa clínica, permitindo melhorar procedimentos diagnósticos e de reabilitação. Lesões cerebrais em roedores são utilizadas para modelar sintomas locomotores, sensoriais e cognitivos. Para determinar a funcionalidade locomotora e sensorial em roedores, têm sido desenvolvidas várias metodologias para avaliar o prognóstico clínico e identificar adaptações estruturais e mecanismos da recuperação. Todos esses achados têm favorecido que alguns métodos de intervenção terapêutica sejam utilizados para restaurar funções sensitivo-motoras e cognitivas em roedores e pacientes. A extrapolação (translação) de resultados de pesquisas em ciências básicas para as áreas clínicas, supõe a contínua cooperação e retroalimentação entre pesquisadores e profissionais da saúde, desenhando intervenções terapêuticas mais eficazes, baseadas em resultados obtidos na experimentação animal. Nesta revisão se expõem metodologias utilizadas para criar e avaliar alterações motoras, em modelos animais com acidente cerebral vascular. O objetivo é apresentar deficiências motoras e métodos utilizados para determinar a dificuldade na marcha em roedores com lesão cerebrovascular. Para isso foi feita uma revisão da literatura, usando termos definidos (MeSH), nas bases de dados PsychINFO, Medline e Web of Science, entre janeiro de 2000 e janeiro de 2017. Foram excluídos artigos qualitativos, narrativas, sem revisão por pares, dissertações, teses ou trabalhos de grado e resumos de palestras. Se revisam manifestações clínicas, seus efeitos na locomoção de roedores, algumas metodologias usadas para gerar lesões e para estudar a função motora, os principais métodos de medição e alguns aspectos translacionais.
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The present interview offers an annotated dialogue with Dr. Daniel L. Schacter, in which we had the chance to learn about his findings, his current studies, in their implications for memory and cognition. Dr. Schacter is currently William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Psychology at Harvard University. With more than 40 years of professional experience in research on cognition, Dr. Schacter has published over 400 articles, many in top scientific journals, and some have been cited thousands of times. For his multiple theoretical and empirical contributions to the field of psychology, Dr. Schacter recently received the American Psychological Association's Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions.
En esta entrevista se presenta un diálogo con comentarios con el Dr. Daniel L. Schacter, en el cual tratamos de tener la oportunidad de aprender sobre sus hallazgos, sus estudios actuales y sus implicaciones para la memoria y la cognición. El Dr. Schacter es actualmente profesor William R. Kenan Jr. de psicología en la Universidad de Harvard. Con más de 40 años de experiencia profesional en investigación sobre cognición, el Dr. Schacter ha publicado cerca de 400 artículos, muchos en revistas de alto impacto y algunos han llegado a recibir más de mil citas. Por sus múltiples contribuciones teóricas y empíricas en el campo de la psicología, recibió recientemente el premio por contribuciones científicas distinguidas de la American Psychological Association.
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Cognição , MemóriaRESUMO
The most diverse and species-rich class of the phylum Porifera is Demospongiae. In recent years, the systematics of this clade, which contains more than 7000 species, has developed rapidly in light of new studies combining molecular and morphological observations. We add more than 500 new, nearly complete 18S sequences (an increase of more than 200%) in an attempt to further enhance understanding of the phylogeny of Demospongiae. Our study specifically targets representation of type species and genera that have never been sampled for any molecular data in an effort to accelerate progress in classifying this diverse lineage. Our analyses recover four highly supported subclasses of Demospongiae: Keratosa, Myxospongiae, Haploscleromorpha, and Heteroscleromorpha. Within Keratosa, neither Dendroceratida, nor its two families, Darwinellidae and Dictyodendrillidae, are monophyletic and Dictyoceratida is divided into two lineages, one predominantly composed of Dysideidae and the second containing the remaining families (Irciniidae, Spongiidae, Thorectidae, and Verticillitidae). Within Myxospongiae, we find Chondrosida to be paraphyletic with respect to the Verongida. We amend the latter to include species of the genus Chondrosia and erect a new order Chondrillida to contain remaining taxa from Chondrosida, which we now discard. Even with increased taxon sampling of Haploscleromorpha, our analyses are consistent with previous studies; however, Haliclona species are interspersed in even more clades. Haploscleromorpha contains five highly supported clades, each more diverse than previously recognized, and current families are mostly polyphyletic. In addition, we reassign Janulum spinispiculum to Haploscleromorpha and resurrect Reniera filholi as Janulum filholi comb. nov. Within the large clade Heteroscleromorpha, we confirmed 12 recently identified clades based on alternative data, as well as a sister-group relationship between the freshwater Spongillida and the family Vetulinidae. We transfer Stylissa flabelliformis to the genus Scopalina within the family Scopalinidae, which is of uncertain position. Our analyses uncover a large, strongly supported clade containing all heteroscleromorphs other than Spongillida, Vetulinidae, and Scopalinidae. Within this clade, there is a major division separating Axinellidae, Biemnida, Tetractinellida, Bubaridae, Stelligeridae, Raspailiidae, and some species of Petromica, Topsentia, and Axinyssa from Agelasida, Polymastiidae, Placospongiidae, Clionaidae, Spirastrellidae, Tethyidae, Poecilosclerida, Halichondriidae, Suberitidae, and Trachycladus. Among numerous results: (1) Spirophorina and its family Tetillidae are paraphyletic with respect to a strongly supported Astrophorina within Tetractinellida; (2) Agelasida is the earliest diverging lineage within the second clade listed above; and (3) Merlia and Desmacella appear to be the earliest diverging lineages of Poecilosclerida.
