RESUMO
A hypoxic model was used to investigate changes in localized cerebral and muscle haemodynamics during knee extension (KE) in healthy individuals. Thirty-one young healthy volunteers performed one set of KE until failure under hypoxia (14 % O(2)) or normoxia (21 % O(2)) at 50, 75 or 100 % of 1 repetition maximum, in random order, on three occasions. Prefrontal cerebral and vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation and blood volume (Cox, Mox, Cbv and Mbv, respectively) were recorded simultaneously by near-infrared spectroscopy. Hypoxia induced significant declines in Cox [-0.017 ± 0.016 optical density (OD) units] and Mox (-0.014 ± 0.026 OD units) and increases in Cbv (0.017 ± 0.027 OD units) and Mbv (0.016 ± 0.023 OD units) at rest. Hypoxia significantly reduced total work (TW) performed during KE at each exercise intensity. Cox, Cbv, Mox, and Mbv changes during KE did not differ between normoxia and hypoxia. Correlations between TW done and Cox changes under normoxia (r = 0.04, p = 0.182) and hypoxia (r = 0.05, p = 0.122) were not significant. However, TW was significantly correlated with Mox under both normoxia (R (2) = 0.24, p = 0.000) and hypoxia (R (2) = 0.15, p = 0.004). Since changes in Cox and Mox reflect alterations in the balance between oxygen delivery and extraction in these tissues, which, in the brain, is an index of neuronal activation, we conclude that: (1) limitation of KE performance was mediated peripherally under both normoxia and hypoxia, with no additional effect of hypoxia, and (2) because of the low common variance with Mox additional intramuscular factors likely play a role in limiting KE performance.
Assuntos
Hipóxia/fisiopatologia , Articulação do Joelho/fisiopatologia , Contração Muscular , Fadiga Muscular , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Consumo de Oxigênio , Resistência Física , Adulto , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo , Circulação Cerebrovascular , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Amplitude de Movimento ArticularRESUMO
l-Arginine (L-arg) is an amino acid precursor to nitric oxide (NO). Dietary supplements containing L-arg have been marketed with the purpose of increasing vasodilation, thereby elevating blood flow to the exercising muscle and enhancing the metabolic response to exercise. Our goal was to identify the acute effect of L-arg supplementation on biceps strength performance, indicators of NO production (nitrite and nitrate - NOx), and muscle blood volume (Mbv) and oxygenation (Mox) during recovery from 3 sets of resistance exercise. Fifteen males participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. After withdrawing resting blood samples, the subjects were supplemented with 6 g of L-arg (ARG) or placebo (PLA). Monitoring of Mbv and Mox with near-infrared spectroscopy began 30 min after supplementation and lasted for 60 min. The exercise protocol (3 sets of 10 maximal voluntary contractions of isokinetic concentric elbow extension at 60°·s(-1), 2-min rest between sets) was initiated 80 min after supplementation. Blood samples were drawn at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after supplementation. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that Mbv significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in ARG compared with the PLA during the recovery period of each set of resistance exercise. NOx, Mox, peak torque, total work, and set total work were not significantly different between groups. We found that acute L-arg supplementation increases Mbv during recovery from sets of resistance exercise with no increase in strength performance. It is still premature to recommend nutritional supplements containing L-arg as an ergogenic aid to increase muscle strength during resistance training in healthy subjects.
Assuntos
Arginina/administração & dosagem , Volume Sanguíneo/efeitos dos fármacos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Contração Muscular , Força Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/irrigação sanguínea , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Treinamento Resistido , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Arginina/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Brasil , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Nitratos/sangue , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Nitritos/sangue , Consumo de Oxigênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional/efeitos dos fármacos , Espectroscopia de Luz Próxima ao Infravermelho , Fatores de Tempo , Torque , Extremidade Superior , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Dietary supplements containing L-arginine, a semi-essential amino acid, are one of the latest ergogenic aids intended to enhance strength, power and muscle recovery associated with both aerobic and resistance exercise. L-arginine is claimed to promote vasodilation by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production in the active muscle during exercise, improving strength, power and muscular recovery through increased substrate utilization and metabolite removal, such as lactate and ammonia. Research on L-arginine has recently tested this hypothesis, under the assumption that it may be the active compound associated with the vasodilator effects of NO. There were only five acute studies retrieved from the literature that evaluated exercise performance after L-arginine supplementation, three of which reported significant improvements. Regarding studies on chronic effects, eight studies were encountered: four reported enhancements in exercise performance, whilst four reports showed no changes. Whether these improvements in exercise performance - regardless of the aerobic or anaerobic nature of the exercise - can be associated with increases in NO production, has yet to be demonstrated in future studies. Low oral doses (≤20 g) are well tolerated and clinical side effects are rare in healthy subjects. In summary, it is still premature to recommend dietary supplements containing L-arginine as an ergogenic aid for healthy physically active subjects.
Assuntos
Arginina/farmacologia , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Força Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência Física/efeitos dos fármacos , Arginina/efeitos adversos , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Humanos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Treinamento Resistido , Vasodilatação/fisiologiaRESUMO
Cerebral contra-lateral frontal lobe and the dominant vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation (Cox, Mox) and blood volume (Cbv, Mbv) were recorded simultaneously using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in 12 healthy volunteers (37.4 +/- 9.9 years; 72.3 +/- 16.1 kg; 171.0 +/- 9.6 cm) during 2 min resting baseline, an isometric knee extension with the 1 RM load sustained to the point of fatigue, and 3 min recovery. The mean exercise duration was 19.1 +/- 2.6 s. During the contraction, Cox and Cbv increased systematically with no sign of levelling off until the point of fatigue. In contrast, Mox and Mbv declined continuously until the termination of exercise. Qualitative analysis of these NIRS profiles suggested that maximal isometric performance under normoxic conditions was most likely not limited by central neuronal activation, but rather, was due to factors within the exercising muscle. It is likely that depletion of intramuscular stores of high energy phosphates and oxymyoglobin, as well as the accumulation of metabolites from anaerobic pathways, were implicated in fatigue during this sustained high intensity isometric contraction.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Contração Isométrica/fisiologia , Articulação do Joelho/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Esforço Físico/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
There is growing interest in resistance training, but many aspects related to this type of exercise are still not fully understood. Performance varies substantially depending on how resistance training variables are manipulated. Fatigue is a complex phenomenon usually attributed to central (neuronal) and/or peripheral (muscular) origin. Cerebral oxygenation may be associated with the decision to stop exercise, and muscle oxygenation may be related to resistance training responses. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive optical technique used to monitor cerebral and muscle oxygenation levels. The purpose of this review is to briefly describe the NIRS technique, validation and reliability, and its application in resistance exercise. NIRS-measured oxygenation in cerebral tissue has been validated against magnetic resonance imaging during motor tasks. In muscle tissue, NIRS-measured oxygenation was shown to be highly related to venous oxygen saturation and muscle oxidative rate was closely related to phosphocreatine resynthesis, measured by (31)P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy after exercise. The test-retest reliability of cerebral and muscle NIRS measurements have been established under a variety of experimental conditions, including static and dynamic exercise. Although NIRS has been used extensively to evaluate muscle oxygenation levels during aerobic exercise, only four studies have used this technique to examine these changes during typical resistance training exercises. Muscle oxygenation was influenced by different resistance exercise protocols depending on the load or duration of exercise, the number of sets and the muscle being monitored. NIRS is a promising, non-invasive technique that can be used to evaluate cerebral and muscle oxygenation levels simultaneously during exercise, thereby improving our understanding of the mechanisms influencing performance and fatigue.