RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The consumption of yerba mate (YM), a source of antioxidants, in a fasted state increases fatty acid oxidation (FATox) during low-moderate-intensity exercise and improves performance in high-intensity exercise. However, the impact of a pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) meal on YM effects during exercise is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of yerba mate drink (YMD) consumed in the fasted state (YMD-F) or after a CHO meal (YMD-CHO) on measurements of metabolism, performance, and blood oxidative stress markers in cycling exercise. METHODS: In a randomized, repeated-measures, crossover design, eight trained male cyclists ingested (i) YMD-CHO, (ii) YMD-F, or (iii) control-water and CHO meal (Control-CHO). The YMD (an infusion of 5 g of ultrarefined leaves in 250 mL of water) was taken for 7 days and 40 min before exercise. CHO meal (1 g/kg body mass) was consumed 60 min before exercise. The cycling protocol included a 40-min low-intensity (~ 53% VÌO2peak) constant load test (CLT); a 20-min time trial (TT); and 4 × 10-s all-out sprints. Blood samples and respiratory gases were collected before, during, and/or after tests. RESULTS: During CLT, YMD-CHO increased FATox ~ 13% vs. YMD-F (P = 0.041) and ~ 27% vs. Control-CHO (P < 0.001). During TT, YMD-CHO increased FATox ~ 160% vs. YMD-F (P < 0.001) and ~ 150% vs. Control-CHO (P < 0.001). Power output during TT improved ~ 3% (P = 0.022) in YMD-CHO vs. Control-CHO and was strongly correlated with changes in serum total antioxidant capacity (r = -0.87) and oxidative stress index (r = 0.76) at post-exercise in YMD-CHO. Performance in sprints was not affected by YMD. CONCLUSION: CHO intake did not negate the effect of YMD on FATox or TT performance. Instead, a synergism between the two dietary strategies may be present. Clinical Trial Registration NCT04642144. November 18, 2020. Retrospectively registered.
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The interest in a diet with a higher proportion of plant-based foods to animal-based foods is a global food pattern trend. However, there are concerns regarding adopting plants as the main dietary protein source to support muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle mass. These concerns are centered on three issues: lower protein bioavailability due to antinutritional compounds in plants, lower per-serve scores of protein at similar energy intake, and amino acid scores of plants being lower than optimal. We aimed here to synthesize and discuss evidence around plant protein in human nutrition focusing on the capacity of these proteins to stimulate MPS as a key part of gaining or maintaining muscle mass. In this review, we addressed the issues of plant protein quality and provided evidence for how plant proteins can be made more effective to stimulate MPS and support muscle mass in partial or total replacement of consumption of products of animal origin. Novelty: Plant proteins are known, in general, to have lower protein quality scores than animal proteins, and this may have important implications, especially for those aiming to increase their skeletal muscle mass through exercise. A plant-based diet has been postulated to have lower protein quality limiting MPS responses and potentially compromising exercise-induced gains in muscle mass. Current evidence shows that plant proteins can stimulate MPS, as can whole foods, especially when combining food groups, increasing portion sizes, and optimizing amino acid bioavailability through processing or common preparation methods.
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Proteínas Alimentares , Proteínas Musculares , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas Musculares/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMO
Breast cancer (Bca) is the most common type of cancer among women worldwide, and oxidative stress caused by adjuvant treatment may be decreased by antioxidant intake. The aim of this study is to investigate the associations between Dietary antioxidant Capacity (DaC) and oxidation and antioxidant biomarkers in women undergoing adjuvant treatment (AT) for Bca. This prospective study had a sample of 70 women (52.2 ± 10.7 y). DaC (mmol/g) was calculated using nutritional data obtained from a Food Frequency Questionnaire, and blood was collected to measure the oxidation and antioxidant biomarkers at baseline (T0), and after AT (T1). Carbonylated protein levels were inversely associated with DaC at T1 (p = 0.004); women showed an increased risk of having increment on lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and decrement on ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reduced glutathione after AT, in response to lowered DaC (p < 0.05). Carbonylated proteins, TBARS and FRAP levels remained stable between the periods for women at the 3rd DaC tertile at T1, differentiating them from those at the 1st tertile, who showed negative changes in these biomarkers (p < 0.04). DaC may be beneficial for women undergoing AT for Bca, since it promoted a reduction in oxidative stress.
