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BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with poorer clinical outcomes. There is scarce data to support an association between nutritional status and nutrient delivery in critically ill pediatric patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the nutritional and clinical factors associated with the development of AKI during pediatric ICU stay. METHODS: This prospective study included critically ill pediatric patients aged < 15 years who were admitted to the medical and surgical pediatric ICU. Clinical, laboratory, nutritional status, nutritional therapy parameters, and AKI data were recorded. Adjusted logistic regression was applied and expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: We enrolled 108 patients with a median age of 9 months (interquartile range/IQR 2.4-62.5), and 43.5% developed AKI. Sepsis/septic shock (OR 8.00; 95% CI 2.06-32.51, p = 0.003), higher severity of illness (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.24-2.90, p = 0.003), hypoalbuminemia (OR 4.11; 95% CI 1.61-10.46, p = 0.006), edema (OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.10-10.67, p = 0.034), fluid overload (OR 3.52, 95% CI 1.56-7.96, p = 0.003), need for mechanical ventilation (OR 3.62, 95% CI 1.45-9.04, p = 0.006) and adequate protein intake (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63-1.00, p = 0.048) were associated with development of AKI. CONCLUSIONS: Hypoalbuminemia, need for mechanical ventilation, fluid overload, severity of illness, sepsis/septic shock, and edema were risk factors for AKI in pediatric ICU. Furthermore, adequate protein intake is associated with AKI during pediatric ICU stay, making it important to implement nutritional assessment and nutritional therapy protocols for critically ill pediatric patients.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda , Hipoalbuminemia , Choque Séptico , Humanos , Criança , Lactente , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estado Terminal , Hipoalbuminemia/complicações , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Injúria Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/etiologia , Fatores de Risco , EdemaRESUMO
ABSTRACT The covid-19 vaccine confers direct protection and reduces transmission rates of the virus and new variants. Vaccines from Pfizer/BioNTech and CoronaVac have been cleared for children in Brazil. They are safe, effective, and immunogenic. There are no known complications associated with the use of steroids or vaccines in pediatric patients with covid-19 and nephrotic syndrome. With or without immunosuppression, these patients are not at increased risk of severe covid-19, and steroids are safe for them. A milder form of covid-19 occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease without the need for hospitalization. The vaccine response may be reduced and/or the duration of antibodies after vaccination may be shorter than in the general population. However, considering risk of exposure, vaccination against covid-19 is recommended. It is believed that patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome are at higher risk of severe covid-19. Vaccination is recommended, although specific data on the safety and efficacy of the covid-19 vaccine are limited. There is agreement that the benefits of induced immunity outweigh the risks of immunization. Vaccination against covid-19 is recommended for children and adolescents needing kidney transplantation or who have undergone transplantation. These patients present decreased immune response after vaccination, but immunization is recommended because the benefits outweigh the risks of vaccination. Current recommendations in Brazil stipulate the use of the messenger RNA vaccine. This paper aims to provide pediatric nephrologists with the latest knowledge about vaccination against covid-19 for children with kidney disease.
Resumo A vacina covid-19 confere proteção direta, reduz as taxas de transmissão do vírus e de novas variantes. No Brasil, estão liberadas para a população pediátrica as vacinas Pfizer/BioNTech e a CoronaVac, ambas seguras, eficazes e imunogênicas. Pacientes pediátricos com síndrome nefrótica e covid-19 têm curso clínico regular sem complicações relacionadas ao uso de esteroides ou vacinas. Esses pacientes, com ou sem imunossupressão, não apresentam maior risco de covid-19 grave e o tratamento com esteroides é seguro. Os pacientes com doença renal crônica têm covid-19 mais leve, sem necessidade de hospitalização. A resposta vacinal pode ser reduzida e/ou a duração dos anticorpos pós-vacinação pode ser menor do que na população geral. Entretanto, a vacina covid-19 está recomendada, considerando o risco de exposição. Acredita-se que pacientes com síndrome hemolítico-urêmica teriam maior risco de covid-19 grave. A vacina é recomendada, embora dados específicos sobre segurança e eficácia da vacina covid-19 sejam limitados. Há concordância que os benefícios da imunidade induzida superam quaisquer riscos da imunização. A vacina covid-19 é recomendada para crianças e adolescentes candidatos ao transplante renal ou já transplantados. Esses pacientes têm resposta imunológica reduzida após a vacina, entretanto ela é recomendada porque os benefícios superam qualquer risco dessa vacinação. A recomendação atual no Brasil é a vacina de tecnologia RNA mensageiro. O objetivo deste documento é levar aos nefrologistas pediátricos os conhecimentos mais recentes sobre a vacinação contra contra-19 em crianças com doenças renais.
