RESUMO
Recent studies carried out in Brazil have shown that strains from the same Toxoplasma gondii genotype can infect humans, domestic animals (dogs and cats) and animals slaughtered for human consumption (pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens), suggesting a common infection route. However, little is known about the importance of free-living wild birds within this epidemiological context. The objective of this work was to isolate, genotype, and evaluate the virulence for mice of new isolates of T. gondii obtained from free-living wild birds from the state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. From August 2016 to June 2017, T. gondii was isolated from the hearts and brains collected from 6 out of 45 free-living wild birds, namely, a roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), a campo flicker (Colaptes campestris), a southern caracara (Caracara plancus) and a tropical screech-owl (Megascops choliba), all rescued in Belo Horizonte. One isolate was obtained from a toco toucan (Ramphastos toco), rescued in Cristiano Otoni, and another was obtained from southern caracara, rescued in Santa Luzia. Five different genotypes were identified by PCR-RFLP. A unique genotype was shared in two different isolates obtained from a southern caracara and a toco toucan. This genotype has never been previously described in any other host or place. Three isolates were classified as of intermediary virulence and three isolates as avirulent for mice. The combined analysis of alleles ROP18/ROP5 (a serine/threonine kinase, and a polymorphic pseudokinase, respectively) was effective in determining the virulence of five of all the isolates with the exception of that from R. magnirostris. Atypical isolates of T. gondii obtained from free-living wild birds rescued in the state of Minas Gerais share the same genotypes of strains that infect humans, domestic animals, and animals slaughtered for human consumption.
RESUMO
Recent studies indicate that proteins GRA15, ROP5, ROP16, ROP17, and ROP18 of Toxoplasma gondii are involved in the process of interaction, cellular invasion, and immune response of the host. Among these proteins, alleles of the polymorphic ROP18 and ROP5 seem to be directly associated with T. gondii virulence in mice. The purpose of this work was to isolate and genotype T. gondii from pig, goat, and sheep slaughtered for human consumption in the state of Piauí, Northeastern Brazil and relate the variability of genes that express virulence proteins of the parasite to virulence in mice. T. gondii was isolated from 16 pigs and 9 goats. The parasite was not isolated from sheep samples. Eleven different genotypes were identified using PCR-RFLP. A unique genotype not yet described in any other host and or anywhere else was common to three pig isolates. Eighteen isolates (72%) were characterized as avirulent, four (16%) as intermediate virulence and three (12%) as virulent to mice. The combined analysis of ROP18 and ROP5 in the isolates studied in Piauí, showed four different allele associations: 4/3 (virulent strains), 3/3, 3/1, and 2/3 (avirulent strains). The association 2/3 was not previously described in the literature. Our results indicated that GRA15, ROP16, and ROP17 alleles were not associated with T. gondii virulence in mice. Pigs and goats raised and slaughtered for human consumption in the state of Piauí are infected with isolates of T. gondii presenting different genotypes. We concluded that the virulence protein ROP18, analyzed alone or in combination with ROP5, was effective in determining virulence for mice for the new isolates of T. gondii.
Assuntos
Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologia , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismo , Alelos , Animais , Biomarcadores , Feminino , Genótipo , Técnicas de Genotipagem/veterinária , Cabras , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Filogenia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , Proteínas de Protozoários/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de DNA/veterinária , Suínos , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasma/metabolismo , Toxoplasma/patogenicidade , Virulência , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
To assess the pro-angiogenic activity of Euphorbia tirucalli, commonly known as "avelós" plant, we performed a series of tests by applying an aqueous E. tirucalli latex solution (10 mg/mL) to the chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of 80 fertilized chicken eggs incubated in a temperature- and humidity-controlled automatic incubator. The results indicated that the aqueous latex solution increased vascular network formation compared to that with the negative control (p < 0.05) and the inhibitor control (p < 0.05). This suggests that under the experimental conditions tested, the aqueous latex solution induced an inflammatory response leading to neoangiogenesis.
Assuntos
Indutores da Angiogênese/farmacologia , Euphorbia/química , Látex/farmacologia , Animais , Embrião de Galinha , Galinhas , Membrana CorioalantoideRESUMO
To assess the pro-angiogenic activity of Euphorbia tirucalli, commonly known as avelós plant, we performed a series of tests by applying an aqueous E. tirucalli latex solution (10 mg/mL) to the chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of 80 fertilized chicken eggs incubated in a temperature- and humidity-controlled automatic incubator. The results indicated that the aqueous latex solution increased vascular network formation compared to that with the negative control (p < 0.05) and the inhibitor control (p < 0.05). This suggests that under the experimental conditions tested, the aqueous latex solution induced an inflammatory response leading to neoangiogenesis.(AU)
Com o objetivo de analisar a atividade angiogênica apresentada pela Euphorbia tirucalli, popularmente conhecida comumente como avelós, foram realizados ensaios utilizando solução aquosa de látex na concentração de 10 mg/ml, aplicada em membrana corioalantóide (MCA) de 80 ovos férteis de galinha, incubado em estufa automática com temperatura e umidade controladas. Os resultados apontaram que a ação da solução aquosa provocou aumento da percentagem da rede vascular formada em relação aos controles negativo (p<0,05) e inibidor (p<0,05), indicando que nas condições deste experimento, foi responsável pela ativação da resposta inflamatória e crescimento de novos vasos sanguíneos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Embrião de Galinha , Euphorbia/química , Látex/farmacologia , Galinhas , Membrana CorioalantoideRESUMO
AbstractTo assess the pro-angiogenic activity of Euphorbia tirucalli, commonly known as “avelós” plant, we performed a series of tests by applying an aqueous E. tirucalli latex solution (10 mg/mL) to the chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of 80 fertilized chicken eggs incubated in a temperature- and humidity-controlled automatic incubator. The results indicated that the aqueous latex solution increased vascular network formation compared to that with the negative control (p < 0.05) and the inhibitor control (p < 0.05). This suggests that under the experimental conditions tested, the aqueous latex solution induced an inflammatory response leading to neoangiogenesis.
ResumoCom o objetivo de analisar a atividade angiogênica apresentada pela Euphorbia tirucalli, popularmente conhecida comumente como “avelós”, foram realizados ensaios utilizando solução aquosa de látex na concentração de 10 mg/ml, aplicada em membrana corioalantóide (MCA) de 80 ovos férteis de galinha, incubado em estufa automática com temperatura e umidade controladas. Os resultados apontaram que a ação da solução aquosa provocou aumento da percentagem da rede vascular formada em relação aos controles negativo (p<0,05) e inibidor (p<0,05), indicando que nas condições deste experimento, foi responsável pela ativação da resposta inflamatória e crescimento de novos vasos sanguíneos.