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INTRODUCTION: Vitiligo is a chronic skin condition with no cure. Clinical assessment and treatment evaluation relies heavily on clinometry tools and expert knowledge. The Vitiligo Extent Score has been proposed as one of the most reliable and easy-to-use clinometry tools for vitiligo. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We proposed a scoping review to identify all the available evidence on the clinical research availability around the Vitiligo Extent Score. The following databases will be searched: MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Open Grey, Lens and Directory of Open Access Journals. In addition, the approach proposed in the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer's Manual will be followed. Finally, this review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval for this review is not required. We intend to publish the results in a specialised peer-reviewed journal and local, national and international conference presentations. It will also be incorporated as educational material in our institution's postgraduate programme in dermatology.
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Vitiligo , Humanos , Academias e Institutos , Bases de Dados Factuais , Conhecimento , MEDLINE , Projetos de Pesquisa , Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Vitiligo/diagnóstico , Vitiligo/terapiaRESUMO
We present the case of a patient with a history of symptomatic hypoglycaemic episodes and a negative 72-hour fasting test with histological confirmation of insulinoma. A literature review of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia with a negative fasting test was performed. LEARNING POINTS: The 72-hour fasting test is the gold standard for insulinoma diagnosis.Few cases of insulinoma with a negative fasting test have been reported.New strategies for insulinoma diagnosis are being investigated.
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Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, highly prevalent disease with a significant impact on health. Appropriate treatment requires effective and timely escalation to achieve metabolic control. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of IDegLira on adults with T2DM previously treated with oral antidiabetics and/or insulin in a real-life setting. Methods: An observational study in a real-world setting was conducted. Patients were selected from the outpatient clinic of two centers dedicated to specialized diabetes care. Main outcomes were HbA1c, body weight, insulin dose changes, hypoglycemia, and other adverse events. Results: 67 T2DM patients treated with IDegLira were monitored between 3 and 7 months. At the end of foll ow-up, the median change in HbA1c was -1.05% (CI95% -1.45, -0.65), and a decrease in insulin requirement was also observed (mean difference -10 TDD units (CI95% - 17 to -2.5). No treatment discontinuation was reported, hypoglycemia events were reported in 3 patients at the end of follow-up versus 8 patients at baseline. Conclusions: This real-life study shows the effectiveness in glycemic control of IDegLira use in T2DM patients who do not achieve goals with other therapies, with an adequate safety profile. The findings need to be confirmed with evaluation of therapeutic results in larger cohorts.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Hipoglicemia , Adulto , Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Combinação de Medicamentos , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Hipoglicemia/induzido quimicamente , Hipoglicemia/prevenção & controle , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Insulina de Ação Prolongada , LiraglutidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent chronic noncommunicable diseases globally, and the only way to reduce its complications is good glycaemic control. Insulin remains the only approved treatment for type 1 DM (T1DM) and is used by many with type 2 DM (T2DM). Carbohydrate counting is considered the ideal way to calculate meal-related insulin doses as it allows greater flexibility in diet and could, in some people, reduce the burden of the disease. The primary objective of this systematic review was to assess carbohydrate counting efficacy in reducing glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c ) levels and safety by not increasing hypoglycaemia risk, inducing an increase in body weight or blood lipids, or reducing the quality of life of people with T1DM. METHODS: We included randomised controlled clinical trials with a parallel-group design comparing any carbohydrate counting forms with standard care or other forms of dietary advice or insulin dose calculation in people with T1DM with a follow up period of at least 3 months and with no restrictions in language, age or settings. As a primary outcome, we consider the change of HbA1c levels within at least 3 months. Secondary outcomes were hypoglycaemia events, body weight changes, blood lipids levels, and the total daily insulin dose. We also evaluated health-related quality-of-life changes and questionnaires on satisfaction with treatment of diabetes. RESULTS: Data from 11 studies with 899 patients