RESUMO
The covid-19 vaccine confers direct protection and reduces transmission rates of the virus and new variants. Vaccines from Pfizer/BioNTech and CoronaVac have been cleared for children in Brazil. They are safe, effective, and immunogenic. There are no known complications associated with the use of steroids or vaccines in pediatric patients with covid-19 and nephrotic syndrome. With or without immunosuppression, these patients are not at increased risk of severe covid-19, and steroids are safe for them. A milder form of covid-19 occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease without the need for hospitalization. The vaccine response may be reduced and/or the duration of antibodies after vaccination may be shorter than in the general population. However, considering risk of exposure, vaccination against covid-19 is recommended. It is believed that patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome are at higher risk of severe covid-19. Vaccination is recommended, although specific data on the safety and efficacy of the covid-19 vaccine are limited. There is agreement that the benefits of induced immunity outweigh the risks of immunization. Vaccination against covid-19 is recommended for children and adolescents needing kidney transplantation or who have undergone transplantation. These patients present decreased immune response after vaccination, but immunization is recommended because the benefits outweigh the risks of vaccination. Current recommendations in Brazil stipulate the use of the messenger RNA vaccine. This paper aims to provide pediatric nephrologists with the latest knowledge about vaccination against covid-19 for children with kidney disease.
RESUMO
Abstract Introdução: A diálise peritoneal (DP) é importante para a pediatria. Este estudo mostrou dados de centros brasileiros que utilizam DP pediátrica. Método: Estudo transversal, observacional, descritivo com questionário eletrônico. Incluiu-se pacientes de 0-18 anos em DP cadastrados nos bancos de dados dos diversos centros. Questionário preenchido anonimamente, sem dados de identificação. Foi adotada metodologia quantitativa. Resultados: 212 pacientes estão em DP no Brasil (agosto, 2021). 80% têm menos de 12 anos de idade. A maioria realiza DP automatizada e 74% são dependentes do Sistema Único de Saúde. Em 25% dos centros faltou material de DP e em 51% os pacientes pediátricos foram convertidos de DP para HD. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes tinha menos de 12 anos e era dependente do SUS. A escassez de insumos aconteceu em 25% dos centros. Esses dados apontam para o problema da sustentabilidade de DP, única alternativa de TRS em crianças muito pequenas.
Resumo Introdução: A diálise peritoneal (DP) é importante para a pediatria. Este estudo mostrou dados de centros brasileiros que utilizam DP pediátrica. Método: Estudo transversal, observacional, descritivo com questionário eletrônico. Incluiu-se pacientes de 0-18 anos em DP cadastrados nos bancos de dados dos diversos centros. Questionário preenchido anonimamente, sem dados de identificação. Foi adotada metodologia quantitativa. Resultados: 212 pacientes estão em DP no Brasil (agosto, 2021). 80% têm menos de 12 anos de idade. A maioria realiza DP automatizada e 74% são dependentes do Sistema Único de Saúde. Em 25% dos centros faltou material de DP e em 51% os pacientes pediátricos foram convertidos de DP para HD. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes tinha menos de 12 anos e era dependente do SUS. A escassez de insumos aconteceu em 25% dos centros. Esses dados apontam para o problema da sustentabilidade de DP, única alternativa de TRS em crianças muito pequenas.
