RESUMO
The presence of HIV-1 RNA in distal duodenal mucosa was evaluated in 44 HIV-1-positive patients. HIV-1 RNA was detected in gut tissue in antiretroviral-naive patients with high plasma viral loads, as well as in patients on HAART with plasma viral loads below the limit of detection and in patients on HAART with virological failure. The intestinal mucosa seems to serve as a reservoir poorly influenced by levels of plasma viral load or HAART.
Assuntos
Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Mucosa Intestinal/virologia , RNA Viral/sangue , Adulto , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , Resultado do Tratamento , Carga ViralRESUMO
Dendritic cells are most important as antigen presenting cells during the induction of an effective immune response. Therefore, it is important to study their role during the generation of persistent or chronic viral infections, such as HIV or HCV infection. In this review we shall describe the phenotypic and functional characteristics of the different classes of dendritic cells and of their membrane receptors. Their participation in defence or facilitation mechanisms involved in the immune response against these viruses will be discussed. It is important to take this knowledge into account when trying to design therapeutic strategies for protection or reconstruction of the immune system that may be altered as a consequence of infection with HIV or HCV.
Assuntos
Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Hepatite C Crônica/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem da Célula/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/citologia , HIV/imunologia , Hepacivirus/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Receptores Toll-Like/imunologia , Ligação Viral , Internalização do VírusRESUMO
Las células dendríticas son las principales células presentadoras de antígenos para el montaje de la respuesta inmune. Por lo tanto es importante estudiar de qué manera intervienen en el equilibrio que el sistema inmune desarrolla frente a infecciones virales persistentes como la infección por el HIV o el HCV. En esta revisión se presentan en primer término generalidades sobre las diferentes clases de células dendríticas, las características fenotípicas y funcionales que las definen y los receptores que pueden estar involucrados en la infección viral. Luego se analiza su participación en los mecanismos de defensa o facilitadores de la infección por estos virus. Es importante tener en cuenta estos conocimientos para poder diseñar adecuadas estrategias de vacunación o protección y para intentar la reconstrucción funcional del sistema inmune impidiendo la subversión de los mecanismos inmunes de defensa causada por la infección con el HIV y el HCV.
Dendritic cells are most important as antigen presenting cells during the induction of an effective immune response. Therefore, it is important to study their role during the generation of persistent or chronic viral infections, such as HIV or HCV infection. In this review we shall describe the phenotypic and functional characteristics of the different classes of dendritic cells and of their membrane receptors. Their participation in defence or facilitation mechanisms involved in the immune response against these viruses will be discussed. It is important to take this knowledge into account when trying to design therapeutic strategies for protection or reconstruction of the immune system that may be altered as a consequence of infection with HIV or HCV.
Assuntos
Humanos , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Hepatite C Crônica/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem da Célula/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/citologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Receptores Toll-Like/imunologiaRESUMO
Las células dendríticas son las principales células presentadoras de antígenos para el montaje de la respuesta inmune. Por lo tanto es importante estudiar de qué manera intervienen en el equilibrio que el sistema inmune desarrolla frente a infecciones virales persistentes como la infección por el HIV o el HCV. En esta revisión se presentan en primer término generalidades sobre las diferentes clases de células dendríticas, las características fenotípicas y funcionales que las definen y los receptores que pueden estar involucrados en la infección viral. Luego se analiza su participación en los mecanismos de defensa o facilitadores de la infección por estos virus. Es importante tener en cuenta estos conocimientos para poder diseñar adecuadas estrategias de vacunación o protección y para intentar la reconstrucción funcional del sistema inmune impidiendo la subversión de los mecanismos inmunes de defensa causada por la infección con el HIV y el HCV.(AU)
