RESUMO
Cell components soluble in neutral detergent are a diverse group, both compositionally and nutritionally. The present study aimed to evaluate production responses, behavior (eating, ruminating, and idling), and nitrogen balance of dairy goats fed different ratios of neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrate fractions. Five multiparous Alpine does with mean ± SD initial body mass of 49.5 ± 7.9 kg and 60 days of lactation were randomly assigned in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The treatments were the ratios of starch (starch associated with soluble sugar [StSS]) to neutral detergent-soluble fiber (NDSF) (StSS:NDSF): 0.89, 1.05, 1.24, 1.73, and 2.92. No effect was observed (P > 0.05) of StSS:NDSF on the intakes of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and NDSC. However, DM intake showed a quadratic behavior (P = 0.049). The ingestive behavior was affected by StSS:NDSF linearly increased (P = 0.002) the feeding efficiency. The increase in StSS:NDSF caused a linear increase in fecal (P = 0.011), urinary (P < 0.001), and milk nitrogen excretion (P = 0.024). The increase in StSS:NDSF affected (P = 0.048) milk yield and net energy lactation (P = 0.036). In conclusion, dairy goats experience reduced dry matter intake and milk yield when subjected to high-NDSC diets, specifically those above 1.24 StSS:NDSF ratio. Elevated NDSC levels in the diets lead to decreased feeding time, whereas rumination remains unaffected. Nitrogen losses in goats increase linearly with high-NDSC diets, and a significant impact on nitrogen balance.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Dieta , Cabras , Lactação , Leite , Nitrogênio , Animais , Cabras/fisiologia , Feminino , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Nitrogênio/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Leite/química , Ração Animal/análise , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Distribuição Aleatória , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Fibras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Carboidratos da Dieta/análise , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are fatty acids that are found in the lipids from goat milk, and appear to protect neurons from excitotoxicity. METHODS: We investigated in developing rats the effects of a maternal CLA-rich diet (containing 7% lipids from goat milk) on body development and cerebral electrical activity of the progeny from dams receiving the CLA diet during gestation (G), lactation (L) or both periods (G+L). RESULTS: Compared to a control group (C) receiving a diet with 7% soybean oil, body weight increased at 14, 21 and 28 days, but not at 35-45 days, in L and G+L groups (P<0.05). No intergroup difference was found on body and brain weights, body length, abdominal and thoracic circumferences, body mass index and abdominal to thoracic circumference ratio at 35-45 days. In contrast, at this later age the CSD velocities of propagation were significantly higher (P<0.05) in L as compared with the C and G group, and in the L+G, as compared with the C, G and L groups, suggesting a long-lasting brain effect. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that a maternal CLA-rich diet can differentially influence body weight increment (short-term effect), and CSD propagation (long-term effect) in the progeny, and the lactation is the most critical period for such diet actions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: The facilitating effect of the lipids from goat milk on an excitability-related phenomenon in the brain (CSD) can be of clinical relevance, since CSD has been associated to neurological disturbances like migraine and epilepsy.
Assuntos
Depressão Alastrante da Atividade Elétrica Cortical/efeitos dos fármacos , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/farmacologia , Crescimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Linoleicos Conjugados/farmacologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais Recém-Nascidos/fisiologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Química Encefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Dieta , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Feminino , Masculino , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/etiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/psicologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Most studies present in the literature about the rumen microbiome have focused on cattle and sheep. This is the first report of the characterization of the bacterial and archaeal communities present in the liquid and solid-associated fractions of the rumen from free ranging Moxotó breed goats using 16S rRNA gene libraries. PCR was used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene with bacterial and archaeal universal primers and sequences from each library constructed were obtained. Sequences of Bacteria from the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were predominant. The overall dominant classes in the rumen were Clostridia and Bacteroidia, which are known to play a role in plant fiber degradation in other ruminants. Unclassified Bacteria accounted for 4.7% of the liquid fraction sequences and 16.4% of the solid fraction sequences. From the archaeal libraries only sequences from the phylum Euryarcheota were identified and were assigned to the class Methanobacteria of the genera Methanobrevibacter and Methanosphaera. A group of Archaea not previously known to be associated with the rumen was identified: uncultured methanogens belonging to the "uncultured marine bacteria" groups II and III. The local water contained high salt concentrations and this may explain the presence of these groups in the Moxotó goat rumen.
Assuntos
Archaea/genética , Bactérias/genética , Cabras/microbiologia , Metagenoma , Rúmen/microbiologia , Animais , Archaea/classificação , Archaea/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Sequência de Bases , Biota , Brasil , Feminino , Biblioteca Gênica , Genes Arqueais , Genes Bacterianos , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Fetal programming is linked to adulthood metabolic and chronic diseases. We hypothesized that early fish oil (FO) intake would revert the programming responses in adult offspring. Pregnant mice were fed either standard chow (SC) or a low-protein diet (LP) throughout pregnancy/lactation. At weaning, the following groups were formed: SC and SC-FO, LP and LP-FO, which were fed SC or SC+FO, respectively. The LP offspring are predisposed to becoming fat, hypercholesterolemic and hyperglycemic. In addition, during adulthood, they become hypertensive with hepatic steatosis and have a high level of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP-1). However, LP offspring that were fed an FO-enriched diet have decreased body mass (BM) gain and lower final BM. In addition, with this diet, these mice have improved lipid metabolism with a decrease in total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglyceride (TG) levels, reduced fat pad masses and reduced adipocyte size. Furthermore, these LP offspring show reduced liver structural damage of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), liver steatosis with low SREBP-1 protein expression and high peroxisome proliferator activity receptor-alpha expression, and improvement of blood pressure (BP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha level. Early fish oil intake has beneficial effects on the programming responses that control body fat pad, glucose and lipid metabolism, and liver and adipose tissue structure in adult programmed offspring.