RESUMO
INTRODUçÃO: A diálise peritoneal (DP) é importante para a pediatria. Este estudo mostrou dados de centros brasileiros que utilizam DP pediátrica. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, observacional, descritivo com questionário eletrônico. Incluiu-se pacientes de 0-18 anos em DP cadastrados nos bancos de dados dos diversos centros. Questionário preenchido anonimamente, sem dados de identificação. Foi adotada metodologia quantitativa. RESULTADOS: 212 pacientes estão em DP no Brasil (agosto, 2021). 80% têm menos de 12 anos de idade. A maioria realiza DP automatizada e 74% são dependentes do Sistema Único de Saúde. Em 25% dos centros faltou material de DP e em 51% os pacientes pediátricos foram convertidos de DP para HD. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos pacientes tinha menos de 12 anos e era dependente do SUS. A escassez de insumos aconteceu em 25% dos centros. Esses dados apontam para o problema da sustentabilidade de DP, única alternativa de TRS em crianças muito pequenas.
Assuntos
Nefrologia , Transplante de Órgãos , Diálise Peritoneal , Humanos , Criança , Brasil , Diálise RenalRESUMO
Abstract Objective: To describe the dietary patterns and occurrence of metabolic disorders in children and adolescents with urolithiasis treatment at a referral hospital in southern Brazil in order to learn the features of urolithiasis in this population to better develop preventive actions. Methods: Descriptive study conducted between 2016 and 2017 in a tertiary care referral hospital. Fourty patients aged 2-19 years old with urolithiasis proven by imaging were included. Clinical and dietary data were obtained through interviews and medical records. For statistical analyses, the chi-squared test was performed. Results: 40 individuals were analyzed. Mean age at diagnosis was 7.2 ± 4 years. 25% were overweight or obese. 95% had metabolic disorders, hypocitraturia being the predominant type. Protein intake was adequate in all participants and carbohydrate intake, in 70% of them; 37.5% had lipid intake above recommended and 65% had low fiber intake. The mean daily sodium intake was 2.64 g (±1.74), with 55% of participants ingesting more than the recommended amount. A total of 52.5% had low potassium intake, with a mean of 4.79 g/day (±2.49). Calcium intake was adequate in 27.5%. No significant differences were identified in relation to mean daily consumption among participants with or without the various metabolic disorders. Conclusion: Pediatric urolithiasis is often accompanied by metabolic disorders; therefore, metabolic evaluation should be part of the diagnostic process and subsequent analysis of these patients' dietary patterns, helping to optimize treatment and prevent recurrences and complications.
Resumo Objetivo: Descrever o padrão alimentar e a ocorrência de distúrbios metabólicos em crianças e adolescentes portadoras de urolitíase acompanhadas em hospital de referências no sul do Brasil a fim de conhecer as particularidades da urolitíase nessa população para melhor desenvolver ações de prevenção. Métodos: Estudo observacional descritivo realizado entre 2016 e 2017 em centro de referência em atenção terciária. Foram selecionados 40 pacientes de dois a 19 anos com urolitíase comprovada por exame de imagem. Dados clínicos e alimentares foram obtidos através de prontuário e entrevista. Para análise estatística, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado. Resultados: Foram analisados 40 indivíduos, 55% masculinos. Idade média ao diagnóstico 7,2 ± 4 anos; 25% tinham sobrepeso ou obesidade; 95% tinham distúrbios metabólicos, predominou a hipocitratúria. O consumo proteico e de carboidratos foi adequado em 100% e 70% dos participantes, respectivamente, 37,5% apresentaram ingestão de lipídeos acima do recomendado e 65% apresentaram ingestão de fibras alimentares abaixo do recomendado. O consumo diário médio de sódio foi de 2,64 g (± 1,74), com 55% acima do recomendado; 52,5% apresentaram baixa ingestão de potássio com média de 4,79 g/dia (± 2,49). O consumo de cálcio foi adequado em 27,5%. Não foram identificadas diferenças significativas em relação ao consumo médio diário dos nutrientes entre os participantes com ou sem os diversos distúrbios metabólicos. Conclusões: A urolitíase pediátrica é frequentemente acompanhada de distúrbios metabólicos, o que confirma a necessidade de avaliação metabólica adequada ao diagnóstico e análise do padrão alimentar a fim de identificar erros alimentares, aprimorar o tratamento desses distúrbios e prevenir recorrências e complicações.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Urolitíase , Brasil , Dieta , Doenças Metabólicas , ObesidadeRESUMO
