RESUMO
An adolescent girl with a history of anxiety associated seizure-like episodes was ultimately diagnosed with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. She tested positive for a novel mutation of the ryanodine receptor. The report underscores how genetic arrhythmia syndromes may be mistaken for neurologic disorders.
Assuntos
Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Fenótipo , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina/genética , Taquicardia Ventricular/genética , Adolescente , Ansiedade/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Convulsões/complicações , Taquicardia Ventricular/complicações , Taquicardia Ventricular/psicologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: among patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, our objectives were to: (1) determine the feasibility of undertaking a large international cohort study; (2) estimate the current incidence of major perioperative vascular events; (3) compare the observed event rates to the expected event rates according to the Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI); and (4) provide an estimate of the proportion of myocardial infarctions without ischemic symptoms that may go undetected without perioperative troponin monitoring. DESIGN: An international prospective cohort pilot study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients undergoing noncardiac surgery who were >45 years of age, receiving a general or regional anesthetic, and requiring hospital admission. MEASUREMENTS: Patients had a Roche fourth-generation Elecsys troponin T measurement collected 6 to 12 hours postoperatively and on the first, second, and third days after surgery. Our primary outcome was major vascular events (a composite of vascular death [i.e., death from vascular causes], nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal cardiac arrest, and nonfatal stroke) at 30 days after surgery. Our definition for perioperative myocardial infarction included: (1) an elevated troponin T measurement with at least one of the following defining features: ischemic symptoms, development of pathologic Q waves, ischemic electrocardiogram changes, coronary artery intervention, or cardiac imaging evidence of myocardial infarction; or (2) autopsy findings of acute or healing myocardial infarction. RESULTS: We recruited 432 patients across 5 hospitals in Canada, China, Italy, Colombia, and Brazil. During the first 30 days after surgery, 6.3% (99% confidence interval 3.9-10.0) of the patients suffered a major vascular event (10 vascular deaths, 16 nonfatal myocardial infarctions, and 1 nonfatal stroke). The observed event rate was increased 6-fold compared with the event rate expected from the RCRI. Of the 18 patients who suffered a myocardial infarction, 12 (66.7%) had no ischemic symptoms to suggest myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that major perioperative vascular events are common, that the RCRI underestimates risk, and that monitoring troponins after surgery can assist physicians to avoid missing myocardial infarction. These results underscore the need for a large international prospective cohort study.
Assuntos
Internacionalidade , Complicações Intraoperatórias/epidemiologia , Assistência Perioperatória , Troponina/sangue , Doenças Vasculares/cirurgia , Idoso , Brasil , Canadá , China , Colômbia , Intervalos de Confiança , Feminino , Humanos , Complicações Intraoperatórias/mortalidade , Itália , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nearly four million children die during the first four weeks of life every year, yet known and effective interventions exist. Neonatal mortality has to be addressed to reach the millennium development goal for child survival. AIMS: To determine the extent of within-country inequities in neonatal mortality and effective intervention coverage. METHODS: Neonatal, infant and child (under 2 years) mortality rates were calculated from empirical data from Demographic and Health Surveys for eight countries using direct estimation techniques. Wealth groups were constructed using the World Bank wealth index; neonatal mortality inequities were evaluated by comparing low:high quintile ratios; concentration indices were calculated for intervention coverage rates. RESULTS: The proportion of under-2 deaths occurring in the neonatal period ranged from 24.3% (Malawi) to 49.4% (Bangladesh). In all countries (excluding Haiti) inequities in neonatal mortality and intervention coverage were evident across wealth groups with more deaths and less coverage in the poorest, compared with the richest, quintile; the largest mortality differential was 2.1 (Nicaragua) and the smallest was 1.2 (Eritrea). In Nicaragua 33% of the poorest women had a skilled delivery compared with 98% of the richest; in Cambodia for antenatal care this was 18% (poorest) and 71% (richest). Low coverage of interventions tended to show top inequity patterns whereas high coverage tended to show bottom inequity patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing inequity is a necessary step in reducing neonatal deaths and also total child deaths. Intervention efforts need to begin to integrate approaches relevant to equity in programme design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
Assuntos
Mortalidade Infantil , Vigilância da População/métodos , África/epidemiologia , Ásia/epidemiologia , Comparação Transcultural , Parto Obstétrico/normas , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Haiti/epidemiologia , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Nicarágua/epidemiologia , Cuidado Pós-Natal/métodos , Pobreza , Cuidado Pré-Natal/métodos , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Toxoide Tetânico/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Self-reported travel histories were used in a case-control study to determine whether movement of local residents to neighboring endemic areas was a risk factor for malaria in the town of Quibdo, Colombia. Multivariate analyses showed that among residents of Quibdo, traveling to an endemic area 8-14 days before disease onset was the strongest risk factor for both Plasmodium falciparum (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 28.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 13.9-60.32) and P. vivax (adjusted OR = 14.24, 95% CI = 5.27-38.46) malaria. For P. falciparum, individuals who did not travel outside Quibdo during the 8-14 days before disease onset, but who reported traveling 1-7, 15-21, or 22-30 days before disease onset also had an increased risk of malaria. Conversely, use of protection against mosquitoes was negatively associated with P. falciparum. These results highlight the need for malaria control measures that target mobile populations. A definition of imported malaria that allows distinction of imported from autochthonous cases in Quibdo town is proposed.