Dendritic cells are most important as antigen presenting cells during the induction of an effective immune response. Therefore, it is important to study their role during the generation of persistent or chronic viral infections, such as HIV or HCV infection. In this review we shall describe the phenotypic and functional characteristics of the different classes of dendritic cells and of their membrane receptors. Their participation in defence or facilitation mechanisms involved in the immune response against these viruses will be discussed. It is important to take this knowledge into account when trying to design therapeutic strategies for protection or reconstruction of the immune system that may be altered as a consequence of infection with HIV or HCV. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Hepatite C Crônica/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/citologia , Diferenciação Celular , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Receptores Toll-Like/imunologia , Linhagem da Célula/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologiaRESUMO
Recent advances on the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria have defined a group of patients with autoantibodies directed to the IgE or to the alpha chain of the Fc high affinity receptor of IgE, Fc epsilon RI alpha. These antibodies are detected in vivo through the autologous serum test (AST) and in vitro with a variety of techniques. We here describe 37 patients with chronic urticaria, 28 female and 9 male, with a f/m ratio of 3.1. Mean age at onset was 36.5 years (range 16-78). AST was positive in 25 (68%) of 37 patients. Serum induced a wheal significantly larger than plasma (122 +/- 78 mm2 vs 57 +/- 66 mm2, p < 0.05). Median persistence of the chronic urticaria, estimated by Kaplan-Meyer analysis, was 437 days, with no difference between AST(+) and AST(-) patients (437 vs. 369, p = 0.18). Mean IgE concentration was 157 +/- 173 IU/mL, as expected in an unselected population. Basophil count was lower in patients compared with controls (17 +/- 12 cel/microL vs. 43 +/- 27 cel/microL, p < 0.008). Only sera from 2/7 (28.6%) patients AST (+) and very low basophil count consistently induced expression of CD63. This effect was abrogated in non-releasing basophils, confirming the presence of antibodies directed to the Fc epsilon RI alpha-IgE. We conclude that functional antibodies are present in only a minority of patients and that their identification does not predict the outcome.
Assuntos
Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Basófilos/imunologia , Urticária/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Agranulocitose/imunologia , Antígenos CD/análise , Autoanticorpos/análise , Basófilos/citologia , Doença Crônica , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Contagem de Leucócitos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Glicoproteínas da Membrana de Plaquetas/análise , Receptores de IgE/imunologia , Tetraspanina 30 , Urticária/sangueRESUMO
Mutations in SH2D1A, a gene that codifies for the regulatory protein SAP, result in uncontrolled activation of the SLAM (signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule) pathway. This X-linked immunodeficiency becomes evident when the patients are infected with Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and develop a fulminant form of infectious mononucleosis leading to a lymphoproliferative syndrome that is often fatal (X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, XLP). In those who survive, hypogammaglobulinemia and oncohematologic diseases are frequently observed. In this revision, the immuno-regulatory mechanisms involved in XLP immunopathology and the role of different effector cells (CD8 T lymphocytes, NK cells) are discussed.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/genética , Glicoproteínas/genética , Imunoglobulinas/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/genética , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Antígenos CD , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 4/imunologia , Humanos , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/imunologia , Receptores de Superfície Celular , Proteína Associada à Molécula de Sinalização da Ativação Linfocitária , Membro 1 da Família de Moléculas de Sinalização da Ativação LinfocitáriaRESUMO