We produced this document to bring pertinent information to the practice of nephrology, as regards to the renal involvement with COVID-19, the management of acute kidney injury cases, and practical guidance on the provision of dialysis support.As information on COVID-19 evolves at a pace never before seen in medical science, these recommendations, although based on recent scientific evidence, refer to the present moment. The guidelines may be updated when published data and other relevant information become available.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/terapia , Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Terapia de Substituição Renal/normas , Dispositivos de Acesso Vascular/normas , Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/etiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , COVID-19 , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Cuidados Críticos , Humanos , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Nefrologia/normas , Doenças Profissionais/prevenção & controle , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Equipamento de Proteção Individual , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Terapia de Substituição Renal/métodos , Respiração Artificial/efeitos adversos , SARS-CoV-2 , Sociedades MédicasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There are few studies that assess the role of different nutritional assessment variables at pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission in predicting clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To identify nutritional variables in the first 4 days of PICU stay that predict 60-day mortality and time to discharge alive from the PICU. DESIGN: Single-center prospective study in Southern Brazil, conducted between July 2013 and February 2016. At PICU admission, children with z scores <-2 for body mass index (BMI)-for-age, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)-for-age, and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF)-for-age were considered as undernourished. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: There were 199 patients, aged <15 years, with PICU stay >48 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sixty-day mortality and time to discharge alive from the PICU. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Cox regression model was applied to determine predictors of 60-day mortality and time to discharge alive from the PICU. RESULTS: Median age was 23.1 months (interquartile range=3.9 to 89.1), and 63% were male, with 18% prevalence of undernutrition at admission by BMI-for-age. Median PICU stay was 7 days (interquartile range=4 to 12), and 60-day mortality was 12%. After adjusting for sex, age, Pediatric Index of Mortality 2, and presence of complex chronic conditions, undernutrition based on BMI-for-age (hazard ratio [HR]=3.75; 95% CI=1.41 to 9.95; P=0.008), MUAC-for-age (HR=7.62; 95% CI=2.42 to 23.97; P=0.001), and TSF-for-age (HR=4.01; 95% CI=1.14 to 14.15; P=0.031) was associated with higher risk of 60-day mortality. Based on MUAC-for-age with the same adjustment model, undernourished children had longer time to discharge alive from the PICU (HR=0.45; 95% CI=0.21 to 0.98; P=0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Undernutrition at PICU admission based on different anthropometric variables was predictive of 60-day mortality and longer time to discharge alive from the PICU.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/mortalidade , Estado Terminal/mortalidade , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Admissão do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Alta do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the dietary patterns and occurrence of metabolic disorders in children and adolescents with urolithiasis treatment at a referral hospital in southern Brazil in order to learn the features of urolithiasis in this population to better develop preventive actions. METHODS: Descriptive study conducted between 2016 and 2017 in a tertiary care referral hospital. Fourty patients aged 2-19 years old with urolithiasis proven by imaging were included. Clinical and dietary data were obtained through interviews and medical records. For statistical analyses, the chi-squared test was performed. RESULTS: 40 individuals were analyzed. Mean age at diagnosis was 7.2±4 years. 25% were overweight or obese. 95% had metabolic disorders, hypocitraturia being the predominant type. Protein intake was adequate in all participants and carbohydrate intake, in 70% of them; 37.5% had lipid intake above recommended and 65% had low fiber intake. The mean daily sodium intake was 2.64g (±1.74), with 55% of participants ingesting more than the recommended amount. A total of 52.5% had low potassium intake, with a mean of 4.79g/day (±2.49). Calcium intake was adequate in 27.5%. No significant differences were identified in relation to mean daily consumption among participants with or without the various metabolic disorders. CONCLUSION: Pediatric urolithiasis is often accompanied by metabolic disorders; therefore, metabolic evaluation should be part of the diagnostic process and subsequent analysis of these patients' dietary patterns, helping to optimize treatment and prevent recurrences and complications.
