RESUMO
We report a case of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in a pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient in Argentina. Spores were visualized in feces using Calcofluor White and modified trichrome stainings. PCR and sequencing identified E. bieneusi genotype D in fecal samples and liver samples, confirming extraintestinal dissemination of the parasite.
Assuntos
Enterocytozoon , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Humanos , Criança , Argentina/epidemiologia , Enterocytozoon/genética , Transplantados , Fezes , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Lung dendritic cells (DC) are powerful antigen-presenting cells constituted by various subpopulations that differ in terms of their function and origin and differentially regulate cell-mediated antifungal immunity. The lung is the primary target organ of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii infections, which makes it essential in the establishment of the first line of anti-cryptococcal defense. However, the lung-specific dynamics and function of DC subsets are poorly understood in cryptococcosis. In this study, we provide evidence for the in vivo function of a conventional langerin-expressing DC1 dendritic cell (LangDC1) population during the first week of intratracheal C. neoformans infection in mice. By using conditional depletion of LangDC1 after diphtheria toxin treatment of LangDTREGFP mice, we demonstrate that these animals better control the fungal infection and produce type 1 and 17 cytokines in the context of a type 2 immune response, favoring a predominance of iNOS over arginase-1 expression by pulmonary cells. Our results suggest that LangDC1 cells play a role in impairing immune response for the clearance of C. neoformans in the early stage of pulmonary infection.
RESUMO
Abstract Microsporidia are obligate intracellular fungi with a remarkable ability to infect a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Namely, Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently microsporidia reported worldwide, and mainly associated with chronic diarrea and wasting syndrome in AIDS patients. Microscopy and PCR-based detection techniques are effective for diagnosis and identification of species and genotypes; however, these methods should be standardized in each laboratory. In this study, we performed microscopy and nested PCR techniques with PCR product sequencing to detect E. bieneusi in human stool samples. These techniques, if applied together, might prove useful for diagnosis and future epidemiological studies of intestinal microsporidiosis in Argentina.
Resumen Los microsporidios son hongos intracelulares obligados con una notable capacidad para infectar una amplia gama de hospedadores invertebrados y vertebrados. Enterocytozoon bieneusi es el microsporidio más frecuentemente reportado en todo el mundo, principalmente tricrómicaasociado con diarrea crónica y síndrome debilitante en pacientes con sida. Las técnicas dedetección basadas en microscopía y PCR son útiles para el diagnóstico y la identificación deespecies y genotipos, pero estos métodos deben estar estandarizados en cada laboratorio.En este estudio evaluamos técnicas de microscopía y PCR anidada, con secuenciación de losproductos, para detectar E. bieneusi en muestras de heces humanas. Estas técnicas, usadas con-juntamente, podrían ser útiles para su aplicación en el diagnóstico de microsporidiosis intestinaly para realizar estudios epidemiológicos de esta afección en Argentina.
Assuntos
Humanos , Microsporídios , Enterocytozoon , Esporos Fúngicos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Microsporídios/genética , Enterocytozoon/genética , FezesRESUMO
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular fungi with a remarkable ability to infect a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Namely, Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently microsporidia reported worldwide, and mainly associated with chronic diarrhea and wasting syndrome in AIDS patients. Microscopy and PCR-based detection techniques are effective for diagnosis and identification of species and genotypes; however, these methods should be standardized in each laboratory. In this study, we performed microscopy and nested PCR techniques with PCR product sequencing to detect E. bieneusi in human stool samples. These techniques, if applied together, might prove useful for diagnosis and future epidemiological studies of intestinal microsporidiosis in Argentina.
Assuntos
Enterocytozoon , Microsporídios , Enterocytozoon/genética , Fezes , Humanos , Microsporídios/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Esporos FúngicosRESUMO
Dermatophytoses (ringworms) are among the most frequent skin infections and are a highly prevalent cause of human disease worldwide. Despite the incidence of these superficial mycoses in healthy people and the compelling evidence on chronic and deep infections in immunocompromised individuals, the mechanisms controlling dermatophyte invasion in the skin are scarcely known. In the last years, the association between certain primary immunodeficiencies and the susceptibility to severe dermatophytosis as well as the evidence provided by novel experimental models mimicking human disease have significantly contributed to deciphering the basic immunological mechanisms against dermatophytes. In this review, we outline the current knowledge on fungal virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of dermatophytoses and recent evidence from human infections and experimental models that shed light on the cells and molecules involved in the antifungal cutaneous immune response. The latest highlights emphasize the contribution of C-type lectin receptors signaling and the cellular immune response mediated by IL-17 and IFN-γ in the anti-dermatophytic defense and skin inflammation control.
Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa , Arthrodermataceae/patogenicidade , Imunidade Inata , Pele/microbiologia , Tinha/microbiologia , Animais , Arthrodermataceae/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Transdução de Sinais , Pele/imunologia , Tinha/imunologia , VirulênciaRESUMO
Despite worldwide prevalence of superficial mycoses, the immune response in dermatophytosis has scarcely been investigated. In this study, we developed a model of superficial skin infection in C57BL/6 mice with Microsporum canis, a highly prevalent human pathogen. This model mimics mild inflammatory human dermatophytosis, characterized by neutrophil recruitment and fungal invasion limited to the epidermis and exhibits the establishment of a specific T helper type 17 immune response during infection. By using IL-17RA- or IL-17A/F-deficient mice we showed that, in the absence of a functional IL-17 pathway, M. canis extensively colonizes the epidermis and promotes an exaggerated skin inflammation and a shift to an IFN-γ-mediated (T helper type 1) response. IL-17 signaling was not involved in neutrophil influx to skin or fungal invasion to deeper tissues. Finally, this study shows that skin langerin-expressing cells contribute to the antifungal T helper type 17 response in vivo. In conclusion, these data directly show a dual function of IL-17 cytokines in dermatophytosis by controlling superficial infection and down-modulating a T helper type 1 antifungal response.
Assuntos
Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Microsporum/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Tinha/imunologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Epiderme/imunologia , Epiderme/microbiologia , Epiderme/patologia , Humanos , Interleucina-17/genética , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Microsporum/patogenicidade , Infiltração de Neutrófilos/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-17/genética , Receptores de Interleucina-17/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Células Th17/metabolismo , Tinha/microbiologia , Tinha/patologiaRESUMO
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue detectar y caracterizar enteroparásitos en niños y adolescentes de la Comuna Los Cedros de la provincia de Córdoba. La detección de parásitos se realizó en 111 individuos (con edades comprendidas entre 6 meses y 21 años) mediante examen macroscópico y microscópico (directo y métodos de concentración de Ritchie y de Willis) y escobillado anal (método de Graham). La prevalencia de parasitados fue de 74% sin asociación significativa entre mujeres y varones (51% vs. 49%). Los niños de 5 a 11 años evidenciaron el mayor porcentaje de parásitos intestinales (61%). Las especies identificadas fueron: Enterobius vermicularis (54%), Blastocystis hominis (52%), Giardia lamblia (28%), Entamoeba coli (17%), Endolimax nana (10%), Chilomastix mesnilii (2%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (2%) e Hymenolepis nana (5%). La prevalencia de monoparasitados y poliparasitados fue de 44% y 56%, respectivamente, sin asociación significativa con la edad o el sexo. En niños y adolescentes poliparasitados las combinaciones más frecuentes fueron: Enterobius vermicularis/Blastocystis hominis y Enterobius vermicularis/Giardia lamblia. En conclusión, este estudio determinó una elevada prevalencia de enteroparásitos en niños y adolescentes de esta comuna periurbana de la provincia de Córdoba, lo que puede ayudar a establecer y consolidar programas de control y vigilancia epidemiológica.
The objective of the present investigation was to detect and characterize enteroparasites in children and adolescents of the community Los Cedros in the province of Cordoba. Parasites were detected in 111 individuals (6 months to 21 years old) by: macroscopic and microscopic examination (direct and Willis and Ritchie concentration methods) and anal swabs (Graham method). The prevalence of parasites was 74% without significant association between women and men (51 % vs. 49%). Chíldren from 5 to 11 years of age evídenced the greatest percentages of parasitosis (61%). The species identified were: Enterobius vermicularis (54%), Blastocystis hominis (52%), Giardia lamblia (28%), Entamoeba coli (17%), Endolimax nana (10%), Chilomastix mesnilii (2%), lodamoeba bütschlii (2%) and Hymenolepis nana (5%). The prevalence of monoparasitosis and poliparasitosis was 44% and 56%, respectively, without any significant association with age and sex. In chíldren and adoiescents wíth poliparasitosis, the mosi frequent combinations were: Enterobius vermicularis/Blastocystis hominis and Enterobius vermicularis/Giardia lamblia. In conclusión, this study determined a high prevalence of enteropararasites in chíldren and adoiescents of thís perturban communíty in the provínce of Córdoba thai could help to establish and to consolídate control programs and epidemiológica! surveillance.