were retrieved with a mean follow-up of 52 ± 35.5 weeks. Carbohydrate counting is not better in reducing HbA1c levels (SMD-0.24%, 95% CI -0.68 to 0.21) than all dietary advice forms. However, this finding was highly heterogeneous. We identified three studies that account for most of the heterogeneity using clustering algorithms. A second analysis excluding these studies shows a meaningful reduction in HbA1c levels (SMD-0.52%, 95% CI -0.82 to -0.23) with low heterogeneity. In the subgroup analysis, carbohydrate counting significantly reduces HbA1c levels compared with usual diabetes education. Carbohydrate counting does not relate to any substantial change in blood lipids, body weight, hypoglycaemia risk or daily insulin dose. Finally, we analysed the effect of trial duration on reduction in HbA1c levels and found no significant change related to time. CONCLUSIONS: Carbohydrate counting is an efficacious technique to safely reduce the levels of HbA1c in adults and children compared with standard diabetes education, and its effect does not appear to change with prolonged time. Standardisation in reporting important outcomes such as hypoglycaemia and quality of life are vital to produce comparable evidence in carbohydrate counting clinical trials. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO under code: CRD42020218499.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Hipoglicemia , Adulto , Criança , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Qualidade de Vida , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Hipoglicemia/prevenção & controle , Insulina/efeitos adversos , Peso Corporal , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
La enfermedad por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 que surgió en el año 2019 (COVID-19), ha obligado al rápido desarrollo de vacunas para prevenir su propagación e intentar controlar la pandemia. Dentro de las vacunas desarrolladas, las primeras en ser aprobadas con una tecnología nueva en el campo de la vacunación, fueron las vacunas basadas en ARNm (ácido ribonucleico mensajero), que lograron tasas de efectividad cercanas al 95 % para la prevención de la enfermedad COVID-19 grave. Los eventos adversos comunes son reacciones locales leves, pero ha habido varios informes de pacientes que desarrollaron tiroiditis subaguda y disfunción tiroidea después de recibir la vacuna contra SARS-CoV-2. Este artículo presenta dos casos de tiroiditis subaguda poco después de recibir la vacuna contra COVID-19
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus disease which emerged in 2019 (COVID-19), has forced the rapid development of vaccines to prevent the spread of infection and attempt to control the pandemic. Among the vaccines developed, one of the first to be approved with a new technology in the field of vaccination, was the mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) vaccine, with rates of effectiveness close to 95% for the prevention of severe COVID-19 disease. Common adverse events are mild local reactions, but there have been some reports of patients developing sub-acute thyroiditis and thyroid dysfunction after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. This article presents two case reports of subacute thyroiditis shortly after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Idoso , Tireoidite Subaguda/induzido quimicamente , Tireotoxicose/induzido quimicamente , Vacina BNT162/efeitos adversos , ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/efeitos adversos , Tireoidite Subaguda/diagnóstico , Tireoidite Subaguda/tratamento farmacológico , Tireotoxicose/diagnóstico , Tireotoxicose/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Bócio/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Thyroid storm and severe thyrotoxicosis remain among the most frequent endocrine emergencies, and first-line hyperthyroidism treatment is not always an option. Since the first report in 1970, plasmapheresis is a second-line treatment for severe or otherwise untreatable thyrotoxicosis when rapid euthyroidism is desired. METHODS: We present a retrospective study of the experience in treating thyrotoxicosis with plasmapheresis between 2012 and 2020 in two specialized centers in Colombia. We register the demographic and clinical characteristic and compare the thyroid hormones and other biochemical measurements before and after treatment. RESULTS: Data from 19 patients was obtained, 58% female with a median age of 35 years (IQR 23.5), and most of them with Graves' disease. The most frequent indication for plasmapheresis was thyroid storm. A median of 4 (IQR 2) sessions lead to a significant reduction in FT4 (P .0001) and TT3 (P < .0003) with a nonsignificant decrease in beta-blocker (P .7353) dose, no change in hepatic enzymes, and no adverse events. After plasmapheresis, thyroidectomy was performed in 10 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Plasmapheresis is an effective and safe treatment option for reducing circulating thyroid hormones in severe thyrotoxicosis when other forms of treatment are contraindicated or in case of urgent thyroid and non-thyroid surgery. It is limited by its cost and the need for highly specialized resources.
