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Resumen Introducción: La salud bucal tiene una relación dinámica con la salud general y la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo del estudio realizado fue determinar el índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado en niños de 6 años de edad de la parroquia Chiquintad del cantón Cuenca, en el año 2016. Métodos: Se manejó una muestra de 51 escolares de ambos sexos, se utilizó el Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado de Greene y Vermillion aplicado en dentición decidua que consta de un índice de placa blanda y el índice de placa calcificada. Conclusiones: La media de IHO-S en la parroquia Chiquintad fue 0,458 sin presentar una diferencia significativa entre los sexos. El nivel de higiene oral fue bueno en ambos sexos (90%), no se presentó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos (valor p 0,389).

Abstract Introduction: Oral health has a dynamic relationship with the general health and quality of life of patients. Objective: of the study was to determine the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index in 6-year-old children of the Chiquintad of the Cantón Cuenca, in the year 2016. Methods: A sample of 51 schoolchildren of both sexes was used, the Hygiene Index was used Simplified oral of Greene and Vermillion applied in deciduous dentition consisting of a soft plaque index and calcified plaque index. Conclusions: The mean of IHO-S in the Chiquintad parish was 0.458 without presenting a significant difference between the sexes. The level of oral hygiene was good in both sexes (90%), there was no statistically significant difference between the two (p value 0.389).

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The most common mechanism of trimethoprim (TMP)-resistance is the acquisition of dihydrofolate reductase enzyme resistant to this drug. Previous molecular characterization of TMP-genes resistance in Chilean isolates of Shigella sonnei searching for dfrA1 and dfrA8, showed solely the presence of dfrA8 (formerly dhfrIIIc). However, these genetic markers were absent in S. sonnei strains further isolated during an outbreak in 2009. To identify the TMP-resistance gene in these strains, a genomic DNA library from a TMP-resistant (TMP(R)) S. sonnei representative strain for the outbreak was used to clone, select and identify a TMP-resistance marker. The TMP(R) clone was sequenced by primer walking, identifying the presence of the dfrA14 gene in the sul2-strA'-dfrA14-'strA-strB gene arrangement, harbored in a native 6779-bp plasmid. The same plasmid was isolated by transforming with a ~4.2 MDa plasmid extracted from several TMP(R) S. sonnei strains into Escherichia coli. This plasmid, named pABC-3, was present only in dfrA14-positive strains and was homologous to a previously described pCERC-1, but different due to the absence of an 11-bp repetitive unit. The distribution of dfrA1, dfrA8, and dfrA14 TMP-resistance genes was determined in 126 TMP(R) S. sonnei isolates. Most of the strains (96%) carried only one of the three TMP-resistance genes assessed. Thus, all strains obtained during the 2009-outbreak harbored only dfrA14, whereas, dfrA8 was the most abundant gene marker before outbreak and, after the outbreak dfrA1 seems have appeared in circulating strains. According to PFGE, dfrA14-positive strains were clustered in a genetically related group including some dfrA1- and dfrA8-positive strains; meanwhile other genetic group included most of the dfrA8-positive strains. This distribution also correlated with the isolation period, showing a dynamics of trimethoprim genetic markers prevalent in Chilean S. sonnei strains. To our knowledge, dfrA14 gene associated to a small non-conjugative plasmid was detected for the first time in Shigella. Apparently, the strain causing the outbreak must have been introduced, changing drastically the genetic distribution of trimethoprim resistance in Chilean S. sonnei strains.

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Introducción: La salud bucal tiene una relación dinámica con la salud general y la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo del estudio realizado fue determinar el índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado en niños de 6 años de edad de la parroquia Chiquintad del cantón Cuenca, en el año 2016. Métodos: Se manejó una muestra de 51 escolares de ambos sexos, se utilizó el Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado de Greene y Vermillion aplicado en dentición decidua que consta de un índice de placa blanda y el índice de placa calcificada. Conclusiones: La media de IHO-S en la parroquia Chiquintad fue 0,458 sin presentar una diferencia significativa entre los sexos. El nivel de higiene oral fue bueno en ambos sexos (90%), no se presentó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos (valor p 0,389).