Recent advances on the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria have defined a group of patients with autoantibodies directed to the IgE or to the alpha chain of the Fc high affinity receptor of IgE, Fc epsilon RI alpha. These antibodies are detected in vivo through the autologous serum test (AST) and in vitro with a variety of techniques. We here describe 37 patients with chronic urticaria, 28 female and 9 male, with a f/m ratio of 3.1. Mean age at onset was 36.5 years (range 16-78). AST was positive in 25 (68%) of 37 patients. Serum induced a wheal significantly larger than plasma (122 +/- 78 mm2 vs 57 +/- 66 mm2, p < 0.05). Median persistence of the chronic urticaria, estimated by Kaplan-Meyer analysis, was 437 days, with no difference between AST(+) and AST(-) patients (437 vs. 369, p = 0.18). Mean IgE concentration was 157 +/- 173 IU/mL, as expected in an unselected population. Basophil count was lower in patients compared with controls (17 +/- 12 cel/microL vs. 43 +/- 27 cel/microL, p < 0.008). Only sera from 2/7 (28.6%) patients AST (+) and very low basophil count consistently induced expression of CD63. This effect was abrogated in non-releasing basophils, confirming the presence of antibodies directed to the Fc epsilon RI alpha-IgE. We conclude that functional antibodies are present in only a minority of patients and that their identification does not predict the outcome
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Autoanticorpos , Basófilos , Urticária , Antígenos CD , Autoanticorpos , Basófilos , Doença Crônica , Seguimentos , Hipersensibilidade Imediata , Contagem de Leucócitos , Receptores de IgE , Testes Cutâneos , UrticáriaRESUMO
Mutations in SH2D1A, a gene that codifies for the regulatory protein SAP, result in uncontrolled activation of the SLAM (signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule) pathway. This X-linked immunodeficiency becomes evident when the patients are infected with Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and develop a fulminant form of infectious mononucleosis leading to a lymphoproliferative syndrome that is often fatal (X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, XLP). In those who survive, hypogammaglobulinemia and oncohematologic diseases are frequently observed. In this revision, the immuno-regulatory mechanisms involved in XLP immunopathology and the role of different effector cells (CD8 T lymphocytes, NK cells) are discussed
Assuntos
Humanos , Proteínas de Transporte , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Glicoproteínas , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos , Cromossomo X , Testes Imunológicos de Citotoxicidade , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Células Matadoras Naturais , Transtornos LinfoproliferativosRESUMO
Recent advances on the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria have defined a group of patients with autoantibodies directed to the IgE or to the alpha chain of the Fc high affinity receptor of IgE, Fc epsilon RI alpha. These antibodies are detected in vivo through the autologous serum test (AST) and in vitro with a variety of techniques. We here describe 37 patients with chronic urticaria, 28 female and 9 male, with a f/m ratio of 3.1. Mean age at onset was 36.5 years (range 16-78). AST was positive in 25 (68
) of 37 patients. Serum induced a wheal significantly larger than plasma (122 +/- 78 mm2 vs 57 +/- 66 mm2, p < 0.05). Median persistence of the chronic urticaria, estimated by Kaplan-Meyer analysis, was 437 days, with no difference between AST(+) and AST(-) patients (437 vs. 369, p = 0.18). Mean IgE concentration was 157 +/- 173 IU/mL, as expected in an unselected population. Basophil count was lower in patients compared with controls (17 +/- 12 cel/microL vs. 43 +/- 27 cel/microL, p < 0.008). Only sera from 2/7 (28.6
) patients AST (+) and very low basophil count consistently induced expression of CD63. This effect was abrogated in non-releasing basophils, confirming the presence of antibodies directed to the Fc epsilon RI alpha-IgE. We conclude that functional antibodies are present in only a minority of patients and that their identification does not predict the outcome.
RESUMO
Mutations in SH2D1A, a gene that codifies for the regulatory protein SAP, result in uncontrolled activation of the SLAM (signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule) pathway. This X-linked immunodeficiency becomes evident when the patients are infected with Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and develop a fulminant form of infectious mononucleosis leading to a lymphoproliferative syndrome that is often fatal (X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, XLP). In those who survive, hypogammaglobulinemia and oncohematologic diseases are frequently observed. In this revision, the immuno-regulatory mechanisms involved in XLP immunopathology and the role of different effector cells (CD8 T lymphocytes, NK cells) are discussed.
