RESUMO
The development of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria (AMR) is currently one of the world's most pressing public health problems. The use of antimicrobial agents in humans and animals has resulted in AMR which has narrowed the potential use of antibiotics for the treatment of infections in humans. To monitor AMR and to develop control measures, some countries, such as the USA, Canada and Denmark, have established national integrated surveillance systems (FDA, , CIPARS, 2007, DANMAP,2002). The components of these programs monitor changes in susceptibility/resistance to antimicrobial agents of selected zoonotic pathogens and commensal organisms recovered from animals, retail meats and humans. The rapid development of Colombia's animal production industry has raised food safety issues including the emergence of antibiotic resistance. The Colombian Integrated Surveillance Program for Antimicrobial Resistance (COIPARS) was established as a pilot project to monitor AMR on poultry farms, slaughter houses and retail markets.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/efeitos adversos , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Microbiologia de Alimentos/métodos , Vigilância da População/métodos , Parcerias Público-Privadas , Matadouros , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/administração & dosagem , Campylobacter/efeitos dos fármacos , Campylobacter/isolamento & purificação , Colômbia , Comércio , Enterococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterococcus/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Cooperação Internacional , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Projetos Piloto , Aves Domésticas , Salmonella/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Salmonella is one of the most common foodborne pathogens associated with diarrheal disease in humans. Food animals, especially poultry, are important direct and indirect sources of human salmonellosis, and antimicrobial resistance is an emerging problem of public health concern. The use of antimicrobials benefits producers but contributes to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. As a step toward implementing the Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, this study was conducted to establish the prevalence, distribution of serovars, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and risk factors for Salmonella on poultry farms in the two largest states of poultry production in Colombia. Salmonella was isolated from 41% of farms and 65% of the 315 chicken houses sampled. Salmonella Paratyphi B variant Java was the most prevalent serovar (76%), followed by Salmonella Heidelberg (23%). All Salmonella isolates were resistant to 2 to 15 of the antimicrobial drugs tested in this study. For Salmonella Paratyphi B variant Java, 34 drug resistance patterns were present. The predominant resistance pattern was ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftiofur, streptomycin, enrofloxacin, and nalidixic acid; this pattern was detected in 15% of isolates. The resistance pattern of tetracycline, ceftiofur, and nalidixic acid was found in over 40% of the isolates of Salmonella Heidelberg. Of the biosecurity practices considered, two factors were significantly associated with reduction in Salmonella: cleaning of fixed equipment and composting of dead birds on the farm. Findings from the present study provide scientific evidence to inform implementation of official policies that support new biosecurity legislation in an effort to decrease the prevalence of Salmonella on Colombian poultry farms.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Galinhas/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Salmonella/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Higiene , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Salmonella/classificaçãoRESUMO
1. Subjects with seasonal affective disorder were exposed to 0, 500 and 1000 lux of white light for one hour beginning at 0300 hours. 2. Plasma samples were taken periodically and analysed for melatonin. 3. Plasma melatonin levels were suppressed by exposure to both 500 and 1000 lux light levels, suggesting that SAD patients show no neuroendocrine insensitivity to light but may show supersensitive responses to light.
Assuntos
Luz , Melatonina/sangue , Transtornos do Humor/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos do Humor/terapia , Radioimunoensaio , Estações do AnoRESUMO
1. A portable, head-mounted device was developed for administration of light therapy. A randomized crossover protocol was used to test the therapeutic efficacy of this device, compared to a standard light box, for treatment of winter depression. 2. Depressive symptoms were significantly reduced by both the head-mounted device and the light box. 3. Therapeutic efficacy of the two devices was not significantly different. 4. The head-mounted device was rated by patients as significantly more convenient than the conventional light box; this may be important in improving patient compliance.