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Plasmaferese/métodos , Tireotoxicose/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Plasmaferese/efeitos adversos , Propranolol/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Hormônios Tireóideos/sangue , Tireotoxicose/sangue , Adulto JovemRESUMO
RESUMEN El coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave es el tercer betacoronavirus desde el año 2003 capaz de ocasionar una infección del tracto respiratorio inferior, llevando, en casos críticos, al síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda y la muerte. La edad avanzada, la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus son, entre otros, tres factores determinantes en los peores desenlaces clínicos. Múltiples mecanismos pueden explicar la mayor susceptibilidad de las personas diabéticas a las infecciones respiratorias. La hiperglucemia crónica altera tanto a la inmunidad humoral como al celular. Esta enfermedad predispone a la sobreexpresión de la proteína de la membrana celular que sirve como receptora del virus y a una respuesta inflamatoria exacerbada, aumentando el riesgo de una descompensación y de la aparición de crisis hiperglicémicas. Ante la ausencia de un tratamiento efectivo o de una vacuna, todos los esfuerzos deben hacerse para procurar un buen control metabólico de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus con y sin COVID-19. Por lo anterior, se plantean en este artículo de reflexión, diferentes propuestas para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, sin descartar la forma ambulatoria, en donde la telemedicina y otras tecnologías permitirán acortar la distancia y mantener las medidas de aislamiento preventivo.
SUMMARY Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the third beta-coronavirus since 2003 capable of causing lower respiratory tract infection, leading to severe cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. Advanced age, high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus are three predictors of worse clinical outcomes. Multiple mechanisms could explain the greater susceptibility of diabetic people to respiratory infections. Chronic hyperglycemia alters both humoral and cellular immunity. This disease predisposes to virus receptor overexpression and an exaggerated inflammatory response, increasing the risk of decompensation and hyperglycemic crises. In the absence of an effective vaccine or treatment for the virus, this vicious circle should be stopped with an emphasis on controlling glucose. This paper presents different proposals for the treatment of diabetes mellitus both on an outpatient basis where telemedicine and other technologies will make it possible to continue adequate ambulatory care to maintain preventive isolation measures up to care in the intensive care unit.
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Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Telemedicina , Pandemias , Controle Glicêmico , GlucoseRESUMO
La enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica (EHGNA) es una condición altamente prevalente y usualmente relacionada con el sobrepeso y la obesidad, pero afecta al 10% de la población no obesa en el mundo, con tendencia al aumento. Mecanismos diferentes a los tradicionalmente relacionados con el exceso de grasa corporal, como algunos polimorfismos genéticos y la exposición a ciertos factores ambientales, se han asociado con el desarrollo de esta entidad. Comparados con individuos sanos, las personas con EHGNA tienen con mayor frecuencia desarreglos metabólicos, como resistencia a la insulina y síndrome metabólico. El curso de la enfermedad hepática pareciera ser más benigno en los individuos no obesos en comparación con las personas obesas, pero el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades como la diabetes mellitus pareciera ser mayor. En Latinoamérica se ha reportado una de las prevalencias más altas de EHGNA, sin embargo, el fenómeno en personas no obesas se ha estudiado principalmente en Asia y los datos en poblaciones latinas son prácticamente inexistentes. El propósito con esta revisión narrativa es sintetizar la información disponible acerca de la EHGNA en personas no obesas, haciendo énfasis en la población latina.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent disease and usually related to overweight and obesity, but it affects 10% of the non-obese population in the world and the rates are increasing. Different mechanisms from those traditionally related to excess body fat, such as some genetic polymorphisms and exposure to certain environmental factors, have been associated with the development of this condition. Compared with healthy individuals, people with NAFLD have more frequent metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. The course of the liver disease appears to be more benign in non-obese individuals compared to obese people, but the risk of developing diseases such as diabetes mellitus appears to be higher. In Latin America, one of the highest prevalences of NAFLD has been reported, however, this condition in non-obese people has been studied mainly in Asia and data on Latin American populations are practically nonexistent. The purpose of this narrative review is to synthesize the information available about NAFLD in non-obese individuals, with an emphasis on the Latin American population.
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Humanos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Polimorfismo Genético , Síndrome Metabólica , Diabetes Mellitus , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não AlcoólicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemic crisis are the most serious forms of acute decompensation of diabetes mellitus and require urgent medical attention. The epidemiological data of these conditions in Latin America are scarce and in Colombia unknown, that is why we decided to describe the clinical characteristics and factors associated with the mortality of adults who presented with hyperglycemic crises in a teaching hospital in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of all episodes of hyperglycemic crisis treated in Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital in a three-year period. RESULTS: The records of 2233 hospitalization episodes related to diabetes mellitus were review, the prevalence of hyperglycemic crises was 2%, half of the events were diabetic ketoacidosis and 57% of the events occurred in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 32% of the events were precipitated by an infection and 27% by and inadequate therapy. The average hospital length of stay was 14 ± 3 days and the mortality rate 2.27%. CONCLUSIONS: In a teaching hospital in Latin America hyperglycemic crises are common, with diabetic ketoacidosis being the most frequent, and in a significant number of cases may be preventable. The hospital length of stay in our population is longer than reported in the literature.
