RESUMO

Stereotypies comprise a wide range of repeated and apparently functionless behaviors that develop in individuals whose neural condition or environment results in poor welfare. While stereotypies are an indicator of poor welfare at the time of occurrence, they may have various consequences. Environmental enrichment modifies causal factors and reduces the occurrence of stereotypies, providing evidence that stereotypies are an indicator of poor welfare. However, stereotypy occurrence and consequences change over time. Furthermore, there are complex direct and epigenetic effects when mother mammals that are kept in negative conditions do or do not show stereotypies. It is proposed that, when trying to deal with challenging situations, stereotypies might initially help animals to cope. After further time in the conditions, the performance of the stereotypy may impair brain function and change brain connections, neurophysiology and eventually neuroanatomy. It is possible that reported neuroanatomical changes are an effect of the stereotypy rather than a cause.

RESUMO

Excessive human population growth, uncontrolled use of natural resources, including deforestation, mining, wasteful systems, biodiversity reduction by agriculture, and damaging climate change affect the existence of all animals, including humans. This discussion is now urgent and people are rethinking their links with the animals we use for clothing, food, work, companionship, entertainment, and research. The concepts of one health, one welfare, and one biology are discussed as a background to driving global change. Nothing should be exploited without considering the ethics of the action and the consequences. This review concerns domesticated animals, including those used for human consumption of meat, eggs, and milk; horses kept for work; and dogs kept for company. Animal welfare includes health, emotional state, and comfort while moving and resting, and is affected by possibilities to show behavior and relationships with others of the same species or with humans. We show some examples of the relations between humans and domesticated animals in the environmental context, including zoonotic diseases, and consider the consequences and the new paradigms resulting from current awareness.

RESUMO

There is now increasing public concern about the welfare of animals in most countries of the world. Applied ethological studies of motivation, cognition and the complexity of social behaviour in animals has resulted in the rapid development of animal welfare science. A definition of animal welfare is: the state of the individual as regards its attempts to cope with its environment. Welfare concerns all of the mechanisms for coping: involving physiology, behaviour, feelings and pathological responses. Welfare is a wider term than health but health is an important part of welfare. In order to enforce laws and standards, animal welfare outcome indicators are useful. Many measures of welfare are now used and indicate how good or how poor the welfare is. The concept of animal welfare and the methods of assessment are now taught in hundreds of universities around the world. In recent years, animal welfare has become established as one of the criteria used to decide on whether a system is sustainable and whether product quality is good. Legislation on how animals should be kept is now referring to welfare outcome indicators and analysis of the scientific literature about animal welfare includes risk assessment and benefit assessment.

Actualmente existe una creciente preocupación pública por el bienestar de los animales en la mayoría de los países del mundo. Los estudios etológicos aplicados de motivación, cognición y de complejidad del comportamiento social en los animales, han generado un veloz desarrollo de la ciencia del bienestar animal. Una definición de bienestar animal es: el estado del individuo respecto a sus intentos de enfrentar el ambiente en que se encuentra. El bienestar está relacionado con todos los mecanismos para enfrentarlo: involucrando la fisiología, el comportamiento, las sentimientos y las respuestas patológicas. Bienestar es un término más amplio que salud, pero la salud es una parte importante del bienestar. Con el objetivo de respetar las leyes y normas, el bienestar animal cuenta con algunos indicadores que son de gran utilidad. Gran cantidad de las mediciones del bienestar se utilizan para indicar que tan bueno o que tan pobre es el bienestar. El concepto de bienestar animal y sus métodos de evaluación se enseñan ahora en cientos de universidades de todo el mundo. En los últimos años, el bienestar animal se ha establecido como uno de los criterios utilizados para decidir si un sistema es sostenible y si la calidad del producto es buena. La legislación sobre cómo los animales deben mantenerse ahora se refiere a los indicadores de resultados de bienestar y al análisis de la literatura científica sobre el bienestar animal incluyendo la evaluación de beneficio-riesgo.

Atualmente há uma crescente preocupação pública sobre bem-estar animal na maioria dos países. Aplicados estudos etológicos de cognição, motivação e complexidade do comportamento social nos animais, levaram a um rápido desenvolvimento da ciência do bem-estar animal. A definição de bem-estar animal é o estado do indivíduo em suas tentativas de lidar com o ambiente em que ele está localizado. O bem-estar está relacionada com todos os mecanismos para lidar: envolver a fisiologia, comportamento, sentimentos e resposta patológica. Bem-estar é um termo mais amplo de saúde, mas a saúde é uma parte importante do ser. A fim de respeitar as leis e regulamentos, bem-estar animal tem alguns indicadores que são úteis. Um grande número de medidas a ser utilizado para indicar o quão bom ou quão pobre é o bem- estar. O conceito de bem-estar animal e os seus métodos de avaliação são agora ensinadas em centenas de universidades ao redor do mundo. Nos últimos anos, bem-estar animal foi estabelecida como um dos critérios utilizados para decidir se um sistema é sustentável e se a qualidade do produto é bom. A legislação sobre como os animais devem ser mantidos agora se refere a indicadores de resultados bem-estar e análise da literatura científica sobre bem-estar animal, incluindo a avaliação benefício-risco.