Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/etiologia , Chile/epidemiologiaRESUMO
La infección chagásica, endemo-enzootia, existe en Chile en sectores rurales y periurbanos de la I a VI Regiones, donde se ha demostrado la existencia de vectores, principalmente el Triatoma infestans, y mamíferos, incluso el hombre, parasitados por el Trypanosoma cruzi. Debido a migraciones, también se ha encontrado individuos infectados por el parásito en centros urbanos de las referidas regiones. Para conocer la prevalencia de la infección humana por T. cruzi en 1982-1987, mediante la reacción de hemaglutinación indirecta (RHAI) para enfermedad de Chagas, se ha examinado a 57.562 habitantes de dichas regiones: 13.515 rurales-periurbanos con RHAI positiva en el 16,9%, y 44.047 urbanos con RHAI positiva en el 1,9%. Entre estos últimos, se incluyeron 14.768 parturientas atendidas en 19 maternidades. La parasitosis puede ser transmitida vía transplacentaria. Con el objeto de conocer mejor el efecto que la infección materna por T. cruzi puede ocasionar sobre el producto de la concepción, se estudió a 1.355 mujeres en edad fértil (646 chagásicas y 709 no chagásicas) y a los productos de los embarazos que tuvieron en 1982-1987. No hubo diferencias significativas en el número ni en la evolución de los embarazos de las madres chagásicas y no chagásicas (peso del niño al nacer, mortinatalidad y abortos). Se estudió desde el momento del parto a 235 hijos de madres chagásicas y 191 de madres no chagásicas, nacidos en maternidades en los que la RHAI fue positiva en el 87,2 y en el 0,0% respectivamente
Assuntos
Humanos , Doença de Chagas/congênito , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , ChileRESUMO
La infección por T. cruzi (enfermedad de Chagas) constituye un problema de salud pública en Chile. tiene carácter endemo-enzoótico en sectores rurales y periféricos de las siete primeras regiones político-administrativas del país. Se registra una poporción significativa de infección por el parásito en habitantes de ciudades ubicadas en las regiones antes mencionadas, debido muy posiblemente a migración rural - urbana. 2.- El T. infestans es el vector domiciliario practicamente único de la parasitosis. Las tasas de infestación domiciliaria, cuyo promedio es de 29,4%, varían entre 9,3% y 65,2%, siendo en general más altas en las regiones III y IV. 3.- La infección promedia por T. cruzi de los T. infestans es de 18,7%, variando entre 6,4% y 47,6% registrándose los porcentajes más latos en las regiones II y III. Las tasas de infección de los triatominos, ocn un promedio de 19,6%, van en aumento según su edad, desde un 5,8% en los estadios II - III hasta un 25,4% en los imagos. Las fuentes de alimentación de los triatomídeos están constituídas principalmente por sangre de mamíferos y aves, alcanzando a un 90,8%, en la de los primeros, correspondiendo al hombre el 68,4%. Como era de esperar, las tasas deinfección por T. cruzi de los triatomas, fueron mayores en aquellos que se alimentaron con sangre de mamíferos. 4.- La infección chagásica humana, diagnosticada por medio de la RHAI correspondiente, fue en general de 16,9%, oscilando entre un 7,0% y un 33,2%, siendo las regiones III y IV las con más altos índices de infección. Las tasas de infección fueron similares para hombres y mujeres con un 17,7% y un 16,3% respectivamente. como es natural, se registró un incrmento progresivo de los valores de dichas tasas desde los grupos de menor edad (5,7%) hasta los grupos de mayores de 60 años (35,8%)...
