RESUMO
In this study, we assessed the survival and immune response of mice vaccinated with recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG Pasteur that expressed the CP40 or CP09720 proteins after the mice were challenged with a C. pseudotuberculosis MIC-6 virulent strain. Six groups of mice (n = 10 mice per group) were immunised with a sterile 0.9% saline solution (G1), 106 CFU of M. bovis BCG Pasteur (G2), 106 CFU of M. bovis BCG/cp40 (G3), 106 CFU of M. bovis BCG/cp09720 (G4), M. bovis BCG/cp40 boosted with rCP40 (G5), and M. bovis BCG/cp09720 boosted with rCP09720 (G6). The highest survival rate of 90% was observed in the G5 group, followed by 80% in the G6 group and 70% in the G3 and G4 groups. Moreover, a significantly greater induction of IFN-γ and IL-10 was found in the G3 group and higher IL-17 levels were recorded in the G5 group compared to their levels in the control group (G1) (p < 0.05). A specific humoral immune response (total IgG) was found in the G5 and G6 groups on day 42 compared to the level of response in the G1 group. These results indicated that the vector vaccine elicited significantly greater survival of mice in all experimental groups after a strong virulent challenge and induced a strong immune response.
Assuntos
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis , Mycobacterium bovis , Animais , Camundongos , Vacina BCG , Interferon gama/metabolismoRESUMO
This study aims to understand how the zika and chikungunya epidemics incited technological development. We surveyed epidemiological data and technological prospecting, using data from Brazilian National Institute of Industry Property (INPI) and Orbit Intelligence, and analyzed products developed/under development worldwide and products registered in Brazil by Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa). In 2016, the highest number of total cases was observed for both diseases. Brazil's technological prospection revealed the existence of a global interest in developing technologies for these diseases and filing their patents in Brazil, with companies as the main depositors. Global technological prospecting showed that 2016 is an important milestone in the evolution of the number of patents for zika and chikungunya, suggesting that Brazilian epidemics stimulated the world in the development of new health inputs. The United States and China are the main jurisdictions, with universities as the largest depositors. Global product analysis revealed that only two products reached the market for zika and one for chikungunya, and vaccines are in the top category. A research in Anvisa revealed more products registered for zika compared to chikungunya. The main legal manufacturers are Brazilian companies, with DiaSorin S.p.A., Eco Diagnóstica Ltda., and Chembio Diagnostics Brazil Ltda. leading the registration requests. Despite the visible stimulus to research, development, and patenting generated by the zika and chikungunya epidemics in Brazil, such stimulus did not guarantee the arrival of new products on the market and population access to these products.
Buscando compreender como as epidemias de zika e chikungunya incitaram o desenvolvimento tecnológico, este estudo realizou levantamento de dados epidemiológicos e prospecção tecnológica, utilizando dados do Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI) e do Orbit Intelligence. Ainda, analisou produtos desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento a nível mundial e aqueles registrados no Brasil por meio da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa). No ano de 2016, observou-se o maior número de casos totais para ambas as doenças. A prospecção tecnológica nacional revelou que há interesse global em desenvolver tecnologias para essas doenças e depositar suas patentes no Brasil, tendo as empresas como principais depositantes. Por sua vez, a prospecção tecnológica global mostrou que o ano de 2016 configura-se como importante marco na evolução do número de patentes para zika e chikungunya, sugerindo que as epidemias brasileiras estimularam o mundo no desenvolvimento de novos insumos para a saúde. Os Estados Unidos e a China são as principais jurisdições, tendo as universidades como maiores depositantes. A análise de produtos a nível global revelou que apenas dois chegaram ao mercado para zika e um para chikungunya, e as vacinas estão na categoria principal. A busca na Anvisa revelou que há mais produtos registrados para zika do que em comparação à chikungunya. Os principais fabricantes legais são empresas brasileiras, com pedidos de registro realizados principalmente pelas empresas DiaSorin S.p.A., ECO Diagnóstica Ltda. e Chembio Diagnostics Brazil Ltda. Apesar do visível estímulo à pesquisa, desenvolvimento e patenteamento gerado pelas epidemias de zika e chikungunya no Brasil, isso não garantiu a chegada de novos produtos ao mercado nem acesso da população a eles.