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Resumen: el hiperparatiroidismo primario es uno de los trastornos endocrinos más frecuentes, caracterizado por la producción no controlada de la paratohormona. Esta condición clínica puede ser completamente asintomática o mostrarse con manifestaciones que ponen en peligro la vida de quien la padece. La gran variedad en las formas de presentación y algunos errores frecuentes en la interpretación de los resultados de las pruebas disponibles para su diagnóstico hacen de esta alteración un reto para el médico. Un hiperparatiroidismo no diagnosticado, y en consecuencia no tratado, puede tener consecuencias nefastas para los pacientes como deterioro en la función renal, que puede llevar a requerir una terapia de reemplazo renal, osteoporosis, que se puede acompañar de fracturas por fragilidad y cambios neurocognitivos que pueden socavar la calidad de vida de las personas. Por lo anterior, es fundamental conocer y comprender este trastorno, así como reconocer e interpretar adecuadamente las ayudas diagnósticas para poder proponer un plan de tratamiento adecuado que, afortunadamente en la mayoría de los casos, lleva a la curación del trastorno. (AU)
Abstract: Primary hyperparathyroidism is one of the most frequent endocrine disorders characterized by uncontrolled production of parathyroid hormone. This clinical condition could be a completely asymptomatic disorder or one with manifestations that threaten the patient life. The great variety in clinical manifestations and misinterpretation of the diagnostic test make the primary hyperparathyroidism a real challenge for physicians. An undiagnosed and in consequence an untreated primary hyperparathyroidism could carry detrimental consequences for patients including impaired of renal function, which may lead to renal replacement therapy, osteoporosis, which may be accompanied with fragility fractures, and neurocognitive changes, that can disturb the quality of life of the individual. For this reason, it is fundamental to know and understand hyperparathyroidism, as well as properly recognize and interpret the diagnostic tools to be capable to propose an adequate treatment plan that fortunately in most cases leads to the cure of this disorder. (AU)
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Humanos , Vulnerabilidade SexualRESUMO
Antecedentes: Las infecciones por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasa (KPC) son un problema de salud pública mundial. Desde 2008 nuestra institución experimenta casos endémicos de infecciones por KPC posteriores a un brote cuyo caso índice fue un paciente de Israel admitido para trasplante hepático. Objetivo: Describir características clínicas y mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados con infecciones nosocomiales por KPC. Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo, descriptivo. Resultados: Un total de 52 pacientes fueron incluidos, la edad media fue 45,7 ± 27 años, 65,4% fueron hombres. Uso de inmunosupresores, cirugía gastrointestinal, hepatopatía crónica y trasplante de órgano sólido fueron las comorbilidades importantes. El 100% recibió antibióticos antes de la infección por KPC. Las principales infecciones fueron bacteriemia (30,7%), infección intraabdominal (23,1%) y neumonía (17,3%). El tratamiento fue dirigido por antibiograma en 50,7%. Tigeciclina fue administrada en el 51,9% y colistina en el 32,7%, ambas en terapia combinada con otros antibióticos. En el 15,4% se utilizó tigeciclina más colistina. La duración del tratamiento fue 15,7 ± 7,5 días. El 51,9% desarrolló bacteriemia y falla renal aguda y el 76,9% requirió atención en UCI. La mortalidad fue 48,1% y fue significativamente mayor en pacientes con bacteriemia vs. sin bacteriemia (74,1 vs. 20%; p = 0,01). No hubo diferencias significativas en mortalidad cuando se comparó uso de tigeciclina vs. colistina (45 vs. 52%; p = 0,609). Conclusión: La inmunosupresión, cirugía gastrointestinal, tratamiento previo con antibióticos y estancia en UCI son factores importantes para la infección por KPC. La mortalidad es alta a pesar de la terapia dirigida, especialmente en pacientes con bacteriemia.
