RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Serological diagnosis of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is challenging because of the antibody cross-reactivity among flaviviruses. At the same time, the role of Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) is limited by the low proportion of symptomatic infections and the low average viral load. Here, we compared the diagnostic performance of commercially available IgM, IgAM, and IgG ELISAs in sequential samples during the ZIKV and chikungunya (CHIKV) epidemics and co-circulation of dengue virus (DENV) in Brazil and Venezuela. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Acute (day of illness 1-5) and follow-up (day of illness ≥ 6) blood samples were collected from nine hundred and seven symptomatic patients enrolled in a prospective multicenter study between June 2012 and August 2016. Acute samples were tested by RT-PCR for ZIKV, DENV, and CHIKV. Acute and follow-up samples were tested for IgM, IgAM, and IgG antibodies to ZIKV using commercially available ELISAs. Among follow-up samples with a RT-PCR confirmed ZIKV infection, anti-ZIKV IgAM sensitivity was 93.5% (43/46), while IgM and IgG exhibited sensitivities of 30.3% (10/33) and 72% (18/25), respectively. An additional 24% (26/109) of ZIKV infections were detected via IgAM seroconversion in ZIKV/DENV/CHIKV RT-PCR negative patients. The specificity of anti-ZIKV IgM was estimated at 93% and that of IgAM at 85%. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings exemplify the challenges of the assessment of test performance for ZIKV serological tests in the real-world setting, during co-circulation of DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV. However, we can also demonstrate that the IgAM immunoassay exhibits superior sensitivity to detect ZIKV RT-PCR confirmed infections compared to IgG and IgM immunoassays. The IgAM assay also proves to be promising for detection of anti-ZIKV seroconversions in sequential samples, both in ZIKV PCR-positive as well as PCR-negative patients, making this a candidate assay for serological monitoring of pregnant women in future ZIKV outbreaks.
Assuntos
Febre de Chikungunya/diagnóstico , Dengue/diagnóstico , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Testes Sorológicos/métodos , Infecção por Zika virus/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Sangue/virologia , Brasil , Criança , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , RNA Viral/sangue , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Venezuela , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The European Commission (EC) Horizon 2020 (H2020)-funded ZIKAlliance Consortium designed a multicentre study including pregnant women (PW), children (CH) and natural history (NH) cohorts. Clinical sites were selected over a wide geographic range within Latin America and the Caribbean, taking into account the dynamic course of the ZIKV epidemic. METHODS: Recruitment to the PW cohort will take place in antenatal care clinics. PW will be enrolled regardless of symptoms and followed over the course of pregnancy, approximately every 4 weeks. PW will be revisited at delivery (or after miscarriage/abortion) to assess birth outcomes, including microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities according to the evolving definition of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). After birth, children will be followed for 2 years in the CH cohort. Follow-up visits are scheduled at ages 1-3, 4-6, 12, and 24 months to assess neurocognitive and developmental milestones. In addition, a NH cohort for the characterization of symptomatic rash/fever illness was designed, including follow-up to capture persisting health problems. Blood, urine, and other biological materials will be collected, and tested for ZIKV and other relevant arboviral diseases (dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever) using RT-PCR or serological methods. A virtual, decentralized biobank will be created. Reciprocal clinical monitoring has been established between partner sites. Substudies of ZIKV seroprevalence, transmission clustering, disabilities and health economics, viral kinetics, the potential role of antibody enhancement, and co-infections will be linked to the cohort studies. DISCUSSION: Results of these large cohort studies will provide better risk estimates for birth defects and other developmental abnormalities associated with ZIKV infection including possible co-factors for the variability of risk estimates between other countries and regions. Additional outcomes include incidence and transmission estimates of ZIKV during and after pregnancy, characterization of short and long-term clinical course following infection and viral kinetics of ZIKV. STUDY REGISTRATIONS: clinicaltrials.gov NCT03188731 (PW cohort), June 15, 2017; clinicaltrials.gov NCT03393286 (CH cohort), January 8, 2018; clinicaltrials.gov NCT03204409 (NH cohort), July 2, 2017.
Assuntos
Arbovírus/isolamento & purificação , Microcefalia/complicações , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologia , Zika virus/imunologia , Adulto , Arbovírus/genética , Região do Caribe/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Coinfecção , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , América Latina/epidemiologia , Microcefalia/epidemiologia , Microcefalia/virologia , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Estudos Prospectivos , Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Zika virus/isolamento & purificação , Infecção por Zika virus/transmissão , Infecção por Zika virus/virologiaRESUMO
Since chikungunya virus emerged in the Caribbean region in late 2013, ≈45 countries have experienced chikungunya outbreaks. We described and quantified the spatial and temporal events after the introduction and propagation of chikungunya into an immunologically naive population from the urban north-central region of Venezuela during 2014. The epidemic curve (n = 810 cases) unraveled within 5 months with a basic reproductive number of 3.7 and a radial spread traveled distance of 9.4 km at a mean velocity of 82.9 m/day. The highest disease diffusion speed occurred during the first 90 days, and space and space-time modeling suggest the epidemic followed a particular geographic pathway with spatiotemporal aggregation. The directionality and heterogeneity of transmission during the first introduction of chikungunya indicated existence of areas of diffusion and elevated risk for disease and highlight the importance of epidemic preparedness. This information will help in managing future threats of new or reemerging arboviruses.