Con el fin de comprender cómo las epidemias de zika y chikunguña estimularon el desarrollo tecnológico, este estudio realizó la recopilación de datos epidemiológicos y la prospección tecnológica, utilizando datos del Instituto Nacional de la Propiedad Industrial (INPI) y Orbit Intelligence, y analizó los productos desarrollados y en desarrollo en todo el mundo y productos registrados en Brasil por la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (Anvisa). En 2016 se observó el mayor número de casos para ambas enfermedades. La prospección tecnológica nacional reveló que existe un interés mundial por desarrollar tecnologías para estas enfermedades y depositar sus patentes en Brasil, con las empresas como los principales depositantes. La prospección tecnológica mundial mostró que 2016 fue un hito importante en la evolución del número de patentes de zika y chikunguña, lo que sugiere que las epidemias brasileñas estimularon el desarrollo mundial de nuevos insumos para la salud. EE.UU. y China son las principales jurisdicciones, con las universidades como las mayores depositantes. El análisis global de productos reveló que solo 2 han llegado al mercado para zika y 1 para chikunguña, y las vacunas están en la categoría superior. La búsqueda en Anvisa reveló la existencia de más productos registrados para zika que para chikunguña. Los principales fabricantes legales son empresas brasileñas, con las solicitudes de registro realizadas principalmente por DiaSorin S.p.A., Eco Diagnóstica Ltda. y Chembio Diagnostics Brazil Ltda. Aunque hubo una notable promoción a la investigación, desarrollo y patentamiento generado por las epidemias de zika y chikunguña en Brasil, esto no implicó la llegada de nuevos productos al mercado y el acceso a ellos por parte de la población.
Assuntos
Febre de Chikungunya , Dengue , Epidemias , Infecção por Zika virus , Zika virus , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologia , Dengue/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Buscando compreender como as epidemias de zika e chikungunya incitaram o desenvolvimento tecnológico, este estudo realizou levantamento de dados epidemiológicos e prospecção tecnológica, utilizando dados do Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI) e do Orbit Intelligence. Ainda, analisou produtos desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento a nível mundial e aqueles registrados no Brasil por meio da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa). No ano de 2016, observou-se o maior número de casos totais para ambas as doenças. A prospecção tecnológica nacional revelou que há interesse global em desenvolver tecnologias para essas doenças e depositar suas patentes no Brasil, tendo as empresas como principais depositantes. Por sua vez, a prospecção tecnológica global mostrou que o ano de 2016 configura-se como importante marco na evolução do número de patentes para zika e chikungunya, sugerindo que as epidemias brasileiras estimularam o mundo no desenvolvimento de novos insumos para a saúde. Os Estados Unidos e a China são as principais jurisdições, tendo as universidades como maiores depositantes. A análise de produtos a nível global revelou que apenas dois chegaram ao mercado para zika e um para chikungunya, e as vacinas estão na categoria principal. A busca na Anvisa revelou que há mais produtos registrados para zika do que em comparação à chikungunya. Os principais fabricantes legais são empresas brasileiras, com pedidos de registro realizados principalmente pelas empresas DiaSorin S.p.A., ECO Diagnóstica Ltda. e Chembio Diagnostics Brazil Ltda. Apesar do visível estímulo à pesquisa, desenvolvimento e patenteamento gerado pelas epidemias de zika e chikungunya no Brasil, isso não garantiu a chegada de novos produtos ao mercado nem acesso da população a eles.
This study aims to understand how the zika and chikungunya epidemics incited technological development. We surveyed epidemiological data and technological prospecting, using data from Brazilian National Institute of Industry Property (INPI) and Orbit Intelligence, and analyzed products developed/under development worldwide and products registered in Brazil by Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa). In 2016, the highest number of total cases was observed for both diseases. Brazil's technological prospection revealed the existence of a global interest in developing technologies for these diseases and filing their patents in Brazil, with companies as the main depositors. Global technological prospecting showed that 2016 is an important milestone in the evolution of the number of patents for zika and chikungunya, suggesting that Brazilian epidemics stimulated the world in the development of new health inputs. The United States and China are the main jurisdictions, with universities as the largest depositors. Global product analysis revealed that only two products reached the market for zika and one for chikungunya, and vaccines are in the top category. A research in Anvisa revealed more products registered for zika compared to chikungunya. The main legal manufacturers are Brazilian companies, with DiaSorin S.p.A., Eco Diagnóstica Ltda., and Chembio Diagnostics Brazil Ltda. leading the registration requests. Despite the visible stimulus to research, development, and patenting generated by the zika and chikungunya epidemics in Brazil, such stimulus did not guarantee the arrival of new products on the market and population access to these products.
Con el fin de comprender cómo las epidemias de zika y chikunguña estimularon el desarrollo tecnológico, este estudio realizó la recopilación de datos epidemiológicos y la prospección tecnológica, utilizando datos del Instituto Nacional de la Propiedad Industrial (INPI) y Orbit Intelligence, y analizó los productos desarrollados y en desarrollo en todo el mundo y productos registrados en Brasil por la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (Anvisa). En 2016 se observó el mayor número de casos para ambas enfermedades. La prospección tecnológica nacional reveló que existe un interés mundial por desarrollar tecnologías para estas enfermedades y depositar sus patentes en Brasil, con las empresas como los principales depositantes. La prospección tecnológica mundial mostró que 2016 fue un hito importante en la evolución del número de patentes de zika y chikunguña, lo que sugiere que las epidemias brasileñas estimularon el desarrollo mundial de nuevos insumos para la salud. EE.UU. y China son las principales jurisdicciones, con las universidades como las mayores depositantes. El análisis global de productos reveló que solo 2 han llegado al mercado para zika y 1 para chikunguña, y las vacunas están en la categoría superior. La búsqueda en Anvisa reveló la existencia de más productos registrados para zika que para chikunguña. Los principales fabricantes legales son empresas brasileñas, con las solicitudes de registro realizadas principalmente por DiaSorin S.p.A., Eco Diagnóstica Ltda. y Chembio Diagnostics Brazil Ltda. Aunque hubo una notable promoción a la investigación, desarrollo y patentamiento generado por las epidemias de zika y chikunguña en Brasil, esto no implicó la llegada de nuevos productos al mercado y el acceso a ellos por parte de la población.