Background: Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC) infections are a worldwide public health problem. Since 2008, our institution has experienced endemic cases of KPC infection after an outbreak whose index case was a patient from Israel admitted for liver transplantation. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics and mortality of inpatients with nosocomial KPC infections. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive observational study. Results: A total of 52 patients were included, with an average age of 45.7 ± 27 years; 65.4% were men. Use of immunosuppressants, gastrointestinal surgery, chronic liver disease and solid organ transplantation were significant comorbidities. All the patients had received antibiotics before the KPC infection. The primary infections were bacteraemia (30.7%), intra-abdominal infections (23.1%) and pneumonia (17.3%). Treatment was directed by antibiogram in 50.7% of cases. Tigecycline was administered in 51.9% of cases and colistin in 32.7%, both in combination therapy with other antibiotics. Colistin plus tigecycline was used in 15.4% of cases. The treatment duration was 15.7 ± 7.5 days, with 51.9% of patients developing bacteraemia and acute renal failure and 76.9% requiring ICU care. Mortality was 48.1% and was significantly higher in the patients with bacteraemia compared with those without (74.1 vs. 20%, respectively, p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in mortality between tigecycline and colistin use (45 vs. 52%, respectively, p = 0.609). Conclusion: Immunosuppression, gastrointestinal surgery, previous treatment with antibiotics and ICU stay are important factors for infection with KPC. Mortality is high despite targeted therapy, particularly in patients with bacteraemia.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Enterobacteriáceas Resistentes a Carbapenêmicos , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Instituições Acadêmicas , Comorbidade , Terapia de Imunossupressão , Bacteriemia , ColômbiaRESUMO
The primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia or the independent adrenocorticotropic hormone bilateral nodular adrenal hyperplasia is a rare cause hypercortisolism, its diagnosis is challenging and there is no clear way to decide the best therapeutic approach. Adrenal venous sampling is commonly used to distinguish the source of hormonal production in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. It could be a useful tool in this context because it might provide information to guide the treatment. We report the case of a patient with ACTH independent Cushing syndrome in whom the use of adrenal venous sampling with some modifications radically modified the treatment and allowed the diagnosis of a macronodular adrenal hyperplasia.
La hiperplasia macro nodular bilateral o hiperplasia adrenal nodular bilateral independiente de la hormona adrenocorticotrópica es una de las causas menos frecuentes de hipercortisolismo, su diagnóstico supone un reto y no se tiene claridad de cuál es la mejor aproximación terapéutica. El muestreo venoso adrenal que frecuentemente se utiliza para hacer la distinción del sitio de producción hormonal en el hiperaldosteronismo primario podría ser una herramienta útil en este contexto ya que podría brindar información que pudiera guiar el tratamiento. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con síndrome de Cushing ACTH independiente en quien el uso del muestreo venoso adrenal con algunas modificaciones cambio de manera radical el tratamiento y permitió confirmar una hiperplasia adrenal macro nodular.
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Glândulas Suprarrenais/patologia , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Síndrome de Cushing/diagnóstico , Idoso , Síndrome de Cushing/patologia , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
The primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia or the independent adrenocorticotropic hormone bilateral nodular adrenal hyperplasia is a rare cause hypercortisolism, its diagnosis is challenging and there is no clear way to decide the best therapeutic approach. Adrenal venous sampling is commonly used to distinguish the source of hormonal production in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. It could be a useful tool in this context because it might provide information to guide the treatment. We report the case of a patient with ACTH independent Cushing syndrome in whom the use of adrenal venous sampling with some modifications radically modified the treatment and allowed the diagnosis of a macronodular adrenal hyperplasia.
La hiperplasia macro nodular bilateral o hiperplasia adrenal nodular bilateral independiente de la hormona adrenocorticotrópica es una de las causas menos frecuentes de hipercortisolismo, su diagnóstico supone un reto y no se tiene claridad de cuál es la mejor aproximación terapéutica. El muestreo venoso adrenal que frecuentemente se utiliza para hacer la distinción del sitio de producción hormonal en el hiperaldosteronismo primario podría ser una herramienta útil en este contexto ya que podría brindar información que pudiera guiar el tratamiento. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con síndrome de Cushing ACTH independiente en quien el uso del muestreo venoso adrenal con algunas modificaciones cambio de manera radical el tratamiento y permitió confirmar una hiperplasia adrenal macro nodular.