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DNA Ribossômico/genética , Filogenia , Poríferos/classificação , Poríferos/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Teorema de Bayes , Biologia Computacional , Florida , Funções Verossimilhança , Modelos Genéticos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Panamá , Polinésia , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
La fasciolasis es una enfermedad parasitaria producida por el tremátodo digeneo Fasciola hepática. Durante la fase crónica de la enfermedad los parásitos pueden entran en los conductos biliares, y ser causa de ictericia obstructiva, colangitis, pancreatitis y otras complicaciones. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente intervenida por sospecha de colelitiasis y colédocolitiasis, a la cual durante la exploración coledociana intraoperatoria le fueron extraídos múltiples parásitos adultos de Fasciola hepática. Este hallazgo sólo fue aclarado posteriormente en la biopsia diferida. Se realiza una revisión breve del tema, métodos de diagnóstico, tratamiento médico y alternativas quirúrgicas de tratamiento.
Fasciolasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the digenean trematode Fasciola hepatica. During the chronic phase of the disease the parasites invade the main biliary ducts, causing obstructive jaundice, cholangitis, pancreatitis and other complications. We report a 75 years old female, operated due to the suspicion of a choledocholithiasis. During the exploration of the choledochus, adult F. hepatica parasites were extracted. The pathology report of the parasites confirmed the diagnosis.
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Humanos , Feminino , Idoso , Doenças do Ducto Colédoco/etiologia , Fasciolíase/cirurgia , Fasciolíase/complicações , Fasciolíase/diagnóstico , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Benzimidazóis/uso terapêutico , Colangiografia , Coledocolitíase/complicações , Ducto Colédoco/microbiologia , Doenças do Ducto Colédoco/cirurgia , Doenças do Ducto Colédoco/diagnóstico , Fasciola hepatica , Fasciolíase/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
El primer capítulo trata de revisar suscintamente los trabajos relacionados sobre juventud y política; el segundo capítulo expone un análisis cuantitativo de las principales percepiones sobre la política de las y los jóvenes en la ciudad de El Alto; el tercer capítulo muestra los nucleamientos sociales que hacen a la subjetividad política y por último, el cuarto capítulo muestra, a partir del trabajo cualitativo, las especificidades de la subjetividad política a partir del estudio de algunos grupos juveniles de la ciudad de El Alto
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Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Adolescente , Cultura , Liderança , Política , Adolescente , BolíviaRESUMO
The population of malaria-causing parasites is characterized by great genetic diversity. Knowledge of the polymorphism generation mechanism is a central issue for developing effective vaccines against malaria and understanding the parasite population structure. Plasmodium vivax genetic diversity has been explained in terms of two major factors: natural selection and intragenic recombination. A modular organization was found within P. vivax Duffy binding protein in the present work. Four Colombian isolates have identical sequences to Salvador-1 strain amongst dpb regions III-VI analysed, suggesting a high identity between Central and South American isolates. Geographically clustered sectors, corresponding to cysteine-rich regions (II and VI), show a high sequence diversity that could reflect a possible immune response evasion mechanism; both positive and negative selection were detected in these regions. In contrast, other dbp gene regions display a non-geographical clustering pattern, lower sequence diversity and predominant negative selective pressure. Recombination was homogeneously detected all along the molecule. These findings suggest that diversification vs. homogenizing forces, drive dbp gene evolution and determine its mosaic region organization.