RESUMO
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is an infectious disease that affects goats and sheep causing drastic impacts on milk and meat production and is caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The disease can be prevented through vaccination but currently, vaccines demonstrate limited efficacy consequently leading to a need for the development of new ones. Here, we described the in silico development of a new chimeric protein constructed with epitopes identified from the sequences of the genes nanH, pknG, spaC, and sodC, previously described as potential vaccinal targets against C. pseudotuberculosis. The chimera was expressed, purified, and its immunogenicity was evaluated using sera of immunized mice. Results indicate the chimeric protein was able to stimulate antibody production. Additionally, analysis using serum from naturally infected goats showed that the protein is recognized by sera from these animals, indicating the possibility for using this chimera in new diagnostic methods. KEY POINTS: ⢠The chimera was expressed with 52 kDa and a yield of 7 mg/L after purification. ⢠The chimera was recognized by the sera of animals immunized with this formulation. ⢠Chimera reacted with the serum of goats naturally infected with C. pseudotuberculosis.
Assuntos
Infecções por Corynebacterium , Linfadenite , Animais , Simulação por Computador , Epitopos/genética , Cabras , Camundongos , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , OvinosRESUMO
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is an infectious chronic disease responsible for economic losses in sheep and goat breeding worldwide. CLA has no effective treatment, evidencing the vaccination schedule as the best control strategy. Although some commercial vaccines have been available, none of them provides total protection, which is sometimes insufficient and does not reach the same efficiency when compared in sheep and goats. They also have questionable safety levels and side effects. In light of this, several experimental vaccines are in development in order to improve safety, reproducibility, and protective immune response against the etiologic agent of CLA, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. In this review, we discussed aspects as antigen, adjuvant, routes of administration, protection level, and animal models used in CLA vaccine development, as well the challenges and future perspectives. KEY POINTS: Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) does not have an appropriate commercial vaccine. Different experimental vaccines are in development aiming to protect against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. An ideal vaccine for CLA is necessary for the disease control.
Assuntos
Infecções por Corynebacterium , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis , Linfadenite , Doenças dos Ovinos , Animais , Vacinas Bacterianas , Infecções por Corynebacterium/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Corynebacterium/veterinária , Cabras , Linfadenite/prevenção & controle , Linfadenite/veterinária , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , OvinosRESUMO
Since drug-resistant nematodes became a common problem in sheep and goat industries, alternative methods using natural products have emerged as a viable and sustainable anthelmintic treatment option. Here, the in vitro effect of essential oil extracted from Lippia gracilis Schauer was assessed on the hatching process of nematodes recovered from naturally infected goats. Essential oil at concentrations of 0.08% (0.008 µL/mL), 0.12% (0.012 µL/mL), and 0.16% (0.016 µL/mL) was able to induce an average inhibition of 74.7, 84 and 93%, respectively. The effective concentration required to inhibit egg hatching in 50% of eggs (EC50) was 0.03452%. Therefore, essential oil of L. gracilis showed promisor in vitro anthelmintic results against egg-hatching of goat gastrointestinal nematodes.(AU)
Como os nematoides resistentes a drogas se tornaram um problema comum nas indústrias de ovinos e caprinos, métodos alternativos que utilizam produtos naturais surgiram como uma opção de tratamento anti-helmíntico viável e sustentável. Aqui, o efeito in vitro do óleo essencial extraído de Lippia gracilis Schauer foi avaliado no processo de eclosão de nematoides recuperados de caprinos naturalmente infectadas. O óleo essencial nas concentrações de 0,08% (0,008 µL/mL), 0,12% (0,012 µL/mL), e 0,16% (0,016 µL/mL)foi capaz de induzir uma inibição média de 74,7, 84 e 93%, respectivamente. A concentração efetiva necessária para inibir a eclosão de ovos em 50% dos ovos (CE50) foi de 0,03452%. Portanto, o óleo essencial de L. gracilis apresentou resultados anti-helmínticos in vitro promissores contra a eclosão de nematódeos gastrintestinais de caprinos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ruminantes/parasitologia , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Lippia , Intestinos/parasitologia , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Nematoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas In Vitro , Cabras/parasitologia , Óleos Voláteis/administração & dosagem , Ovinos/parasitologia , Bioprospecção , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Since drug-resistant nematodes became a common problem in sheep and goat industries, alternative methods using natural products have emerged as a viable and sustainable anthelmintic treatment option. Here, the in vitro effect of essential oil extracted from Lippia gracilis Schauer was assessed on the hatching process of nematodes recovered from naturally infected goats. Essential oil at concentrations of 0.08% (0.008 µL/mL), 0.12% (0.012 µL/mL), and 0.16% (0.016 µL/mL) was able to induce an average inhibition of 74.7, 84 and 93%, respectively. The effective concentration required to inhibit egg hatching in 50% of eggs (EC50) was 0.03452%. Therefore, essential oil of L. gracilis showed promisor in vitro anthelmintic results against egg-hatching of goat gastrointestinal nematodes.(AU)
Como os nematoides resistentes a drogas se tornaram um problema comum nas indústrias de ovinos e caprinos, métodos alternativos que utilizam produtos naturais surgiram como uma opção de tratamento anti-helmíntico viável e sustentável. Aqui, o efeito in vitro do óleo essencial extraído de Lippia gracilis Schauer foi avaliado no processo de eclosão de nematoides recuperados de caprinos naturalmente infectadas. O óleo essencial nas concentrações de 0,08% (0,008 µL/mL), 0,12% (0,012 µL/mL), e 0,16% (0,016 µL/mL)foi capaz de induzir uma inibição média de 74,7, 84 e 93%, respectivamente. A concentração efetiva necessária para inibir a eclosão de ovos em 50% dos ovos (CE50) foi de 0,03452%. Portanto, o óleo essencial de L. gracilis apresentou resultados anti-helmínticos in vitro promissores contra a eclosão de nematódeos gastrintestinais de caprinos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ruminantes/parasitologia , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Lippia , Intestinos/parasitologia , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Nematoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas In Vitro , Cabras/parasitologia , Óleos Voláteis/administração & dosagem , Ovinos/parasitologia , Bioprospecção , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), a chronic disease of sheep and goats. Current methods for CLA diagnosis cannot identify all infected animals; therefore, the development of an improved diagnosis is essential. We evaluated recombinant phospholipase D (rPLD) protein individually or combined with rCP01850 or rCP09720 proteins for the detection of CLA in sheep. A total of 40 positive and 25 negative sera samples were analysed by ELISA using the recombinant proteins. ELISA using rPLD (E1), rPLD+rCP01850 (E2) and rPLD+rCP09720 (E3) showed 90, 92.5 and 97.5â% sensitivity and 92, 72 and 92â% specificity, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for E1, E2 and E3 was 0.925, 0.882 and 0.990, respectively. ELISA using rPLD +rCP09720 demonstrated the best sensitivity and specificity. Thus, the combination of these recombinant proteins in indirect ELISA has the potential for the diagnosis of CLA in sheep.
Assuntos
Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Linfadenite/veterinária , Fosfolipase D/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/diagnóstico , Animais , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/genética , Linfadenite/diagnóstico , OvinosRESUMO
For a long time, the scientific community has described the need for a continued update in practices that ensure the welfare of animals undergoing experimentation. In addition to approaches on principles of care and use of animals, there is a more current emerging concern: defining an appropriate end point in experiments that use animals for research, teaching and testing. The term "endpoint" is defined as the point at which an experimental animal's pain and/or distress is terminated, minimized, or reduced humanely. In the present study, we established an endpoint in Balb/C mice for caseous lymphadenitis vaccine trials, which can be considered as a highly important parameter since several studies are being developed to control the disease efficiently. Mice were monitored daily until the 30th day after infection with pathogenic strain of C. pseudotuberculosis MIC-6 using the most relevant parameters for the appearance of clinical signs of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), such as abscesses, lethargy, and loss of weight and hair. The endpoint was found to be a weight loss of 0.2167 g after five days or 10% weight loss in less than five days. In conclusion, the findings reported here will help improve animal's well-being during vaccine trials for CLA and consequently represent significant contribution to animal's welfare.