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Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Glândulas Suprarrenais/patologia , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Síndrome de Cushing/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Cushing/patologiaRESUMO
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains an entity of high prevalence and mortality worldwide. The rising drug resistance is a public health problem. Besides, non-tuberculosis mycobacterial (NTM) infections are described with increasing frequency in areas of high prevalence of TB. Objectives: To determine epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics of mycobacterial infections documented by culture. Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive study in hospitalized patients. Results: M. tuberculosis complex was identified in 90,9% of 187 patients; 9,1% had NTM, 64% were male and the mean age was 40 years (range 1-88 years). The main co-morbidities were HIV / AIDS (23.5%), use of corticosteroids (13.3%) and chronic kidney disease (9.6%). Clinical forms were pulmonary (56.6%), extra-pulmonary (23.9%) and disseminated (19.2 The most common extra-pulmonary compromise was nodal (7.4%) and gastrointestinal (7%). 10.6% of M. tuberculosis were multi-drugresistant (MDR) and 2.12% had extended drug resistance (XDR). Mycobacterium avium andM. abscessus were the most frequent NTM. Overall mortality was 10%. Conclusions: In our study immune suppression is the main risk factor for extrapulmonary and disseminated disease. Resistance, MDR and XDR is higher in inpatients with TB. MNT infections are not uncommon in our country.
Introducción: Tuberculosis (TBC) es aún una entidad de alta prevalencia y mortalidad en el mundo. La resistencia ascendente a fármacos es un problema de salud pública. Además se describen con mayor frecuencia infecciones por micobacterias no tuberculosas (MNT) en áreas de alta prevalencia de TBC. Objetivos: Determinar características epidemiológicas, clínicas y microbiológicas de las infecciones por micobacterias documentadas por cultivo. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, en pacientes hospitalizados. Resultados: De 187 pacientes, en 90,9% se identificó complejo M. tuberculosis y en 9,1% MNT; 64% fueron hombres. Edad promedio 40 años (rango 1-88 años). Las principales co-morbilidades fueron infección por VIH/SIDA (23,5%), uso de corticoesteroides (13,3%) y enfermedad renal crónica (9,6%). Las formas clínicas fueron pulmonares (56,6%), extra-pulmonares (23,9%) y diseminadas (19,2%). El compromiso extra-pulmonar más frecuente fue ganglionar (7,4%) y gastrointestinal (7%). En M. tuberculosis 10,6% fueron multidrogoresistentes (MDR) y 2,12% con resistencia extendida (XDR). Mycobacterium avium y M. abscessus fueron las MNT más frecuentes. La mortalidad general fue 10%. Conclusiones: Inmuno-supresión es el principal factor de riesgo para enfermedad extrapulmonar y/o diseminada y la resistencia a fármacos en pacientes hospitalizados con TBC es llamativa, con mayor incidencia de MDR y XDR. Las infecciones por MNT no son infrecuentes en nuestro medio.
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Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Mycobacterium , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Colômbia , Hospitais Universitários , Tolerância Imunológica , Infecções por Mycobacterium/imunologia , Mycobacterium/classificação , Mycobacterium/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Infection is the most serious complication of arthroplasty. It's a rare event usually caused by Staphylococcus spp. Prosthetic tuberculosis is rarely reported. We report the case of a 41 year-old patient who underwent a hip replacement for osteoarthritis and after multiple procedures an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis was documented. We review the literature of previously reported cases.
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Prótese de Quadril/efeitos adversos , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Osteoarticular/diagnóstico , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia is a frequent phenomenon in hospitalized patients that is associated with negative outcomes. It is common in liver transplant patients as a result of stress and is related to immunosuppressant drugs. Although studies are few, a history of diabetes and the presentation of hyperglycemia during liver transplantation have been associated with a higher risk for rejection. AIMS: To analyze whether hyperglycemia during the first 48hours after liver transplantation was associated with a higher risk for infection, rejection, or longer hospital stay. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients above the age of 15years that received a liver transplant. Hyperglycemia was defined as a value above 140mg/dl and it was measured in three different manners (as an isolated value, as a mean value, and as a weighted value over time). The relation of hyperglycemia to a risk for acute rejection, infection, or longer hospital stay was evaluated. RESULTS: Some form of hyperglycemia was present in 94% of the patients during the first 48 post-transplantation hours, regardless of its definition. There was no increased risk for rejection (OR: 1.49; 95%CI: 0.55-4.05), infection (OR: 0.62; 95%CI: 0.16-2.25), or longer hospital stay between the patients that presented with hyperglycemia and those that did not. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycemia during the first 48hours after transplantation appeared to be an expected phenomenon in the majority of patients and was not associated with a greater risk for rejection or infection and it had no impact on the duration of hospital stay.
