RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted intestinal nematode with a complex life cycle that primarily affects humans, non-human primates, dogs, and occasionally cats. This study presents, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of S. stercoralis infection and its genotyping in a domestic dog from Argentina. METHODS: The patient was a female wired-haired Teckel dog exhibiting recurrent coughing. Coproparasitological analysis using the Baermann technique revealed the presence of rhabditiform larvae morphologically compatible with S. stercoralis. To confirm this finding, molecular diagnosis (18S ribosomal RNA) and analysis of the cox1 gene were performed. RESULTS: We identified a haplotype (HP20) that has previously only been related to S. stercoralis infection in dogs, but was found in the present study to be highly related to the haplotype (HP16) of a zoonotic variant and divergent from those previously described from human patients in Argentina. Furthermore, unlike in human cases following treatment with ivermectin, the dog was negative after moxidectin treatment according to polymerase chain reaction of the sampled faeces. CONCLUSIONS: This case report shows the importance of further investigation into potential transmission events and prevalences of S. stercoralis in dogs and humans in South America. The results reported here should also encourage future work that examines different scenarios of infection with S. stercoralis in dogs and humans with the aim of integrating clinical management, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up strategies in the quest for new approaches for the treatment of this disease in animals and humans. The findings support the adoption of a One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness between animal and human health, in addressing parasitic infections such as strongyloidiasis.
Assuntos
Strongyloides stercoralis , Estrongiloidíase , Humanos , Animais , Cães , Feminino , Estrongiloidíase/diagnóstico , Estrongiloidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Estrongiloidíase/veterinária , Strongyloides stercoralis/genética , Argentina/epidemiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Estágios do Ciclo de VidaRESUMO
Dirofilaria immitis (the canine heartworm) is widespread in the tropics, with prevalence surpassing 30% in high-risk areas. In addition to the suitable climatic conditions that favour mosquito abundance and filarial larva development, there is low compliance with the recommended year-round use of preventives in these transmission hotspots. This represents a major concern, considering that melarsomine (first-line heartworm adulticide) is unavailable in several tropical countries, resulting in the so-called slow-kill protocol being the only available adulticide treatment option. In this article, the members of TroCCAP (Tropical Council for Companion Animal Parasites) review the current distribution of heartworm in the tropics and the availability of melarsomine, and discuss alternatives for the management of heartworm infections in dogs.
Assuntos
Dirofilaria immitis , Dirofilariose , Doenças do Cão , Filaricidas , Animais , Cães , Dirofilariose/tratamento farmacológico , Dirofilariose/epidemiologia , Dirofilariose/prevenção & controle , Filaricidas/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Cão/parasitologiaRESUMO
Environmental mycobacteria such as those from the Mycobacterium avium-intacellulare complex may cause disseminated and severe disease in dogs with genetic predisposition. A series of cases of 4 miniature schnauzers with nonspecific clinical signs and the diagnostic tests are described. Complementary means of diagnosis including complete blood count, biochemical serum analyses and fine needle aspiration cytology staining were performed. The bacteriological culture followed by PCR amplification of 1245 and 901 insertion sequences, allowed the identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis. This environmental Mycobacteria normally do not cause severe disease in dogs or other species, but when CARD-9 gene presents mutations, dogs may become extremely susceptible and disease is fast, disseminated, and fatal. Antibiotic therapy can be applied under veterinary consideration in specific situations, as treatment is usually applied for a long period of time. Although zoonotic risk is low as the Mycobacterium is environmental, contamination of the location may be high, and immunosuppressed animals and humans can develop infection as well. This report may aid clinical veterinarians in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in similar cases of this breed and others with the genetic predisposition.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Infecções por Mycobacterium , Cães , Animais , Humanos , Mycobacterium avium/genética , Argentina , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Complexo Mycobacterium avium/genética , Infecções por Mycobacterium/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Case summary: A 10-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat from Quilmes (Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina) presented at the Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Unit with a hyperpigmented nodule of 5 cm diameter on the nasal plane with a small ulceration of more than 1 year's evolution. A scaly and hyperpigmented alopecic lesion of 3 cm in diameter was found on the lower edge of the tail. The patient was under immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids for lymphoplasmacytic duodenitis. Samples of the lesion present on the nasal plane were taken under a surgical procedure. In the wet mount preparations, pigmented irregular hyphae were observed. They developed dark colonies when cultured on Sabouraud medium. On micromorphology, structures compatible with Phialophora species were identified. PCR and sequencing of ITS (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) confirmed Phialophora americana as the etiologic agent. A therapeutic scheme that included a combination of itraconazole oral solution (1.5 mg/kg PO q12h) with terbinafine (30 mg/kg PO q24h) was indicated for a period of 10 months. The patient died of complications resulting from its underlying disease. Relevance and novel information: As far as the authors are aware, this is the first study to report P americana as an etiologic agent of phaeohyphomycosis in cats. In this case study, the species was identified using molecular tests.