Assuntos
Urolitíase , Adolescente , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dieta , Humanos , Doenças Metabólicas , Obesidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ABSTRACT We produced this document to bring pertinent information to the practice of nephrology, as regards to the renal involvement with COVID-19, the management of acute kidney injury cases, and practical guidance on the provision of dialysis support.As information on COVID-19 evolves at a pace never before seen in medical science, these recommendations, although based on recent scientific evidence, refer to the present moment. The guidelines may be updated when published data and other relevant information become available.
RESUMO Este documento foi desenvolvido para trazer informações pertinentes à prática nefrológica em relação ao conhecimento sobre o acometimento renal da COVID-19, conduta frente aos casos de injúria renal aguda e orientações práticas sobre a provisão do suporte dialítico.Como as informações sobre a COVID-19 evoluem a uma velocidade jamais vista na ciência médica, as orientações apresentadas, embora baseadas em evidências científicas recentes, referem-se ao momento presente. Essas orientaços poderão ser atualizadas à medida que dados publicados e outras informações relevantes venham a ser disponibilizadas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Terapia de Substituição Renal/normas , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/terapia , Dispositivos de Acesso Vascular/normas , Betacoronavirus , Respiração Artificial/efeitos adversos , Sociedades Médicas , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Cuidados Críticos , Injúria Renal Aguda/etiologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Doenças Profissionais/prevenção & controleRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Loss of muscle mass in critically ill children can negatively impact outcomes. The aims of this study were to conduct a pilot randomized control trial (RCT) to examine the difference in protein delivery and nitrogen balance in critically ill children with enteral protein supplementation vs controls. We also aimed to assess the feasibility, safety, and tolerance of the pilot trial. METHODS: This is a 3-arm RCT in critically ill children eligible for enteral nutrition (EN) therapy. Patients were randomized to 1 of the 3 groups: (1) control (routine EN), (2) polymeric protein module added to EN to reach protein goal by day 4, or (3) oligomeric protein supplementation. Demographics, clinical characteristics, nutrition status, and daily nutrition intake variables were recorded. Protein delivery, nitrogen balance, feasibility variables, and rate of adverse events were the outcomes. RESULTS: After screening 286 consecutive patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit over 11 months, we enrolled and randomized 25 patients. Twenty-two patients (88% of the enrolled) completed the study procedures. Significantly higher protein prescription and actual protein intake within the first 5 days was achieved in the intervention groups, compared with the control group. Nitrogen balance was obtained in 15 patients. There was no significant difference between the groups for the rate of adverse effects and clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: In our pilot trial, protein supplementation was safe and well tolerated. Our preliminary results suggest that a larger RCT is potentially feasible, with some modifications of the entry criteria. Trial enrollment was low, likely due to restrictive entry criteria.