Assuntos
Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Infecções por Corynebacterium/prevenção & controle , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Determinação de Ponto Final/métodos , Linfadenite/prevenção & controle , Redução de Peso , Bem-Estar do Animal , Animais , Infecções por Corynebacterium/imunologia , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/imunologia , Linfadenite/microbiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
Most studies of Brazilian red propolis have explored the composition and biological properties of its ethanolic extracts. In this work, we chemically extracted and characterized the essential oil of Brazilian red propolis (EOP) and assessed its adjuvant, antiparasitic and cytotoxic activities. The chemical composition of EOP was analyzed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). EOP was tested for in vitro activity against Trichomonas vaginalis (ATCC 30236 isolate); trophozoites were treated with different concentrations of EOP (ranging from 25 to 500 µg/mL) in order to establish the MIC and IC50 values. A cytotoxicity assay was performed in CHO-K1 cells submitted to different EOP concentrations. BALB/c mice were used to test the adjuvant effect of EOP. The animals were divided in 3 groups and inoculated as follows: 0.4 ng/kg BW EOP (G1); 50 µg of rCP40 protein (G2); or a combination of 0.4 ng/kg BW EOP and 50 µg of rCP40 (G3). Total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a levels were assessed by ELISA. The major constituent compounds of EOP were methyl eugenol (13.1%), (E)-ß-farnesene (2.50%), and δ-amorphene (2.3%). Exposure to EOP inhibited the growth of T. vaginalis, with an IC50 value of 100 µg/mL of EOP. An EOP concentration of 500 µg/mL was able to kill 100% of the T. vaginalis trophozoites. The EOP kinetic growth curve showed a 36% decrease in trophozoite growth after a 12 h exposure to 500 µg/mL of EOP, while complete parasite death was induced at 24 h. With regard to CHO-K1 cells, the CC50 was 266 µg/mL, and 92% cytotoxicity was observed after exposure to 500 µg/mL of EOP. Otherwise, a concentration of 200 µg/mL of EOP was able to reduce parasite proliferation by 70% and was not cytotoxic to CHO-K1 cells. As an adjuvant, a synergistic effect was observed when EOP was combined with the rCP40 protein (G3) in comparison to the administration of each component alone (G1 and G2), resulting in higher concentrations of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a. EOP is constituted by biologically active components with promising antiparasitic and immunostimulatory activities and can be investigated for the formulation of new vaccines or trichomonacidal drugs.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Própole/química , Animais , Formação de Anticorpos , Células CHO , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Feminino , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Trichomonas vaginalis/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The present work aimed to investigate the presence of T. vivax DNA in the semen of experimentally infected goats. Twelve male goats native to the Brazilian Northeast, adults, were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: the infected group consisting of six goats infected intravenously with 0.5 mL of blood containing approximately 1.25 × 105 trypomastigotes of T. vivax, and a control group composed of six uninfected goats. After the infection, clinical examinations aiming to evaluate rectal temperature, parasitemia and hematocrit were performed. Semen samples were collected from goats by electroejaculation on the 7th, 14th and 21st days post-infection (dpi). The recombinant DNA-encoding gene encoding the L-like-specific gene for T. vivax. The infection was characterized by increased rectal temperature, high parasitemia and significant reduction of hematocrit values. Results for T. vivax DNA detection using TviCatL-PCR were positive in all semen samples from the infected group collected on 7th, 14th and 21st dpi. The presence of T. vivax DNA in 7th dpi suggests the early invasion of the parasite in the reproductive organs. Also, the finding of T. vivax DNA in all periods analyzed may suggest the continued elimination of the parasite in the semen, which may increase the chances of sexual transmission. Thus, T. vivax DNA is recorded for the first time in the semen of infected goats. Thus, these data are of great importance, since the detection of the T. vivax genetic material in the semen may point to the possibility that the parasite may be transmitted through the sexual pathway.
Assuntos
DNA de Protozoário/análise , Doenças das Cabras/transmissão , Sêmen/parasitologia , Trypanosoma vivax/fisiologia , Tripanossomíase/veterinária , Animais , Brasil , Cabras , Masculino , Tripanossomíase/transmissãoRESUMO
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a chronic disease responsible for significant economic losses in sheep and goat breeding worldwide. The treatment for this disease is not effective, and an intense vaccination schedule would be the best control strategy. In this study, we evaluated the associations of rCP09720 or rCP01850 proteins from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis with recombinant exotoxin phospholipase D (rPLD) as subunit vaccines in mice. Four experimental groups (10 animals each) were immunized with a sterile 0.9% saline solution (G1), rPLD (G2), rPLDâ¯+â¯rCP09720 (G3), and rPLDâ¯+â¯rCP01850 (G4). The mice received two doses of each vaccine at a 21-day interval and were challenged 21â¯days after the last immunization. The animals were evaluated daily for 40â¯days after the challenge, and mortality rate was recorded. The total IgG production level increased significantly in the experimental groups on day 42 after the first vaccination. Similarly, higher levels of specific IgG2a were observed in experimental groups G2, G3, and G4 compared to the IgG1 levels on day 42. G4 showed a significant (pâ¯<â¯.05) humoral response against both antigens of the antigenic formulations. The cellular immune response induced by immunization was characterized by a significant (pâ¯<â¯.05) production of interferon-γ compared to that in the control, while the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-12 were not significant in any group. A significant increase of tumor necrosis factor was observed only in G4. The survival rates after the challenge were 30% (rPLD), 40% (rPLDâ¯+â¯rCP09720), and 50% (rPLDâ¯+â¯rCP01850). Thus, the association of rCP01850 with rPLD resulted in the best protection against the challenge with C. pseudotuberculosis and induced a more intense type 1 T-helper cell immune response.