RESUMO
Recent advances on the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria have defined a group of patients with autoantibodies directed to the IgE or to the alpha chain of the Fc high affinity receptor of IgE, Fc epsilon RI alpha. These antibodies are detected in vivo through the autologous serum test (AST) and in vitro with a variety of techniques. We here describe 37 patients with chronic urticaria, 28 female and 9 male, with a f/m ratio of 3.1. Mean age at onset was 36.5 years (range 16-78). AST was positive in 25 (68%) of 37 patients. Serum induced a wheal significantly larger than plasma (122 +/- 78 mm2 vs 57 +/- 66 mm2, p < 0.05). Median persistence of the chronic urticaria, estimated by Kaplan-Meyer analysis, was 437 days, with no difference between AST(+) and AST(-) patients (437 vs. 369, p = 0.18). Mean IgE concentration was 157 +/- 173 IU/mL, as expected in an unselected population. Basophil count was lower in patients compared with controls (17 +/- 12 cel/microL vs. 43 +/- 27 cel/microL, p < 0.008). Only sera from 2/7 (28.6%) patients AST (+) and very low basophil count consistently induced expression of CD63. This effect was abrogated in non-releasing basophils, confirming the presence of antibodies directed to the Fc epsilon RI alpha-IgE. We conclude that functional antibodies are present in only a minority of patients and that their identification does not predict the outcome (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOVT , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Basófilos/imunologia , Urticária/imunologia , Autoanticorpos/análise , Basófilos/citologia , Doença Crônica , Urticária/sangue , Contagem de Leucócitos , Antígenos CD , Receptores de IgE/imunologia , Testes Cutâneos/métodos , Hipersensibilidade Imediata/sangue , SeguimentosRESUMO
Mutations in SH2D1A, a gene that codifies for the regulatory protein SAP, result in uncontrolled activation of the SLAM (signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule) pathway. This X-linked immunodeficiency becomes evident when the patients are infected with Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and develop a fulminant form of infectious mononucleosis leading to a lymphoproliferative syndrome that is often fatal (X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, XLP). In those who survive, hypogammaglobulinemia and oncohematologic diseases are frequently observed. In this revision, the immuno-regulatory mechanisms involved in XLP immunopathology and the role of different effector cells (CD8 T lymphocytes, NK cells) are discussed (AU)
Assuntos
RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOVT , Humanos , Cromossomo X , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/genética , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Glicoproteínas/genética , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 4/imunologia , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/imunologia , Testes Imunológicos de Citotoxicidade , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologiaRESUMO
Se compararon los valores absolutos y relativos de linfocitos CD4 con dos técnicas de inmunofluorescensia en paralelo, utilizando un citómetro de flujo: 1) Método Convencional (MC): incluye cuatro tubos por muestra y requiere los datos externos del hemograma para calcular el valor absoluto. 2) Método de Microesferas (MME): incluye un tubo y no depende de datos externos. Ambas técnicas se realizaron a partir de sangre periférica con lisis de eritrocitos en 10 muestras de individuos normales (N), 18 de pacientes con hemofilia (He) e infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV+) y 10 muestras de individuos HIV+ no He. Los resultados con la prueba de Wilcoxon para muestras pareadas mostraron diferencias significativas (p <0,05) entre ambas técnicas sólo para los valores absolutos del grupo normal, no así en los otros grupos ni para los valores relativos. Se observaron niveles consistentemente menores para el MME. Cuando los datos se redistribuyeron en cinco intervalos según los valores absolutos, no se encontraron diferencias significativas. La elección de una u otra técnica depende de las posibilidades de cada laboratorio. El MME es más rápido y simple, el MC permite realizar la confrontación de datos (cálculo directo de CD4 comparado con los datos obtenidos por substracción de CD8) dando confiabilidad al resultado
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Hemofilia A/imunologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/imunologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Linfócitos T CD8-PositivosRESUMO