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Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Estado Terminal , Nutrição Enteral/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Projetos PilotoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Critically ill children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) often are malnourished. The aim of this study was to determine the role of nutritional status on admission as a predictor of the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill children. METHODS: This was a single-center, prospective cohort study, including consecutive children (ages 1 mo to 15 y) admitted to a PICU. Demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and nutritional status were recorded and patients were followed up until hospital discharge. Nutritional status was evaluated by anthropometric parameters and malnutrition was considered if the Z-scores for the parameters were ≤-2. Adjusted Cox's regression analysis was used to determine the association between nutritional status and duration of mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: In all, 72 patients were included. The prevalence of malnutrition was 41.2%, according to height-for-age Z-score, 18.6% according to weight-for-height Z-score, and 22.1% according body mass index-for-age Z-score. Anthropometrical parameters that predicted the duration of mechanical ventilation were weight-for-age (hazard ratio [HR], 2.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44-5.18); height-for-age (HR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.44-4.28); and upper arm muscle area-for-age (HR, 5.22; 95% CI, 1.19-22.76). CONCLUSION: Malnutrition, based on a variety of anthropometric variables, was associated with the duration of mechanical ventilation in this cohort of critically ill children. Assessment of nutritional status by anthropometry should be performed on admission to the PICU to allow targeted nutritional rehabilitation for the subset of children with existing malnutrition.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/epidemiologia , Estado Terminal , Hospitalização , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional , Respiração Artificial , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Alta do Paciente , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Pediatric urolithiasis has become more prevalent in recent decades, with high recurrence rates and considerable morbidity. Most children with idiopathic urolithiasis have an underlying metabolic abnormality and proper research provides therapeutic interventions to reduce the formation of new stones and its complications. OBJECTIVE: To identify demographic and clinical characteristics of pediatric urolithiasis, etiology, treatment management, disease recurrence and patient outcomes in a tertiary care pediatric hospital. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study of pediatric patients admitted to the Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, who were diagnosed with urolithiasis, from January 2002 to December 2012. Data were obtained from medical records. Those patients with diagnosis confirmed by imaging and 24hr urine or single sample urine were included. RESULTS: We evaluated 106 pediatric patients (65% M). Average age at diagnosis was 8.0 ± 4.2 and 85% of them had positive family history of urolithiasis. Abdominal pain, renal colic and urinary tract infection were the main manifestations. 93.2% had metabolic abnormality and hypercalciuria was the most common. Pharmacological treatment was established in 78% of cases. Potassium citrate and hydrochlorothiazide were used. Surgical treatment was performed in 38% of patients. There was response to treatment in 39% of patients with recurrence of urolithiasis in 34.2% of them. Only 4.7% of patients continued follow-up, 6.6% were referred to other services, 8.5% were discharged and 73.8% lost follow-up. CONCLUSION: Pediatric urolithiasis deserves a detailed metabolic evaluation after their initial presentation for treatment, monitoring and prevention of its formation and its complications.
Assuntos
Urolitíase/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Hospitais Pediátricos , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Atenção Terciária à Saúde , UrináliseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Optimal nutrition therapy (NT) delivery is associated with improved outcomes in critically ill children. However, avoidable barriers impede delivery of optimal energy and protein in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). This study aims to describe the gap between energy and protein prescription and actual intake. METHODS: Single-center prospective cohort study, including consecutive children (age: 1 month to 15 years) admitted to the PICU in southern Brazil. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and NT details were recorded. RESULTS: We enrolled 130 patients: 37% female; median (interquartile range) age, 29.43 months (4.03, 100.63); PICU length of stay, 6 days (4, 13). Median predicted energy expenditure by Schofield equation and prescribed and actual energy intake were 47.13 kcal/kg/d (38.60, 55.38), 31.94 kcal/kg/d (13.99, 51.90), and 25.06 kcal/kg/d (10.21, 46.92), respectively. On average, actual energy intake was 47% of the predicted energy expenditure, and 68% of patients were underfed. Actual protein intake was 49% of the estimated requirement. NT was interrupted in 64% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant gaps among the predicted requirement, prescription, and actual delivery of energy and protein in the PICU. Suboptimal prescription and multiple feeding interruptions resulted in underfeeding.