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Antígenos de Protozoários/genética , Malária Vivax/parasitologia , Plasmodium vivax/genética , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Antígenos de Protozoários/química , Sequência de Bases , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA de Protozoário/química , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Variação Genética , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Plasmodium vivax/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Proteínas de Protozoários/química , Receptores de Superfície Celular/química , Seleção Genética , Alinhamento de Sequência , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
Functional and structural analyses of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules of the Aotus genus are necessary to validate it as a solid animal model for biomedical research. We thus isolated, cloned and sequenced exons 2 and 3 from three Aotus species (A. nancymaae, A. nigriceps and A. vociferans). We found 24 sequences, which divided into two different groups (Ao-g1 and Ao-g2). A further sequence was identified as a processed pseudogene (Aona-PS2). Both sequence evolution and variability analyses showed that Ao-g1 and Ao-g2 display similar characteristics to Catarrhini's classical loci, such as positive selection pressure at the peptide binding region (PBR) high variability and a trans-specific evolution pattern.
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Aotidae/genética , Cercopithecidae/genética , Genes MHC Classe I , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Feminino , Variação Genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/classificação , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo Genético , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Homologia de Sequência de AminoácidosRESUMO
Techniques to quantify plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load (VL) are commercially available, and they are adequate for monitoring adults infected by HIV and treated with antiretroviral drugs. Little experience on HIV VL has been reported in pediatric cases. In Argentina, the evaluation of several assays for VL in pediatrics are now being considered. To evaluate the pediatric protocol for bDNA assay in HIV-infected children, 25 samples from HIV-infected children (according to CDC criteria for pediatric AIDS) were analyzed by using Quantiplex HIV RNA 2.0 Assay (Chiron Corporation) following the manufacturer's recommendations in a protocol that uses 50 microliters of patient's plasma (sensitivity: 10,000 copies/ml). When HIV-RNA was not detected, samples were run with the 1 ml standard bDNA protocol (sensitivity: 500 HIV-RNA c/ml). Nine samples belonged to infants under 12 months of age (group A) and 16 were over 12 months (group B). All infants under one year of age had high HIV-RNA copies in plasma. VL ranged from 30,800 to 2,560,000 RNA copies/ml (median = 362,000 c/ml) for group A and < 10,000 to 554,600 c/ml (median = < 10,000) for group B. Only 25% of children in group B had detectable HIV-RNA. By using the standard test of quantification, none of the patients had non detectable HIV-RNA, ranging between 950 and 226,200 c/ml for group B (median = 23,300 RNA c/ml). The suggested pediatric protocol could be useful in children under 12 months of age, but 1 ml standard protocol must be used for older children. Samples with undetectable results from children under one year of age should be repeated using the standard protocol.
Assuntos
DNA Viral/análise , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , HIV-1/genética , Adulto , Argentina , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , RNA Viral/análise , Carga ViralRESUMO
Techniques to quantify plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load (VL) are commercially available, and they are adequate for monitoring adults infected by HIV and treated with antiretroviral drugs. Little experience on HIV VL has been reported in pediatric cases. In Argentina, the evaluation of several assays for VL in pediatrics are now being considered. To evaluate the pediatric protocol for bDNA assay in HIV-infected children, 25 samples from HIV-infected children (according to CDC criteria for pediatric AIDS) were analyzed by using Quantiplex HIV RNA 2.0 Assay (Chiron Corporation) following the manufacturer's recommendations in a protocol that uses 50 microliters of patient's plasma (sensitivity: 10,000 copies/ml). When HIV-RNA was not detected, samples were run with the 1 ml standard bDNA protocol (sensitivity: 500 HIV-RNA c/ml). Nine samples belonged to infants under 12 months of age (group A) and 16 were over 12 months (group B). All infants under one year of age had high HIV-RNA copies in plasma. VL ranged from 30,800 to 2,560,000 RNA copies/ml (median = 362,000 c/ml) for group A and < 10,000 to 554,600 c/ml (median = < 10,000) for group B. Only 25 of children in group B had detectable HIV-RNA. By using the standard test of quantification, none of the patients had non detectable HIV-RNA, ranging between 950 and 226,200 c/ml for group B (median = 23,300 RNA c/ml). The suggested pediatric protocol could be useful in children under 12 months of age, but 1 ml standard protocol must be used for older children. Samples with undetectable results from children under one year of age should be repeated using the standard protocol.