Assuntos
Criança , Animais , Humanos , Feminino , Doença de Chagas , ChileAssuntos
Criança , Adolescente , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Vacinas Tíficas-Paratíficas/análise , Chile , Seguimentos , Vacinas AtenuadasRESUMO
En el presente trabajo se resume la importancia del sarampión en América Latina La cobertura de los programas de vacunación es insuficiente pues, en promedio, en 1980 era del 37% para los niños de menos de un año de edad. En la mayoría de los países constituían problemas, que el PAI superará en el decenio de 1980, las deficiencias en la infraestructura de los Servicios de Salud y las deficiencias en la cadena de frío. Estas son las dificultades que deben superarse para lograr el control del sarampión en América Latina
Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Programas Médicos Regionais , Sarampo/epidemiologia , América Latina , Sarampo/prevenção & controle , Vacinação , Vacina contra Sarampo/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
The bifurcated needle vaccination method used successfully against smallpox is a relatively simple technique that can be administered by personnel with only basic preparation and a minimum of training. This fact suggests that it could prove useful in campaigns of BCG vaccination against tuberculosis--especially for vaccination of newborns. With this end in mind, two studies were carried out in Santiago, Chile, to examine previously reported difficulties with the method and to assess its potential as an alternative to the best current method, that of intradermal inoculation. These studies indicated that previously reported variations in the results achieved by different vaccinators could be markedly reduced. However, they also found that the bifurcated needle method did not cause a sufficiently large dose of vaccine to enter the subject--even when fifteen needle strokes and a highly concentrated vaccine (160 mg per ml) were employed. It was thus concluded that although modification of the needle or other changes might ultimately yield satisfactory results, the bifurcated needle technique cannot yet be recommended for BCG vaccination of newborns (Au)
Assuntos
Vacina BCG , ChileRESUMO
Meeting of the Advisory Committe on Medical Research, 14. Pan American Health Organization; 7-10 Jul. 1975
Assuntos
Pesquisa , Vacinas Tíficas-Paratíficas , Formulação de Políticas , Região do Caribe , América LatinaAssuntos
Vacinação em Massa , Vacina contra Sarampo , Vacinas Atenuadas , Sarampo , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , ChileRESUMO
Se ha sugerido que el método de la aguja bifurcada -usado con éxito contra la viruela_ podría emplearse ventajosamente para la vacunación BCG contra la tuberculosis en recién nacidos. Los dos estudios que se llevaron a cabo en Chile se efectuaron con objeto de confirmar las posibilidades al respecto y de reexaminar las dificultades que presentaba la aplicación del método (AU)
Assuntos
Vacina BCG , Avaliação da Tecnologia Biomédica , Agulhas , ChileRESUMO
In view of the promising results of previous studies, a measles vaccination campaign with Enders attenuated virus vaccine (Edmonston B strain) was undertaken in Chile. The program was carried out in Santiago and in the southern provinces. Up to April 1964, 85,000 children under the age of five had been vaccinated. Between 10 and 12 per cent of the children vaccinated had postvaccinal variations, in particular eruptions or high fever. It was noted that there was a difference in the reactions produced by vaccines from different batches. There were 26 cases of postvaccinal complications but all quickly recovered. In addition, there were two cases of encephalitis but they also recovered. The epidemiological evaluation of the program was based on the observation of a group of 2,000 children vaccinated prior to 1 July 1965 who were compared with a control group. In the control group only cases of measles occurring after the above-mentioned date were taken into account. Whereas only seven cases of measles were reported in the vaccinated group, none of which were fatal, there were 464 cases in the control group, 25 of which were fatal. These results are an eloquent testimony of the value of mass measles vaccination with Enders attenuated virus vaccine (Edmonston B strain)
Assuntos
Vacinação em Massa , Vacina contra Sarampo , Vacinas Atenuadas , Sarampo , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , ChileRESUMO
The results obtained in Chile after three years of vaccination with the Edmonston B strain of Enders attenuated vaccine have been reported. More than 620,000 children from eight months to five years of age - 54.7 per cent of the population in that age range - have been vaccinated. The serological studies reveal the persistence of serum antibodies for at least three years; good immunological response in underfed children; unsatisfactory serological response in infants under nine months of age. The total number of deaths in 1965 was the lowest registered in the last five years, and was 2,053 lower than in 1964. An epidemic occurred in the Province of Magallanes at the same time that vaccination was being carried out; this permitted demonstration of the high level of efficacy of the vaccine, through a comparison of the measles rates among vaccinated and among unvaccinated children. A 30-month follow-up of about 2,000 vaccinated and 2,000 unvaccinated children showed 12 cases of measles with one death in the vaccinated group, as against 340 cases with 24 deaths in the control group. An investigation of children hospitalized in Santiago was carried out during 1965. At that time 43 per cent of the city's population between eight months and five years of age had been vaccinated; 256 unvaccinated children were hospitalized with measles and there were 30 deaths, whereas only 5 vaccinated children
Assuntos
Sarampo , Chile , Vacinação em MassaRESUMO
Reactions to combined attenuvax-smallpox vaccine were studied, and were compared with those produced by each type of vaccine separately, in children from one to five years of age, controlled by maternal-child care centers under the National Health Service in Santiago, Chile. Combined freeze-dried and preblended attenuvax-smallpox vaccine and freeze-dried "Dryvax" smallpox vaccine were used. The combined vaccine was jet-injected, while the measles vaccine was administered in the form of subcutaneous injections, and the smallpox vaccine by the multipuncture technique
The new preblended and combined attenuvax-smallpox vaccine administered by jet injection produces general clinical reactions similar to or milder than those caused by each vaccine when administered separately
"Takes" were recorded in 96.9 per cent of children inoculated with the combined vaccine, which is an excellent result
To judge from the rise in titers in serological tests counts for both viruses in the cases inoculated, there was no evidence of interference between antigens. The conversion rate for each virus closely resembled that obtained when each vaccine was administered separately, and the geometric mean of the hemoagglutination inhibition titers was also very similar for the combined vaccine and for each vaccine administered separately
Revaccination against smallpox in children inoculated two months earlier with the ... (AU)