Assuntos
Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Estado Nutricional , Apoio Nutricional/métodos , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Cuidados Críticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Estado Terminal , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Apoio Nutricional/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Prospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Resumo Introdução: A urolitíase pediátrica tornou-se mais prevalente nas últimas décadas, com altas taxas de recorrência e considerável morbidade. A maioria das crianças com urolitíase idiopática tem uma anormalidade metabólica subjacente e a investigação adequada permite intervenções terapêuticas para reduzir a formação de novos cálculos e suas complicações. Objetivos: Identificar características demográficas e clínicas da urolitíase pediátrica, a etiologia, condutas terapêuticas, recidiva da doença e evolução dos pacientes em um hospital infantil de cuidados terciários. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e retrospectivo com pacientes pediátricos internados no Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, com diagnóstico de urolitíase, no período de janeiro 2002 a dezembro de 2012. Dados foram obtidos dos prontuários e foram incluídos aqueles com diagnóstico confirmado por exame de imagem e urina 24h ou amostra única urinária. Resultados: Foram avaliados 106 pacientes (65%M) pediátricos. Idade média ao diagnóstico 8,0 ± 4,2 e 85% tinham história familiar positiva para urolitíase. Dor abdominal, cólica nefrética clássica e infecção urinária foram as principais manifestações. 93,2% tinham alteração metabólica, sendo a hipercalciúria a mais comum. Tratamento farmacológico foi instituído em 78% dos casos. Utilizou-se citrato de potássio e hidroclorotiazida. Tratamento cirúrgico foi realizado em 38% dos pacientes. Houve resposta ao tratamento em 39% deles, com recidiva da urolitíase em 34,2%. Apenas 4,7% dos pacientes continuaram acompanhamento, 6,6% foram encaminhados para outros serviços, 8,5% receberam alta e 73,8% perderam acompanhamento. Conclusão: A urolitíase pediátrica merece avaliação metabólica detalhada após sua apresentação inicial para tratamento, acompanhamento e prevenção da formação lítica e de suas complicações.
Abstract Introduction: Pediatric urolithiasis has become more prevalent in recent decades, with high recurrence rates and considerable morbidity. Most children with idiopathic urolithiasis have an underlying metabolic abnormality and proper research provides therapeutic interventions to reduce the formation of new stones and its complications. Objective: To identify demographic and clinical characteristics of pediatric urolithiasis, etiology, treatment management, disease recurrence and patient outcomes in a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of pediatric patients admitted to the Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, who were diagnosed with urolithiasis, from January 2002 to December 2012. Data were obtained from medical records. Those patients with diagnosis confirmed by imaging and 24hr urine or single sample urine were included. Results: We evaluated 106 pediatric patients (65% M). Average age at diagnosis was 8.0 ± 4.2 and 85% of them had positive family history of urolithiasis. Abdominal pain, renal colic and urinary tract infection were the main manifestations. 93.2% had metabolic abnormality and hypercalciuria was the most common. Pharmacological treatment was established in 78% of cases. Potassium citrate and hydrochlorothiazide were used. Surgical treatment was performed in 38% of patients. There was response to treatment in 39% of patients with recurrence of urolithiasis in 34.2% of them. Only 4.7% of patients continued follow-up, 6.6% were referred to other services, 8.5% were discharged and 73.8% lost follow-up. Conclusion: Pediatric urolithiasis deserves a detailed metabolic evaluation after their initial presentation for treatment, monitoring and prevention of its formation and its complications.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Urolitíase/epidemiologia , Atenção Terciária à Saúde , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Urinálise , Hospitais PediátricosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In this study we applied the pediatric version of the RIFLE criteria (pRIFLE) to an at-risk hospital population, analyzed the incidence and association of acute kidney injury (AKI) with mortality and length of stay in both the intensive care unit (ICU) and the hospital, and evaluated the applicability of pRIFLE as a prognostic tool in the ICU. METHODS: This study was a prospective single-center cohort study in which 126 patients were enrolled. The affected group included patients who were diagnosed with AKI. Subgroups of the diagnosed patients were established according to their maximum pRIFLE strata, which were defined as the worst pRIFLE score attained during the study period. RESULTS: Fifty-eight (46 %) of our patients developed AKI. The lengths of stay in the ICU and in the hospital were longer in the affected group than in the unaffected group. The advanced strata of pRIFLEmax were associated with longer stays in the ICU and hospital and higher median Pediatric Index of Mortality II scores. The hospital mortality rate of AKI patients was 12-fold higher than that of the patients without AKI (36 vs. 3 %). CONCLUSION: The incidence of AKI in this population was both significant and directly associated with hospital mortality and the length of stay in the ICU and hospital. The pRIFLE classification facilitated the definition of AKI, indicating that it a significant prognostic predictor.