Assuntos
Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Infecções por Corynebacterium/prevenção & controle , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/imunologia , Linfadenite/veterinária , Fosfolipase D/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Fosfatase Ácida/administração & dosagem , Fosfatase Ácida/genética , Fosfatase Ácida/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Bacterianas/genética , Infecções por Corynebacterium/imunologia , Infecções por Corynebacterium/microbiologia , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/química , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/enzimologia , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/genética , Esterases/administração & dosagem , Esterases/genética , Esterases/imunologia , Cabras/microbiologia , Imunidade Celular , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Interferon gama/imunologia , Linfadenite/imunologia , Linfadenite/microbiologia , Linfadenite/prevenção & controle , Camundongos , Fosfolipase D/administração & dosagem , Fosfolipase D/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Ovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/imunologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/prevenção & controle , Células Th1/imunologia , Vacinação/veterinária , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/imunologiaRESUMO
Background: Wild animals bred in captivity may develop steatosis due to unbalanced dietary intake and obesity caused by sedentary behaviour. In some rural areas, six-banded armadillos are raised in captivity inside some metal barrels, with restricted space, and are often overfeed. After getting fattening, armadillos they are slaughtered and used as food. The unfavorable conditions may somehow contribute to likely underlie the development of many diseases, among them we can including hepatic steatosis. The present report aims to describe the pathological findings of hepatic lipidosis in banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus), bred in captivity. Case: The animals were three female adult six-banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus), caught in the native forest of the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil and raised in domestic environment in a small enclosure and fed with human food leftovers. After eight months kept in these conditions armadillos had severe obesity and then were donated to the city zoo, where they were quarantined and presented clinical symptoms of anorexia for two weeks, weight loss and exhaustion. After being found dead during daily inspection carried out by the veterinarian zoo, the six-banded armadillos were sent to the Animal Pathology Laboratory of Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid (UFERSA) for pathological examination. The animals [...](AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Lipidoses/patologia , Lipidoses/veterinária , Hepatopatias/patologia , Tatus , Fígado Gorduroso/veterinária , Obesidade/veterinária , Lipólise , Ácidos GraxosRESUMO
Background: Wild animals bred in captivity may develop steatosis due to unbalanced dietary intake and obesity caused by sedentary behaviour. In some rural areas, six-banded armadillos are raised in captivity inside some metal barrels, with restricted space, and are often overfeed. After getting fattening, armadillos they are slaughtered and used as food. The unfavorable conditions may somehow contribute to likely underlie the development of many diseases, among them we can including hepatic steatosis. The present report aims to describe the pathological findings of hepatic lipidosis in banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus), bred in captivity. Case: The animals were three female adult six-banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus), caught in the native forest of the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil and raised in domestic environment in a small enclosure and fed with human food leftovers. After eight months kept in these conditions armadillos had severe obesity and then were donated to the city zoo, where they were quarantined and presented clinical symptoms of anorexia for two weeks, weight loss and exhaustion. After being found dead during daily inspection carried out by the veterinarian zoo, the six-banded armadillos were sent to the Animal Pathology Laboratory of Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid (UFERSA) for pathological examination. The animals [...]
Assuntos
Animais , Fígado Gorduroso/veterinária , Hepatopatias/patologia , Lipidoses/patologia , Lipidoses/veterinária , Tatus , Lipólise , Obesidade/veterinária , Ácidos GraxosRESUMO
Avaliou-se a correlação entre a avaliação da integridade funcional de membrana espermática por meio do teste hiposmótico, utilizando-se soluções com diferentes osmolaridades, e as avaliações convencionais do sêmen fresco de caprinos. Foram utilizados 24 ejaculados de três caprinos machos, obtidos por vagina artificial, os quais foram imediatamente submetidos à avaliação clássica. Em seguida, as amostras foram divididas em cinco alíquotas e submetidas ao teste hiposmótico, utilizando-se água destilada (0 mOsm/L) e soluções de citrato de sódio e frutose de diferentes osmolaridades (50; 100; 150 e 200 mOsm/L). A solução de 100 mOsm/L obteve a maior média de espermatozoides reagidos (34,8%) ao teste hiposmótico (P < 0,05); por outro lado, a água destilada foi a que apresentou os menores valores (20,8%). Não foram detectadas correlações significativas entre os espermatozoides reagidos ao teste hiposmótico e as demais características seminais (P > 0,05). Apesar disso, recomenda-se que o teste hiposmótico seja realizado utilizando-se uma solução a base de citrato de sódio e frutose apresentando 100 mOsm/L para a avaliação da integridade funcional da membrana espermática na espécie caprina.(AU)
We evaluated the correlation between the assessment of the functional integrity of the sperm membrane by hypoosmotic swelling tes,t using solutions with different osmolarities, and the conventional assessments of fresh semen in goats. A total of 24 ejaculates from three goats was obtained by artificial vagina and immediately submitted to the classical evaluation. Samples were divided into five aliquots and subjected to hypoosmotic test using distilled water (0 mOsm/L), and sodium citrate and fructose solutions at different osmolarities (50; 100; 150 and 200 mOsm/L). The 100 mOsm/L solution showed the highest percentage of reacted sperm (34.8%), but distilled water was the one with the lowest values (20.8%). No significant correlations were detected between the reacted sperm verified by the hypoosmotic swelling test and other semen characteristics (P> 0.05). Nevertheless, we recommend the carry out of the hypoosmotic test by using a 100 mOsm/L sodium citrate and fructose solution to assess the functional integrity of the sperm membrane in caprine species.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ruminantes/genética , Espermatozoides , Sêmen , FertilidadeRESUMO
Avaliou-se a correlação entre a avaliação da integridade funcional de membrana espermática por meio do teste hiposmótico, utilizando-se soluções com diferentes osmolaridades, e as avaliações convencionais do sêmen fresco de caprinos. Foram utilizados 24 ejaculados de três caprinos machos, obtidos por vagina artificial, os quais foram imediatamente submetidos à avaliação clássica. Em seguida, as amostras foram divididas em cinco alíquotas e submetidas ao teste hiposmótico, utilizando-se água destilada (0 mOsm/L) e soluções de citrato de sódio e frutose de diferentes osmolaridades (50; 100; 150 e 200 mOsm/L). A solução de 100 mOsm/L obteve a maior média de espermatozoides reagidos (34,8%) ao teste hiposmótico (P 0,05). Apesar disso, recomenda-se que o teste hiposmótico seja realizado utilizando-se uma solução a base de citrato de sódio e frutose apresentando 100 mOsm/L para a avaliação da integridade funcional da membrana espermática na espécie caprina.