Assuntos
Febre de Chikungunya/epidemiologia , Febre de Chikungunya/virologia , Vírus Chikungunya , Febre de Chikungunya/história , Febre de Chikungunya/transmissão , Surtos de Doenças , Epidemias , Geografia Médica , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Venezuela/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are the first line of therapy in acute gouty arthritis. NSAIDs inhibit the cyclooxygenase pathway, but not the lipooxygenase activity and can have many adverse effects and thus have a limited effect on the control of inflammation in this disease. In this work we studied the effect of montelukast on the cellular inflammatory infiltrate in a model of murine arthritis induced by sodium monourate crystals (SMU), using a subcutaneous air cavity (air pouch) in BALB/c mice. Seven groups of BALB/c mice (n = 4) were distributed into five experimental groups and two inflammatory control groups, a positive and a negative one. Previous to SMU exposure, the experimental groups received montelukast (1 and 0.01 mg/Kg/w) and/or indomethacine (2.5 mg/Kg/w), followed by administration of SMU in the air pouch. The total and differential counts of inflammatory cells were analyzed after 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours. Montelukast, significantly reduced the total number of cells (p < 0.05), with a predominant impact on polymorphonuclear over mononuclear cells, especially after 12 hours of the medication. The montelukast/indometacine combination showed an additive effect. Our data show that montelukast has an anti-inflammatory effect in the model of gouty arthritis. Consequently, anti-leukotrienes could represent a new and effective therapy, either isolated or combined with conventional therapy of gouty arthritis.
Assuntos
Acetatos/uso terapêutico , Artrite Gotosa/tratamento farmacológico , Antagonistas de Leucotrienos/uso terapêutico , Quinolinas/uso terapêutico , Ácido Úrico/toxicidade , Acetatos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Artrite Gotosa/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Gotosa/prevenção & controle , Ensaios de Migração de Leucócitos , Ciclopropanos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Indometacina/administração & dosagem , Indometacina/uso terapêutico , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Leucócitos Mononucleares/efeitos dos fármacos , Antagonistas de Leucotrienos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Pré-Medicação , Quinolinas/administração & dosagem , SulfetosRESUMO
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are the first line of therapy in acute gouty arthritis. NSAIDs inhibit the cyclooxygenase pathway, but not the lipooxygenase activity and can have many adverse effects and thus have a limited effect on the control of inflammation in this disease. In this work we studied the effect of montelukast on the cellular inflammatory infiltrate in a model of murine arthritis induced by sodium monourate crystals (SMU), using a subcutaneous air cavity (air pouch) in BALB/c mice. Seven groups of BALB/c mice (n = 4) were distributed into five experimental groups and two inflammatory control groups, a positive and a negative one. Previous to SMU exposure, the experimental groups received montelukast (1 and 0.01 mg/Kg/w) and/or indomethacine (2.5 mg/Kg/w), followed by administration of SMU in the air pouch. The total and differential counts of inflammatory cells were analyzed after 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours. Montelukast, significantly reduced the total number of cells (p<0.05), with a predominant impact on polymorphonuclear over mononuclear cells, especially after 12 hours of the medication. The montelukast/indometacine combination showed an additive effect. Our data show that montelukast has an anti-inflammatory effect in the model of gouty arthritis. Consequently, anti-leukotrienes could represent a new and effective therapy, either isolated or combined with conventional therapy of gouty arthritis.