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Rim/fisiopatologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/classificação , Injúria Renal Aguda/mortalidade , Injúria Renal Aguda/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Biomarcadores/urina , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Creatinina/urina , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Rim/metabolismo , Tempo de Internação , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJETIVOS: Lesão renal aguda caracteriza-se pela redução súbita e, em geral, reversível da função renal com perda da capacidade de manutenção da homeostase do organismo. Em pediatria, as principais causas de lesão renal aguda são sepse, uso de drogas nefrotóxicas e isquemia renal nos pacientes criticamente enfermos. Nesses pacientes, a incidência de lesão renal aguda varia de 20 a 30 por cento, resultando em aumento da taxa de morbi-mortalidade de 40 a 90 por cento. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a incidência de lesão renal aguda nos pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva, classificar a gravidade da lesão renal aguda de acordo com o Pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage (pRIFLE), analisar a relação entre lesão renal aguda e a gravidade através do Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) e estudar os fatores prognósticos associados. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo entre julho de 2008 a janeiro de 2009 dos pacientes internados na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica do Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão - Florianópolis (SC) - Brasil. Todos os pacientes foram analisados diariamente através do débito urinário e creatinina sérica e classificados de acordo com pRIFLE. RESULTADOS: No período de acompanhamento foram internadas 235 crianças. A incidência de lesão renal aguda foi de 30,6 por cento, sendo que o pRIFLE máximo durante a internação foi de 12,1 por cento para R, 12,1 por cento para I e 6,4 por cento para F. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 12,3 por cento. Os pacientes que evoluíram com lesão renal aguda apresentaram risco dez vezes maior de óbito em relação aos não expostos. CONCLUSÃO: Lesão renal aguda é uma entidade comum nos pacientes críticos. O diagnóstico precoce a e instituição imediata de medidas terapêuticas adequadas a cada situação clínica podem alterar o curso e a gravidade do envolvimento renal reduzindo a morbi-mortalidade do paciente.
OBJECTIVES: Acute kidney injury is characterized by sudden and generally revertible renal function impairment involving inability to maintain homeostasis. In pediatrics, the main causes of acute kidney injury are sepsis, use of nephrotoxic drugs and renal ischemia in critically ill patients. The incidence of acute kidney injury in these patients ranges from 20 to 30 percent, resulting in increased morbid-mortality, a 40 to 90 percent rate. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of acute kidney injury in intensive care unit patients, to categorize the severity of the acute kidney injury according to the Pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage (pRIFLE), examine the relationship between the acute kidney injury and severity using the Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) and to analyze outcome predictors. METHODS: A prospective study of the patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão - Florianópolis / SC - Brazil was conducted between July 2008 and January 2009. Were evaluated daily the urine output and serum creatinine, and the patients were categorized according to the pRIFLE criteria. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 235 children were admitted. The incidence of acute kidney injury was 30.6 percent, and the maximal pRIFLE score during hospitalization was 12.1 percent for R, 12.1 percent for I and 6.4 percent for F. The mortality rate was 12.3 percent. The patients who developed acute kidney injury had a ten times bigger risk of death versus the not exposed patients. CONCLUSIONS: Acute kidney injury is frequent in critically ill patients. Early diagnosis and prompt and appropriate therapy for each clinical aspect may change this condition's course and severity, and reduce the patients' morbidity and mortality.