Se compararon los valores absolutos y relativos de linfocitos CD4 con dos técnicas de inmunofluorescensia en paralelo, utilizando un citómetro de flujo: 1) Método Convencional (MC): incluye cuatro tubos por muestra y requiere los datos externos del hemograma para calcular el valor absoluto. 2) Método de Microesferas (MME): incluye un tubo y no depende de datos externos. Ambas técnicas se realizaron a partir de sangre periférica con lisis de eritrocitos en 10 muestras de individuos normales (N), 18 de pacientes con hemofilia (He) e infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV+) y 10 muestras de individuos HIV+ no He. Los resultados con la prueba de Wilcoxon para muestras pareadas mostraron diferencias significativas (p <0,05) entre ambas técnicas sólo para los valores absolutos del grupo normal, no así en los otros grupos ni para los valores relativos. Se observaron niveles consistentemente menores para el MME. Cuando los datos se redistribuyeron en cinco intervalos según los valores absolutos, no se encontraron diferencias significativas. La elección de una u otra técnica depende de las posibilidades de cada laboratorio. El MME es más rápido y simple, el MC permite realizar la confrontación de datos (cálculo directo de CD4 comparado con los datos obtenidos por substracción de CD8) dando confiabilidad al resultado (AU)
Assuntos
Estudo Comparativo , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/imunologia , Hemofilia A/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Contagem de Linfócito CD4/métodos , Estudos de Casos e ControlesRESUMO
Se presentan los resultados del estudio de la evolución de la infeción por HIV-1 en los pacientes con hemofilia que recibieron tratamiento con concentrados antihemofílicos (CAH) de origen comercial y fueron atendidos en nuestro Instituto entre 1983 y 1990. La prevalência de la infección por HIV-1 fue de 30% sobre 638 pacientes estudiados, siendo mayor en el grupo con hemofilia severa (que tuvo mayor requerimiento de CAH). No hubo diferencias de seropositividad entre hemofilia A y B. La transmisión sexual de la infección se comprobó en 8/64 (13%) de las mujeres con relación sexual estable con los pacientes hemofílicos. Tres de ellas tuvieron embarazos durante el período posterior al contagio y en dos de los hijos se comprobó transmisión perinatal de HIV-1. Tanto la evolución clínica como los parámetros hematológicos e inmunológicos de los pacients infectados fueron similares a los descritos en la población hemofílica de otros países de Occidente. Las infecciones oportunistas observadas fueron las habituales, pero se destaca la presencia de encefalitis chagásica fatal en dos de los pacientes con SIDA. Por lo tanto, la localización de T. cruzi en el sistema nervioso central debe considerarse especialmente como complicación severe que puede ocurrir en los pacientes con SIDA y serología positiva para T. cruzi
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Hemofilia A/complicações , Soroprevalência de HIV , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Argentina/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/complicações , Encefalite/complicações , Hepatite/complicações , Soropositividade para HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas/complicações , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/transmissãoRESUMO
Se presentan los resultados del estudio de la evolución de la infeción por HIV-1 en los pacientes con hemofilia que recibieron tratamiento con concentrados antihemofílicos (CAH) de origen comercial y fueron atendidos en nuestro Instituto entre 1983 y 1990. La prevalÛncia de la infección por HIV-1 fue de 30% sobre 638 pacientes estudiados, siendo mayor en el grupo con hemofilia severa (que tuvo mayor requerimiento de CAH). No hubo diferencias de seropositividad entre hemofilia A y B. La transmisión sexual de la infección se comprobó en 8/64 (13%) de las mujeres con relación sexual estable con los pacientes hemofílicos. Tres de ellas tuvieron embarazos durante el período posterior al contagio y en dos de los hijos se comprobó transmisión perinatal de HIV-1. Tanto la evolución clínica como los parámetros hematológicos e inmunológicos de los pacients infectados fueron similares a los descritos en la población hemofílica de otros países de Occidente. Las infecciones oportunistas observadas fueron las habituales, pero se destaca la presencia de encefalitis chagásica fatal en dos de los pacientes con SIDA. Por lo tanto, la localización de T. cruzi en el sistema nervioso central debe considerarse especialmente como complicación severe que puede ocurrir en los pacientes con SIDA y serología positiva para T. cruzi (AU)