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Background: The purpose of this study was to determine energy drink (ED) consumption patterns among Hispanic college students. We measured the prevalence and frequency of ED consumption according to gender, degree programs, and specific university-related and social situations. In addition, we assessed the frequency of consumption of EDs mixed with alcoholic beverages. Methods: A total of 508 college students from the University of Puerto Rico, the largest Hispanic institution of higher education statewide, completed an online questionnaire. Results: Twenty-one percent of participants reported consuming EDs with the majority consuming EDs either occasionally (every 2-3 months) or at least once or twice a month. Men were found to be more likely to consume EDs than women. Undergraduate students were found less likely to consume EDs than graduate students. Most students consumed EDs while studying and during social activities. More than one-third of participants that consume EDs admitted mixing them with an alcoholic beverage. Graduate students were found to consume EDs mixed with alcohol more often. Conclusions: The majority of students consumed EDs occasionally and while studying. Most side effects reported after consuming EDs were similar to previous findings. The higher consumption of EDs and of EDs mixed with alcohol by students in graduate programs could be explained by a higher and more complex study load requiring longer periods of wakefulness and concentration. Future studies looking at the consumption patterns of EDs in more competitive graduate programs such as medical and/or dentistry school should be considered.

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The Nramp1 gene has been associated with natural resistance to intracellular microorganisms in several species including bovine. Recent evidence suggests an association between polymorphism in the 3. untranslated region (3. UTR) of this gene with resistance/susceptibility (R/S) to Brucella abortus as determined in vivo and in vitro. In this study we tested for the variability of the short tandem repeat (STR) within the 3. UTR of Nramp1 in six breeds of Colombian creole cattle (CCC) and compared the genotypes with those of Holstein and Brahman, which were recently introduced into this country. In CCC as well as in Holstein we found the allele 175 fixed in all populations. In Brahman, 175 allele was also present with a frequency of 0.467 but additionally, in this breed there appeared five other alleles and among them two previously unreported: 183 y 185; also was found the allele 189 in the Colombian creole Harton del Valle cattle, which is not previously reported. Together these results suggest that the 175 allele in the 3. UTR Nramp1 may be an ancestral allele in cattle and if this is true the association previously reported with the R/S trait requires further evaluation.

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Various cattle populations in the Americas (known as criollo breeds) have an origin in some of the first livestock introduced to the continent early in the colonial period (16th and 17th centuries). These cattle constitute a potentially important genetic reserve as they are well adapted to local environments and show considerable variation in phenotype. To examine the genetic ancestry and diversity of Colombian criollo we obtained mitochondrial DNA control region sequence information for 110 individuals from seven breeds. Old World haplogroup T3 is the most commonly observed CR lineage in criollo (0.65), in agreement with a mostly European ancestry for these cattle. However, criollo also shows considerable frequencies of haplogroups T2 (0.9) and T1 (0.26), with T1 lineages in criollo being more diverse than those reported for West Africa. The distribution and diversity of Old World lineages suggest some North African ancestry for criollo, probably as a result of the Arab occupation of Iberia prior to the European migration to the New World. The mtDNA diversity of criollo is higher than that reported for European and African cattle and is consistent with a differentiated ancestry for some criollo breeds.

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Bulimia nervosa and depression have been identified as frequent mental health problems among adolescents. Bulimia nervosa, an eating disorder has been associated with depression especially among female population. The literature has established a high comorbidity between these disorders. Although depression was initially conceptualized as an adult disorder, recent research evidenced this disorder among adolescents. For this study, it was hypothesized that participants who presented bulimic symptomatology were going to present a higher depressive symptomatology than those who had no bulimic symptoms. The Bulimia Test (Bulit) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) were administered to 309 students from a private high school in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Correlation analyses and group comparisons were performed to investigate the relationship between bulimia nervosa and depression among participants. As hypothesized, a significant correlation (p < .01) was found between depression and bulimia nervosa symptomatology. Females showed a higher average of bulimic symptomatology than males. Early identification for treatments with bulimia and depression would be helpful in preventing future problems in later adulthood. Implications of this study are discussed.

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El ganado criollo colombiano comprende un grupo de razas que se han adaptado por más de 400 años a las condiciones ecoclimáticas de nuestro país, razón por la cual poseen características adaptativas de suma importancia que podrían ser utilizadas de una manera racional en programas de conservación y mejoramiento animal. Lo anterior se podría realizar de manera eficiente si se tuviese un adecuado conocimiento del grado de variabilidad genética de cada una de estas razas, pues este es el parámetro que en última instancia determina el éxito o fracaso de cualquier programa genético. A pesar de la necesidad de este conocimiento, hasta el momento no se ha realizado un estudio coherente y sistemático de este recurso genético. Este trabajo aborda el estudio de la variabilidad genética intrapoblacional e interpoblacional de cada una de las razas criollas colombianas y de la raza Brahman. Para esto, se genotipificaron marcadores microsatélites en estas poblaciones y se estimaron tres índices de variabilidad intrapoblacional (Endogamia (Fis), Heterocigocidad (Ho) y Número promedio de alelos (NPA), y se construyó un árbol de distancias genéticas entre las diferentes razas. Los índices de variabilidad genética encontrados hasta el momento en la población (Fis=0.13, Ho=0.67, NPA=8.8), se pueden calificar entre medios y altos comparado con otras poblaciones en el mundo. Actualmente estamos aumentando el número de loci y de individuos por raza para tener mejores estimados de diversidad genética, relaciones filogenéticas y de posible mestizaje con razas extranjeras.

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El ganado Blanco Orejinegro descendiente del ganado traído por Colón durante su segundo viaje, ha sobrevivido durante casi 500 años en las áreas tropicales colombianas productoras de café. Además de su capacidad adaptativa este ganado ha mostrado otras características como: docilidad, habilidad para aprovechar forrajes de mala calidad, gran habilidad materna, mayor precocidad sexual, alta fertilidad, mayor productividad en cruces F1 (carne y leche) y marcada resistencia a ectoparásitos. Estas características, en conjunto con hallazgos moleculares recientes que sugieren alta variabilidad genética y resistencia a patógenos bacterianos y vírales demuestran que esta raza, que en la actualidad se encuentra en vía de extinción, es portadora de información genética importante que la convierte en una alternativa para la producción en las condiciones tropicales. El objetivo de esta revisión es hacer una recopilación de trabajos realizados con ganado BON; además, mostrar las perspectivas de investigación, basados en los trabajos actualmente llevados a cabo en la Universidad de Antioquia, con el fin de demostrar el potencial genético de esta raza, que quizás no ha podido ser expresado debido a las condiciones de manejo a que esta raza ha sido sometida.

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