Assuntos
Infecções por Rickettsia , Rickettsia , Rickettsiose do Grupo da Febre Maculosa , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos , Argentina , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Rickettsia/genética , Infecções por Rickettsia/diagnóstico , África do Sul , Rickettsiose do Grupo da Febre Maculosa/diagnóstico , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/diagnóstico , ViagemAssuntos
Rinosporidiose , Animais , Argentina , Cães , Rinosporidiose/diagnóstico , Rinosporidiose/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The aim of this work was to compare the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis related to Amblyomma triste and Amblyomma tigrinum ecological regions in Argentina. We reviewed cases of R. parkeri rickettsiosis from 2007 to 2017 evaluated at Muñiz Hospital, directly or through referral. Univariate analysis was used to examine the association between different variables and the disease related by each vector species. The eighteen cases of R. parkeri rickettsiosis included had fever, inoculation eschar and all except one had rash. Regional differences in epidemiological variables were identified, depending on the vector. There was a significantly increased risk of exposure to A. tigrinum in peri-domestic areas (odd ratio 12, pâ¯=â¯0.02), whereas an increased risk of exposure to A. triste was evident in wildlife areas (odd ratio 12, pâ¯=â¯0.02). Seasonality of R. parkeri rickettsiosis differed based on its vector. Cases associated with A. triste occurred predominantly during spring and summer, whereas those associated with A. tigrinum occurred during fall, winter, and springtime. Exanthema was maculopapular (13/18), maculo-vesicular (3/18) or petechial (1/18). No clinical differences were identified depending on the vector.
Assuntos
Infecções por Rickettsia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rickettsia/microbiologia , Rickettsia/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Idoso , Amblyomma/microbiologia , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções por Rickettsia/transmissãoRESUMO
Las rickettsiosis, ehrlichiosis y anaplasmosis son causadas por bacterias gramnegativas intracelulares obligadas y transmitidas por artrópodos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar especies de garrapatas presentes en caninos de la ciudad de Pergamino y detectar presencia de patógenos de los géneros Ehrlichia, Anaplasma y Rickettsia. MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 21 garrapatas Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l obtenidas de caninos de diferentes ambientes de la ciudad de Pergamino. Las muestras fueron analizadas mediante PCR, amplificando un fragmento del gen gltA para Rickettsia spp. y del 16SrRNA para los géneros Ehrlichia/Anaplasma. RESULTADOS: Se detectó positividad a Rickettsia spp. en el 4,76%, identificándose por secuenciación a la especie Rickettsia massiliae. Para la familia Anaplasmataceae se detectó positividad para Ehrlichia canis (23,8%) y Anaplasma platys (19,04%). CONCLUSIONES: Se trata del primer reporte de patógenos de interés zoonótico y/o veterinario pertenecientes a los géneros Rickettsia, Ehrlichia y Anaplasma en garrapatas Rh. sanguineus s.l para el norte de la provincia de Buenos Aires
Assuntos
Rickettsia , Carrapatos , Ehrlichia , AnaplasmaRESUMO
Resumen Las rickettsiosis son enfermedades zoonóticas transmitidas por artrópodos vectores, que en Argentina presentan 2 escenarios epidemiológicos diferenciados. Uno, en las yungas de Salta y Jujuy, involucra vectores pertenecientes al «complejo Amblyomma cajennense¼ (A. sculptum y A. toneliae) y a Rickettsia rickettsii como agente etiológico. En este escenario la forma clínica de la enfermedad se conoce como fiebre manchada (FM) y se presenta con manifestaciones cutáneas y sistémicas graves. El otro escenario incluye 2 zonas: una la del Delta del Río Paraná y Bahía de Samborombón, donde Amblyomma triste actúa como vector; otra, las provincias de Córdoba, La Rioja, San Luis y La Pampa, donde el vector es Amblyomma tigrinum. En este segundo escenario Rickettsia parkeri es el agente causal, y la FM se manifiesta con un cuadro benigno y autolimitado. En este trabajo describimos un caso fatal de FM por R. rickettsii en El Tunal, Salta, y el primer caso de FM por R. parkeri en San Juan.