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Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias da Mama/sangue , Dieta/métodos , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Biomarcadores/sangue , Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Quimioterapia Adjuvante/efeitos adversos , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Feminino , Glutationa/sangue , Humanos , Peróxidos Lipídicos/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Carbonilação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Radioterapia Adjuvante/efeitos adversos , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoAssuntos
COVID-19/epidemiologia , Ritmo Circadiano , Habitação , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/etiologia , Pandemias , Isolamento Social , Humanos , Luz SolarRESUMO
Oxidative stress produced by adjuvant treatments is associated with cell injury; however, a healthy diet can help mitigate it. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between diet quality and oxidative stress parameters in women subjected to adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. The sample comprised 70 women. Oxidative stress biomarkers and diet quality parameters based on the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised (BHEI-R)-were evaluated at baseline (p0) and after adjuvant treatment (p1). Ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) was associated with diet quality at p0. BHEI-R scores were not different between p0 and p1; however, scores from total vegetables, total fruits, milk and dairy products, and meat, eggs and legumes were lower during treatment. On the other hand, lower sodium and saturated fat intake observed at p1 counterbalanced the BHEI-R score. Oxidative stress parameters have increased at p1, but they were not associated with diet quality; thus, changes in component intake were not enough to promote changes in oxidative stress during treatment. It appears that diet can enhance patients' antioxidant defense before treatment, which could lead to better outcomes in the long term. Further investigations may help to clarify the association between diet and oxidative stress in women with breast cancer.
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Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Dieta Saudável , Comportamento Alimentar , Avaliação Nutricional , Estresse Oxidativo , Adulto , Idoso , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias da Mama/sangue , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos Transversais , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sódio/administração & dosagemRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical effects and antioxidant potential of spray-dried yerba mate extract (SDME) capsules in healthy individuals. Fourteen healthy volunteers consumed three capsules of SDME three times daily. Measurements were carried out at the baseline and after 7, 30, and 60 days of SDME capsules intake. Electrocardiogram, hematological, urinary, and biochemical parameters analyzed remained within the normal values during all the study. SDME capsules ingestion increased significantly serum antioxidant capacity (after 7 and 30 days) and reduced glutathione values (after 7 and 60 days), and the superoxide dismutase (after 7, 30, and 60 days), catalase (after 7 and 30 days), and paraoxonase-1 activities (after 7 days); and decreased lipid hydroperoxides (after 30 and 60 days) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels (after 7 and 30 days). No change was observed for glutathione peroxidase activity after SDME capsules intake. The present study showed that SDME capsules ingestion by healthy individuals did not promote clinical changes and promoted an increase of antioxidant biomarkers with a concomitant decrease of lipid peroxidation biomarkers in a short and prolonged manner.
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Ilex paraguariensis , Antioxidantes , Cápsulas , Catalase , Humanos , Extratos Vegetais , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido TiobarbitúricoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to characterise the bioactive compounds in mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) extract and in concentrated mate extract obtained by nanofiltration (NF). Also, the impact of NF on the antioxidant activity of both mate extracts was evaluated in vitro and using eukaryotic cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast assay). The results showed a significant increase in the contents of total phenolics (338%), chlorogenic acid (483%), theobromine (323%), caffeine (251%), chlorophyll (321%), condensed tannins (278%) and saponins (211%) in the concentrated mate extract. The concentrated mate extract showed higher in vitro antioxidant activity than the mate extract. According to the results obtained, it can be stated that the use of nanofiltration membrane is a valid approach for the concentration of biologically active compounds in aqueous extract of mate.