Introduction: Oral health has a dynamic relationship with the general health and quality of life of patients. Objective: of the study was to determine the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index in 6-year-old children of the Chiquintad of the Cantón Cuenca, in the year 2016. Methods: A sample of 51 schoolchildren of both sexes was used, the Hygiene Index was used Simplified oral of Greene and Vermillion applied in deciduous dentition consisting of a soft plaque index and calcified plaque index. Conclusions: The mean of IHO-S in the Chiquintad parish was 0.458 without presenting a significant difference between the sexes. The level of oral hygiene was good in both sexes (90%), there was no statistically significant difference between the two (p value 0.389).

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Evaluar y conocer la salud bucal en personas mayores institucionalizadas, residentes en la ciudad de Lima. Se trabaj¢ en dos centros geri tricos ubicados en dos distritos de la ciudad de Lima. Material y m‚todos. Estudio descriptivo transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 24 personas. Se realiz¢ la recopilaci¢n de los datos sociodemogr ficos mediante un cuestionario, una percepci¢n del evaluador sobre el estado de salud extra oral, ATM, estado de las mucosas, presencia y estado de la pr¢tesis dental, frecuencia del cepillado y una percepci¢n de la persona sobre su estado de salud bucodental. Adem s, se aplic¢ el test de Pfeiffer para verificar su estado de orientaci¢n y lucidez, el ¡ndice de Eichner para la oclusi¢n, el ¡ndice diente cariado perdido obturado (CPOD) y el ¡ndice de higiene oral simplificado (IHOS). Resultados. El 33,33% present¢ caries dental, mientras el 66,67% era ed‚ntulo. El promedio del CPOD fue de 27,66. Y el ¡ndice IHOS el 50,00% era malo, teniendo presente que 41,67% era ed‚ntulo parcial o total. Se tuvo la percepci¢n que el 62,50 % ten¡a una salud bucal regular. Seg£n el ¡ndice de Eichner, registrando contacto en premolares y molares, encontramos que el 83,33% estaba en la escala C. En el test de Pfeifer, para conocer el estado de lucidez y orientaci¢n de las personas encontramos que el 41,67% present¢ una funci¢n intelectual intacta. Conclusiones. El estado de salud bucal de los pacientes institucionalizados se encuentra bajo una perspectiva mala, teniendo como premisa que a mayor edad, mayor el edentulismo, sin embargo, la ausencia de piezas dentarias no ha sido condicionante para que las personas sean portadoras de pr¢tesis dentales.

To evaluate and know the oral health of institutionalized elderly residents in the city of Lima. We worked in two elderly homes located in two districts of the city of Lima. Material and methods. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 24 people. Collection of demographic data was made through a questionnaire, a perception of the evaluator on the extra oral health status, ATM, mucosal status, presence and denture status, frequency of brushing and person perception about its performance of their oral health status. Furthermore Pfeiffer test was applied to verify the status of guidance and clarity; Eichner index for occlusion, the index lost sealed carious tooth (DMFT) and the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI). Results. 33.33% presented dental caries, while 66.67% were edentulous. The average of DMFT was 27.66. And the OHI index 50.00% was bad, considering that 41.67% were partially or totally edentulous. Perception that 62.50% had a regular oral health were reported. According to Eichner index, recording contact in premolars and molars, found that 83.33% were in level C. The test Pfeifer, to know the state of alertness and orientation of people find that 41.67% had an intact intellectual function. Conclusions. The oral health status of institutionalized patients is under a bad perspective, with the premise that the older ones had more edentulism, however the lack of teeth has not been conditioning for people to carry dentures.

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El bruxismo puede tener consecuencias en la dentición, musculatura, ATM y la postura cefálica y corporal de quien lo sufre. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y comparar las dimensionesde la vía aérea superior entre pacientes adultos jóvenes bruxómanos y no bruxómanos.

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