Assuntos
Malária Falciparum/epidemiologia , Malária Vivax/epidemiologia , Viagem , População Urbana , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Malária Falciparum/diagnóstico , Malária Falciparum/parasitologia , Malária Vivax/diagnóstico , Malária Vivax/parasitologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Plasmodium falciparum , Plasmodium vivax , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Asymptomatic malaria is characteristic of high intensity transmission areas in Africa but unusual in low transmission areas in Latin America. Nevertheless, asymptomatic malaria has been reported to be frequent in areas in Latin America with high and moderate intensity of transmission. Asymptomatic malaria can affect both individuals who carry parasites and are cryptic carrier reservoirs for the community. Individuals chronically infected with malaria parasites are usually unidentifiable by most malaria control programmes. In order to identify whether asymptomatic individuals harboring malaria parasites are an important reservoir of infection in Quibdó, Chocó, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was assessed in schoolchildren. This study was part of a major study of the epidemiology of malaria in Quibdó. A total of 255 children from 5 schools were examined, of which 223 were included in the analysis. Children reported headache (34%), cough (32%), and diarrhoea (9%). None of the children presented a positive thick smear. In addition, IFA tests in a subsample of 25 children were negative. By these criteria, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in Quibdó schoolchildren is 0% (95%C.I.: 0.0-1.4). Although asymptomatic malaria in adults possibly occurs, a very low prevalence is predicted.
Assuntos
Malária/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Malária/diagnóstico , Masculino , Parasitemia/diagnóstico , Parasitemia/epidemiologia , Serviços de Saúde EscolarRESUMO
La malaria asintomática es considerada común en zonas de alta transmisión en África y prácticamente ausente en zonas de baja transmisión en Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, algunos reportes sugieren que el hallazgo de casos asintomáticos en zonas de alta y moderada transmisión en Latinoamérica es relativamente frecuente. La malaria asintomática tiene consecuencias graves no sólo para el individuo portador de parásitos, sino también para la comunidad donde vive. Los individuos crónicamente infectados se constituyen en un reservorio de la enfermedad que es difícil de identificar por medio de la vigilancia rutinaria de los programas de control. En el marco de un estudio de la epidemiología de la malaria en Quibdó, Chocó, se estimó la prevalencia de malaria asintomática en escolares. El objetivo fue establecer si los individuos con infección asintomática podrían constituir un reservorio importante de infección, capaz de mantener la transmisión local en esta ciudad. Se seleccionaron 255 estudiantes de cinco escuelas de Quibdó, de los cuales, 223 se incluyeron en el análisis. Algunos niños refirieron cefalea (34%), tos (32%) y diarrea (9%). Todos los resultados de gota gruesa fueron negativos. Además, el análisis por inmunofluorescencia indirecta de anticuerpos contra Plasmodium en una submuestra de 25 niños fue negativo. La prevalencia estimada de malaria asintomática en los escolares de Quibdó es, entonces, de 0% (IC95%: 0-1,4). La presencia de malaria asintomática en adultos no se puede descartar aunque es probable que, si existe, sea en una proporción muy baja.
Asymptomatic malaria is characteristic of high intensity transmission areas in Africa but unusual in low transmission areas in Latin America. Nevertheless, asymptomatic malaria has been reported to be frequent in areas in Latin America with high and moderate intensity of transmission. Asymptomatic malaria can affect both individuals who carry parasites and are cryptic carrier reservoirs for the community. Individuals chronically infected with malaria parasites are usually unidentifiable by most malaria control programmes. In order to identify whether asymptomatic individuals harboring malaria parasites are an important reservoir of infection in Quibdó, Chocó, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was assessed in schoolchildren. This study was part of a major study of the epidemiology of malaria in Quibdó. A total of 255 children from 5 schools were examined, of which 223 were included in the analysis. Children reported headache (34%), cough (32%), and diarrhoea (9%). None of the children presented a positive thick smear. In addition, IFA tests in a subsample of 25 children were negative. By these criteria, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in Quibdó schoolchildren is 0% (95%C.I.: 0.0-1.4). Although asymptomatic malaria in adults possibly occurs, a very low prevalence is predicted.