En artritis gotosa aguda las drogas antiinflamatorias no esteroideas son la primera línea terapéutica. Este tratamiento no es satisfactorio porque inhibe la ciclooxigenasa sin modificar la actividad de la lipooxigenasa, y puede acompañarse de numerosos efectos adversos. Investigamos el efecto de montelukast sobre el infiltrado celular inflamatorio en un modelo de artritis múrida inducida por cristales de monourato de sodio (MUS) en el modelo experimental de la bolsa de aire (air pouch). Siete grupos de ratones BALB/c (n = 4) fueron distribuidos en cinco grupos experimentales y dos grupos controles inflamatorios: positivo y negativo. Los grupos experimentales recibieron, montelukast (1 y 0,01 mg/Kg/p) y/o indometacina (2,5 mg/Kg/p) por vía oral, previo a la administración de MUS en la bolsa del aire. El conteo absoluto y diferencial de las células inflamatorias fue analizado después de 2, 6, 12 y 24 horas de tratamiento. El tratamiento con montelukast redujo significativamente el número total de células presentes en el infiltrado inflamatorio (p < 0,05), con un efecto mayor sobre polimorfonucleares que sobre las células mononucleares, y con un máximo efecto a las 12 horas después de la administración del medicamento. La combinación montelukast/indometacina mostró un efecto aditivo. Los resultados demuestran que montelukast tiene un efecto antiinflamatorio en el modelo de la artritis gotosa. Por lo tanto, los anti-leucotrienos podrían representar una nueva y eficaz terapia, aislada o en combinación con la terapéutica convencional, para la artritis gotosa.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Acetatos/uso terapêutico , Artrite Gotosa/tratamento farmacológico , Antagonistas de Leucotrienos/uso terapêutico , Quinolinas/uso terapêutico , Ácido Úrico/toxicidade , Acetatos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Artrite Gotosa/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Gotosa/prevenção & controle , Ensaios de Migração de Leucócitos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Indometacina/administração & dosagem , Indometacina/uso terapêutico , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Leucócitos Mononucleares/efeitos dos fármacos , Antagonistas de Leucotrienos/administração & dosagem , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Pré-Medicação , Quinolinas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common glomerulonephritis in humans worldwide; its prevalence and prognosis vary according with geographical areas. The incidence is higher in adults under 30 years of age and in children, it occurs more frequently in patients between 3 and 10 years. Hematuria is the predominant manifestation at presentation of the disease and 20-40% of the cases progress to terminal chronic renal disease. Renal biopsies were performed in 426 children during the period 1980-2002, of them, 12 cases corresponded to IgAN. The clinico-pathological characteristics and evolution of patients were evaluated during an average of 3.85 years. Mean age of patients was 6.2 years, and it was more frequent in males. Hematuria and proteinuria were found in 100% of cases and proteinuria of nephrotic range in 75%. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia in 91%, arterial hypertension in 50% and acute renal failure at presentation in 25%. The predominant histopathological patterns (WHO) were II and III, deposits of mesangial IgA, IgG and C3 were observed in all cases and C4 deposits in 25%. 41.7% of cases had complete remission, 41.7% maintained normal renal function with persistent proteinuria and 16% progressed to terminal chronic renal failure. The actuarial survival of patients was 100% at 3 years, 87% at 4 years and 76% at 8 years. Two patients died during the period of study, at 3.5 and 8.5 years. The variability of presentation of IgA nephropathy was confirmed in this study, which could be attributable to geographical differences, racial influences and clinicopathological features related to sanitary conditions. Despite of the frequency of bad prognosis characteristics at presentation of IgAN in our series, the evolution was similar to reports of other groups.
Assuntos
Glomerulonefrite por IGA/diagnóstico , Biópsia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/patologia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , VenezuelaRESUMO
La nefropatía por IgA (NigA) es la enfermedad glomerular más común en humanos; su prevalencia y evolución varían según la región geográfica. Su incidencia es mayor en menores de 30 años y en niños ocurre más frecuentemente, entre los 3 y 10 años; la hematuria es la manifestación predominante de inicio y evolución a nefropatía terminal en 20 a 40 por ciento de los casos. En el presente estudio, de un total de 426 biopsias renales realizadas entre 1980 y 2002, 12 casos correspondieron a NIgA . Se evaluaron las características clínico-patológicas y evolución de los pacientes durante un promedio de 3,85 años. La edad promedio fue de 6,2 años, con predominio de varones. Cien por ciento de los casos presentó hematuria y proteinuria y 75 por ciento proteinuria de rango nefrótico. La hipertrigliceridemia e hipercolesterolemia se observó en 91 por ciento, hipertensión arterial en 50 por ciento en IRA, al inicio de la enfermedad, en 25 por ciento. Predominaron los grados histológicos (OMS) II y III, y se observaron depósitos mesangiales de IgA, IgG y C3 en todos los pacientes, y de C4 en 25 por ciento. Se observó remisión total en 41,7 por ciento, proteinuria persistente con función renal de filtración normal en 41,7 por ciento y 16,7 por ciento progreso a enfermedad renal crónica. La sobrevida actuarial de los pacientes fue de 100 por ciento a los 3 años, 87 por ciento a los cuatro años y 76 por ciento a los 8 años, con dos muertes durante el estudio, una a los 3,5 años y la otra a los 8,5 años, después del diagnóstico. Se confirmó la variabilidad en la forma de presentación de NIgA, que puede ser atribuida a diferencias geográficas y raciales y a factores clínico-patológicos relacionados con condiciones sanitarias. A pesar de la alta frecuencia de factores de mal pronóstico, como forma de inicio de NIgA, en este estudio la evolución fue similar a la reportada por otros grupos.