We evaluated the correlation between the assessment of the functional integrity of the sperm membrane by hypoosmotic swelling tes,t using solutions with different osmolarities, and the conventional assessments of fresh semen in goats. A total of 24 ejaculates from three goats was obtained by artificial vagina and immediately submitted to the classical evaluation. Samples were divided into five aliquots and subjected to hypoosmotic test using distilled water (0 mOsm/L), and sodium citrate and fructose solutions at different osmolarities (50; 100; 150 and 200 mOsm/L). The 100 mOsm/L solution showed the highest percentage of reacted sperm (34.8%), but distilled water was the one with the lowest values (20.8%). No significant correlations were detected between the reacted sperm verified by the hypoosmotic swelling test and other semen characteristics (P> 0.05). Nevertheless, we recommend the carry out of the hypoosmotic test by using a 100 mOsm/L sodium citrate and fructose solution to assess the functional integrity of the sperm membrane in caprine species.
Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Espermatozoides , Fertilidade , Ruminantes/genética , SêmenRESUMO
A conservação do sêmen caprino sob refrigeração ou congelação baseia-se na redução do metabolismo espermático, promovendo a preservação do ejaculado por longos períodos, e favorecendo o seu uso até mesmo na contra-estação reprodutiva. No entanto, para se realizar esta importante biotécnica é necessário o conhecimento de diversos aspectos como o melhor diluente e crioprotetor a serem utilizados, as taxas de resfriamento, congelação e descongelação mais adequadas, quais as interações existentes entre as substâncias presentes no plasma seminal com os diluidores a serem utilizados e ainda qual a origem das principais lesões ocasionadas pelo frio, tendo em vista sua redução. Desta forma, a presente revisão se propõe a apresentar os princípios e os protocolos mais usuais de conservação do sêmen caprino pelo frio, quer seja através do resfriamento ou mesmo da congelação.
Goat semen conservation under chilling or freezing is based on a reduction in sperm metabolism, promoting the ejaculate preservation for long time and permiting its use even when it is not the seasonal breeding. However, to perform this important biotechnique is necessary to know various aspects, such as the better extender and cryoprotectant to be used, the better chilling, freezing and thawing rates, wich interactions exist with the substances present in the seminal plasma and the extenders and yet the origin of main injuries caused by cold, in order to reduce the sperm loss after thawing. Thus, this review has the objective to present the most common principles and protocols to goat semen conservation by cold, either by chilling or by freezing.
Assuntos
Animais , Preservação do Sêmen/veterinária , Cabras , Refrigeração/veterinária , Criopreservação/veterináriaRESUMO
A inseminação artificial (IA) consiste na mais antiga biotécnica e que mais rápido pode contribuir para o melhoramento genético dos rebanhos. É relativamente fácil de ser aplicada, e é a biotécnica da reprodução mais utilizada atualmente em rebanhos de todo o mundo, porém requer uma série de manejos integrados para o seu sucesso. Na espécie caprina, muitas etapas devem ser respeitadas para o sucesso da IA, que vai desde a infra-estrutura básica da propriedade, com seleção do tipo de sêmen a ser utilizado, das fêmeas a serem inseminadas, até o diagnóstico de gestação. Apesar de ser ainda incipiente no Nordeste, a IA apresenta-se promissora, e sua utilização deve aumentar com a tecnificação e maior nível de instrução dos proprietários. Desta forma, a presente revisão aborda os aspectos mais fundamentais da IA na espécie caprina.
Artificial insemination (AI) is the oldest reproductive biotechnique and has contributed to increase the animal breeding in goat herds of all over the world. AI is a biotechnique of easy application, being the most used among the other ones. However, AI requires a series of integrated management systems to obtain success. In goat species, many steps should be respected to AI success, such as, basic infrastructure of the farm, selection of semen type to be used, selection of the does to be inseminated, and even the pregnancy diagnosis. In spite of the low use of AI in Brazilian Northeast, this biotechnique has presented promising, and its use should increase with the technification and with the higher instructions level of the farms owners. Therefore, this review has the objective of explain the fundamental aspects of AI in goats.