Abstract Rickettsioses are zoonotic tick-borne diseases. In Argentina, there are two epidemiological scenarios: jungle of Salta and Jujuy, involving vectors from the "Amblyomma cajennense Complex" (A. sculptum, and A. toneliae) and Rickettsia rickettsii as the main etiological agent; and the second scene to Delta del Rio Paraná and Samborombón Bay, where Amblyomma triste acts as a vector; and the provinces of Córdoba, La Rioja, San Luis and La Pampa where Amblyomma tigrinum is the vector. In this second scenario, Rickettsia parkeri is the causal agent. The spotted fever (SF) due to R. rickettsii is responsible for a severe cutaneous and systemic disease. Contrarily, R. parkeri produces benign and self-limited clinical manifestation. Here we describe a fatal SF case by R. rickettsii, in El Tunal, Salta and the first SF case due to R. parkeri in San Juan.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Rickettsia rickettsii/patogenicidade , Infecções por Rickettsia/diagnóstico , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/terapia , Manifestações Cutâneas , Zoonoses/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Rickettsioses are zoonotic tick-borne diseases. In Argentina, there are two epidemiological scenarios: jungle of Salta and Jujuy, involving vectors from the "Amblyomma cajennense Complex" (A. sculptum, and A. toneliae) and Rickettsia rickettsii as the main etiological agent; and the second scene to Delta del Rio Paraná and Samborombón Bay, where Amblyomma triste acts as a vector; and the provinces of Córdoba, La Rioja, San Luis and La Pampa where Amblyomma tigrinum is the vector. In this second scenario, Rickettsia parkeri is the causal agent. The spotted fever (SF) due to R. rickettsii is responsible for a severe cutaneous and systemic disease. Contrarily, R. parkeri produces benign and self-limited clinical manifestation. Here we describe a fatal SF case by R. rickettsii, in El Tunal, Salta and the first SF case due to R. parkeri in San Juan.
Assuntos
Rickettsiose do Grupo da Febre Maculosa/diagnóstico , Argentina , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Los ectoparásitos parasitan animales vertebrados, incluido el hombre pudiendo provocan problemas sanitarios a sus hospedadores como parásitos propiamente dichos, como hospedadores intermediarios y/o como vectores de diversos patógenos. Dado que para muchas de las enfermedades provocadas por dichos patógenos se desconoce su presencia y efecto en la población humana argentina, es fundamental el desarrollo de estrategias de control y prevención de las ectoparasitosis. Para esto es necesario el estudio integral de los ectoparásitos, con la correcta identificación taxonómica, el conocimiento de su distribución, y de la eco-epidemiología de las especies de importancia sanitaria, y la comprensión de los sistemas ectoparásito-hospedador-ambiente y hospedador-vector-patógeno. Dado que para Argentina este conocimiento es limitado y fragmentario, el objetivo de nuestra investigación es avanzar en el estudio de las especies de ectoparásitos de varias regiones del país, estudiando parásitos de roedores y animales domésticos de localidades de Buenos Aires, NOA y Patagonia, ampliando el conocimiento de aquellas de importancia sanitaria, analizando el rol en la transmisión de patógenos e identificando escenarios de riesgo. El análisis molecular determinó nuevas especies de ectoparásitos como posibles vectores de patógenos de los géneros Bartonella y Rickettsia. La confección de mapas de distribución potencial demuestra que la franja del país que abarca el norte y centro-este es la que presenta la mayor probabilidad de ocurrencia de especies de ectoparásito de importancia sanitaria. Estos resultados tienen relevancia para la salud pública ya que se amplían el conocimiento de especies de ectoparásitos de importancia sanitaria, reportándose nuevas especies de ectoparásitos como vectores de patógenos, y a partir de los modelos de distribución potencial, se sugieren regiones del país con mayor riesgo de ocurrencia de zoonosis en las que intervienen los ectoparásitos