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Hiperglicemia/complicações , Transplante de Fígado , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Infection is the most serious complication of arthroplasty. It's a rare event usually caused by Staphylococcus spp. Prosthetic tuberculosis is rarely reported. We report the case of a 41 year-old patient who underwent a hip replacement for osteoarthritis and after multiple procedures an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis was documented. We review the literature of previously reported cases.
La infección es la complicación más seria de una artroplastia. Es un evento poco frecuente, usualmente causado por especies de Staphylococcus. La tuberculosis protésica es una entidad poco habitual. Comunicamos el caso de una paciente de 41 años sometida a un reemplazo de cadera por una artrosis y después de múltiples procedimientos se documentó una infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Realizamos una revisión de la literatura de los casos previamente reportados.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Prótese de Quadril/efeitos adversos , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Osteoarticular/diagnóstico , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/microbiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) remains an entity of high prevalence and mortality worldwide. The rising drug resistance is a public health problem. Besides, non-tuberculosis mycobacterial (NTM) infections are described with increasing frequency in areas of high prevalence of TB. OBJECTIVES: To determine epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics of mycobacterial infections documented by culture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational, descriptive study in hospitalized patients. RESULTS: M. tuberculosis complex was identified in 90,9% of 187 patients; 9,1% had NTM, 64% were male and the mean age was 40 years (range 1-88 years). The main co-morbidities were HIV / AIDS (23.5%), use of corticosteroids (13.3%) and chronic kidney disease (9.6%). Clinical forms were pulmonary (56.6%), extra-pulmonary (23.9%) and disseminated (19.2 The most common extra-pulmonary compromise was nodal (7.4%) and gastrointestinal (7%). 10.6% of M. tuberculosis were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and 2.12% had extended drug resistance (XDR). Mycobacterium avium andM. abscessus were the most frequent NTM. Overall mortality was 10%. CONCLUSIONS: In our study immune suppression is the main risk factor for extrapulmonary and disseminated disease. Resistance, MDR and XDR is higher in inpatients with TB. MNT infections are not uncommon in our country.
Assuntos
Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Mycobacterium , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia , Feminino , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Tolerância Imunológica , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium/classificação , Mycobacterium/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Mycobacterium/imunologia , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
La hormona del crecimiento tiene funciones más allá de la que su nombre implica. En el adultoes una hormona importante en el metabolismo de lípidos y carbohidratos, cumple funciones vitales en estados de ayuno y juega un papel preponderante en el equilibrio energético del organismo. La deficiencia de hormona del crecimiento es una entidad bien reconocida en la edad pediátrica, con consecuencias bien establecidas y fácilmente identificables; en contraste, su deficiencia en la edad adulta es más difícil de establecer y puede obedecer a causas congénitas o adquiridas durante la infancia o a causas adquiridas en la edad adulta. En años recientes, se aisló y sintetizó una forma recombinantede la hormona del crecimiento humana, lo cual abrió la posibilidad de tratamiento para aquellas personas con deficiencia de dicha hormona. Sin embargo, hay muchos interrogantes con respecto a la deficiencia de hormona del crecimiento en el adulto, entre ellos, el diagnóstico adecuado y los verdaderosbeneficios y la seguridad del tratamiento con hormona del crecimiento humana recombinante. En este módulo se realiza un estado del arte acerca de la deficiencia de hormona del crecimiento en los adultos.
Growth hormone has other functions besides those that are implied by its name. During adulthood, it is for lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, it has vital function in non-fasting states and it has a pivotal role in maintaining the energy balance of the body. Growth hormone deficiency is a well-known disease in childhood, with established and easily recognizable manifestations. In contrast, adult growth hormone deficiency is more difficult to establish and it can result from either genetic or acquired causes during childhood, or acquired causes during adulthood. In recent years, the isolation and synthesis of recombinant human growth hormone was achieved, and this made it possible to treat affected patients. However, many questions remain regarding adult growth hormone deficiency, including questions about the criteria for an adequate diagnosis, and questions with regards to the real benefits and safety of treatment with human growth hormone. This article reviews the current state of the art regarding practices for the diagnosis and management of adult growth hormone deficiency.