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Filtração/métodos , Ilex paraguariensis/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Cafeína/análise , Cafeína/isolamento & purificação , Ácido Clorogênico/análise , Ácido Clorogênico/isolamento & purificação , Filtração/instrumentação , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Saponinas/análise , Saponinas/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Aims: To identify the effect of adjuvant antineoplastic treatment on body weight change of women with breast cancer.METHODS: A non-randomized clinical study included women with a recent surgical diagnosis of breast cancer, admitted tothe Maternidade Carmela Dutra hospital in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, between October 2006 and July2008. Food intake, weight, body mass index, hip circumference, waist circumference and other variables were measuredbefore (baseline) and after the adjuvant antineoplastic treatment (pos-treatment). A mixed effects linear regression modelwas used to estimate the longitudinal changes occurring in weight.Results: The sample comprised 53 patients. A significant increase (P<0.05) was observed in body weight (2.81 kg), bodymass index (1.08 kg/m2), hip circumference (3.62 cm) and waist circumference (1.93 cm). In relation to diet, there was asignificant increase (P<0.05) in the intake of energy (272.7 kcal), total fat (11.2 g) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (5.4 g).The final regression model for the change in body weight demonstrated that the women who were exposed to chemotherapytreatment, and to chemotherapy associated with radiotherapy, had the largest mean increase in body weight (2.47 kg and 5.21kg, respectively). Socio-economic, demographic and nutritional factors were not associated with the increase in body weight.Conclusions: Weight gain was associated with chemotherapy treatment either alone or in combination with radiotherapy.
Objetivos: Identificar o efeito do tratamento antineoplásico adjuvante sobre a mudança de peso corporal em mulheres com câncer de mama. Métodos: Um estudo clínico não randomizado incluiu mulheres com diagnóstico cirúrgico recente de câncer de mama, admitidas no hospital Maternidade Carmela Dutra em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, entre outubro de 2006 e julho de 2008. Os dados de consumo alimentar, peso corporal, índice de massa corporal, circunferência do quadril, circunferência da cintura e outras variáveis, foram avaliados antes (basal) e depois do tratamento antineoplásico adjuvante (pós-tratamento). Um modelo de regressão linear de efeitos mistos foi utilizado para estimar as mudanças longitudinais que ocorreram no peso corporal. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 53 pacientes. Foi observado um aumento significativo (P<0,05) no peso corporal (2,81 kg), índice de massa corporal (1,08 kg/m2), circunferência do quadril (3,62 cm) e circunferência da cintura (1,93 cm). Em relação aos aspectos dietéticos, houve um significativo aumento (P<0,05) na ingestão de energia (272,7 kcal), gorduras totais (11,2 g) e ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (5,4 g). O modelo final para a mudança no peso corporal demonstrou que as mulheres as quais foram expostas ao tratamento quimioterápico, e quimioterápico associado ao radioterápico, tiveram um maior aumento médio no peso corporal (2,47 kg e 5,21 kg, respectivamente). Os fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e nutricionais não foram associados com o aumento no peso corporal. Conclusões: O aumento de peso esteve associado com o tratamento quimioterápico sozinho ou em combinação com o tratamento radioterápico.
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Circunferência Abdominal , Neoplasias da Mama , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Índice de Massa CorporalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of long-term ingestion of mate tea, with or without dietary intervention, on the markers of oxidative stress in dyslipidemic individuals. METHODS: Seventy-four dyslipidemic volunteers participated in this randomized clinical trial. Subjects were divided into three treatment groups: mate tea (MT), dietary intervention (DI), and mate tea with dietary intervention (MD). Biochemical and dietary variables were assessed at the beginning of the study (baseline) and after 20, 40, 60, and 90 d of treatment. Participants in the MT and MD groups consumed 1 L/d of mate tea. Those in the DI and MD groups were instructed to increase their intake of fruit, legumes and vegetables and decrease their consumption of foods rich in cholesterol and saturated and trans-fatty acids. Biomarkers of oxidative stress such as antioxidant capacity of serum (ferric reducing antioxidant potential assay), uric acid, reduced glutathione, paraoxonase-1 enzyme, lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH), and protein carbonyl were analyzed. RESULTS: Participants in the DI group showed a significant decrease in total fat and saturated fatty acid intakes. Those in the DI and MD groups presented a significant increase in vitamin C consumption. For all groups, there was a significant increase in ferric reducing antioxidant potential and reduced glutathione concentrations but no significant changes in LOOH, protein carbonyl, and paraoxonase-1 values. The reduced glutathione concentration was positively correlated with the consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids, fiber, and vitamin C, whereas levels of LOOH were inversely correlated with intakes of vitamin C and fiber. In addition, LOOH correlated positively with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and inversely with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which had a positive association with paraoxonase-1. CONCLUSION: The ingestion of mate tea independently of the dietary intervention increased plasma and blood antioxidant protection in patients with dyslipidemia.