Assuntos
Animais , Sêmen/fisiologia , Cabras/fisiologia , Inseminação Artificial/veterinária , FertilizaçãoRESUMO
Relata-se um caso de mastite clinica causada por Prototheca zopfii (alga unicelular), no município de Iguatu, Ceará. O animal, da raça Holandesa, com peso de 500 Kg e 4 anos idade apresentava produção diária de 18 litros de leite, e era criado sob sistema intensivo de confinamento. Observou-se a presença dos sinais clínicos no quarto anterior direito, com queda acentuada da produção de leite e ainda grumos na caneca de fundo preto. Logo em seguida foram coletadas duas amostras de leite do animal e enviada ao Laboratório de Microbiologia Veterinária da UFERSA. Para a análise microbiológica as amostras foram semeadas em ágar Sabouraud e cultivadas em estufa microbiológica sob condição de aerofilia a uma temperatura de 37ºC por um período de 48 horas, onde se observou o crescimento das colônias, que se apresentaram com diâmetro variável entre 3 e 6 mm e bordas irregularmente onduladas com elevação central. Realizou-se também o teste de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos. O antibiograma demonstrou resistência a todos os antibióticos testados: getamicina (10mg), clorafenicol (30mg), ceftriaxona (30mg), cefoxitina (30mg), vancomicina (30mg), polimixina (300mg), novobicina (30mg), estreptomicina (10mg) e cefalotina (30mg).
We report a case of clinical mastitis caused by Prototheca zopfii (unicellular algae) in the municipality of Iguatu, Ceará. A Holstein cow weighted 500 kg and was 4 years old, with dairy milk production of 18 liters, and was created under intensive system. The main clinical signs observed in the front right quarter, with drop in milk production and presence of flocks in the wired cup test. Two samples of milk were collected from the animals and sent to Laboratório de Microbiologia Veterinária at UFERSA. The samples were streaked on Sabouraud agar and incubated under aerobic conditions for 48 hours at 37 º C. After 72 hours the colonies had presented a diameter varying between 3 and 6 mm and irregular edges with central elevation. An antibiogram was also performed, and revealed resistance to all antibiotics tested: getamicin (10mg), chloramphenicol (30 mg), ceftriaxone (30 mg), cefoxitin (30 mg), vancomycin (30 mg), polymyxin (300mg), novobicin (30mg), streptomycin (10mg) and cephalothin (30mg).
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Prototheca/patogenicidade , Mastite Bovina/etiologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterináriaRESUMO
O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar a influência de métodos de contenção física e química sobre os parâmetros indicadores de estresse em catetos. Foram utilizados 10 catetos machos com idade aproximada de três anos e peso de 20kg, criados na região semi-arida do Rio Grande do Norte. Durante 35 dias, em intervalos semanais, entre cinco e sete horas da manhã, foram realizadas as capturas, e, concomitante a estas, exames clínicos e coleta de sangue para a realização de provas bioquímicas e análises hematológicas. Os animais foram divididos em dois tratamentos: cinco animais foram destinados à contenção química por administração via intramuscular através da associação entre xilazina (2,3 mg/kg), cetamina (1,16 mg/kg) e diazepam (0,5 mg/kg), e cinco foram submetidos à contenção física usando-se um puçá. Os maiores valores das frequências cardíaca e respiratória e temperatura retal foram observados nos indivíduos do grupo submetido à contenção física. Houve aumento significativo dos valores do hematocrito, teor de hemoglobina, número de hemácias, leucocitos, e dos níveis séricos do cortisol, creatina kinase, glicose e lactato desidrogenase nos animais do grupo submetido à contenção física. A tranquilização química dos catetos reduziu os parâmetros indicadores de estresse e facilitou o manejo dos animais.
This experiment aimed to study the influence of the physical and chemical methods of restraint on the stress indicator parameters in collared peccaries. Ten three-years-old collared peccaries, all male, weighing 20kg and raised in Brazilian semiarid, were used. The captures were made weekly, during 35 days, between 5 and 7 a.m., and at the same time as clinical exams and blood samples taken to do biochemical and hematological analysis. The animals were divided in two experimental groups: five animals were restrained chemically using intramuscular administration with the association among xylazine (2,3 mg/kg), ketamine (1,16 mg/kg) and diazepam (0,5 mg/kg), and, five were restrained physically using hand nets. The highest values of cardiac and respiratory frequencies and rectal temperature were noticed in the animals of physical restrain group. A significant increase in the values of packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte number, leukocytes and serum levels of cortisol, creatine kinase, glucose and lactate dehydrogenase were also noticed in the animals of physical restrain group. Chemical tranquilization in collared peccaries has reduced stress indicator parameters and had helped management of the animals.