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Ácido Ascórbico/administração & dosagem , Dieta , Dislipidemias/terapia , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Ilex paraguariensis , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fitoterapia , Adulto , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Arildialquilfosfatase/sangue , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacologia , Ácido Ascórbico/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores/sangue , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Fibras na Dieta/farmacologia , Fibras na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Dislipidemias/sangue , Ingestão de Energia , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Glutationa/sangue , Humanos , Peróxidos Lipídicos/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Preparações de Plantas/farmacologia , Preparações de Plantas/uso terapêutico , Carbonilação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) infusions have been shown to reduce plasma glucose in animals and serum lipids in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of roasted mate tea consumption, with or without dietary counseling, on the glycemic and lipid profiles of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or pre-diabetes. METHODS: Twenty-nine T2DM and 29 pre-diabetes subjects were divided into 3 groups: mate tea, dietary intervention, and mate tea and dietary intervention. Individuals drank 330 mL of roasted mate tea 3 times a day and/or received nutritional counseling over 60 days. Blood samples were collected and food intake was assessed at baseline and after 20, 40, and 60 days of treatments. RESULTS: Mate tea consumption decreased significantly the levels of fasting glucose (25.0 mg/dL), glycated hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) (0.85%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (13.5 mg/dL) of T2DM subjects (p < 0.05); however, it did not change the intake of total energy, protein, carbohydrate, cholesterol, and fiber. In pre-diabetes individuals, mate tea consumption combined with nutritional counseling diminished significantly the levels of LDL-c (11 mg/dL), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (21.5 mg/dL), and triglycerides (53.0 mg/dL) (p < 0.05). Individuals of this group decreased significantly their consumption of total fat (14%), cholesterol (28%), and saturated (23.8%) and monounsaturated (28.0%) fatty acids, and increased their fiber intake by 35% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Mate tea consumption improved the glycemic control and lipid profile of T2DM subjects, and mate tea consumption combined with nutritional intervention was highly effective in decreasing serum lipid parameters of pre-diabetes individuals, which may reduce their risk of developing coronary disease.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Ilex paraguariensis/química , Lipídeos/sangue , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Estado Pré-Diabético/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Glicemia/análise , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/sangue , Índice Glicêmico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Estado Pré-Diabético/sangue , Método Simples-Cego , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
The objective of this study was to verify the effect of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) consumption on lipid and lipoprotein levels in humans. One hundred and two individuals participated of this single-blind controlled trial. Normolipidemic (n = 15), dyslipidemic (n = 57), and hypercholesterolemic subjects on long-term statin therapy (n = 30) ingested 330 mL, 3 times/day, of green or roasted yerba mate infusions for 40 days. In normolipidemic subjects, yerba mate consumption reduced LDL-cholesterol by 8.7% (p < 0.05). Compared with the baseline period, yerba mate intake by dyslipidemic individuals for 20 and 40 days lowered LDL-cholesterol by 8.1 and 8.6% (p < 0.001) and non-HDL cholesterol by 5.4 and 6.5% (p < 0.01). After 20 days of yerba mate intake, apolipoprotein B was reduced by 6.0% (p < 0.05) and HDL-cholesterol was increased by 4.4% (p < 0.01). In all participants triglyceride levels remained unchanged. The consumption of yerba mate by hypercholesterolemic individuals on statin therapy promoted additional 10.0 and 13.1% reductions in LDL-C after 20 and 40 days, respectively (p < 0.001) and increased HDL-cholesterol by 6.2% after 40 days (p < 0.05). It was thus concluded that intake of yerba mate infusion improved the lipid parameters in normolipidemic and dyslipidemic subjects and provided an additional LDL-cholesterol reduction in hypercholesterolemic subjects on statin treatment, which may reduce the risk for cardiovascular diseases.