RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with premature mortality. All-cause and specific mortality risks in this population remain unclear, and more studies are still needed to further understand this issue and guide individual and public strategies to prevent mortality in bipolar disorder Thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing mortality risk in people with BD versus the general population was conducted. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, whilst secondary outcomes were mortality due to suicide, natural, unnatural, and specific-causes mortality. RESULTS: Fifty-seven studies were included (BD; n = 678,353). All-cause mortality was increased in people with BD (RR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.89-2.16, k = 39). Specific-cause mortality was highest for suicide (RR = 11.69, 95% CI: 9.22-14.81, k = 25). Risk of death due to unnatural causes (RR = 7.29, 95% CI: 6.41-8.28, k = 17) and natural causes (RR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.75-2.06, k = 17) were also increased. Among specific natural causes analyzed, infectious causes had the higher RR (RR = 4,38, 95%CI: 1.5-12.69, k = 3), but the analysis was limited by the inclusion of few studies. Mortality risk due to respiratory (RR = 3.18, 95% CI: 2.55-3.96, k = 6), cardiovascular (RR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.53-2.01, k = 27), and cerebrovascular (RR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.34-1.84, k = 13) causes were increased as well. No difference was identified in mortality by cancer (RR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.88-1.11, k = 16). Subgroup analyses and meta-regression did not affect the findings. CONCLUSION: Results presented in this meta-analysis show that risk of premature death in BD is not only due to suicide and unnatural causes, but somatic comorbidities are also implicated. Not only the prevention of suicide, but also the promotion of physical health and the prevention of physical conditions in individuals with BD may mitigate the premature mortality in this population. Notwithstanding this is to our knowledge the largest synthesis of evidence on BD-related mortality, further well-designed studies are still warranted to inform this field.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a meta-analysis of Theory of Mind studies exclusively in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. METHOD: After the exclusion of studies evaluating symptomatic patients during acute episodes, we performed a meta-analysis including a total of 30 studies, comparing 1294 euthymic bipolar disorder patients and 1116 healthy controls. RESULTS: Patients with bipolar disorder presented a significant impairment in Theory of Mind performance when compared to controls (Hedge's g = -0.589, 95% confidence interval: -0.764 to -0.414, Z = -6.594, p < 0.001). When compared to controls, Theory of Mind was impaired in patients with both bipolar disorder I (Hedge's g = -0.663, 95% confidence interval: -0.954 to -0.372, Z = -4.462, p < 0.001) and bipolar disorder II (Hedge's g = -1.165, 95% confidence interval: -1.915 to -0.415, Z = -3.044, p = 0.002). Theory of Mind impairments were also significantly more severe in verbal tasks (Hedge's g = -1.077, 95% confidence interval: -1.610 to -0.544, Z = -3.961 p < 0.001) than visual tasks (Hedge's g =-0.614, 95% confidence interval: -0.844 to -0.384, Z = -5.231, p < 0.001) when compared to controls. CONCLUSION: The results obtained confirm that Theory of Mind is impaired in remitted bipolar disorder patients, being a potential endophenotype for bipolar disorder. Moreover, we found higher deficits in verbal Theory of Mind, compared with visual Theory of Mind. Since most studies were cross-sectional, there is a need for longitudinal studies to evaluate whether the deficits detected in Theory of Mind are progressive over the course of the illness.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This is a secondary data-based study conducted to investigate whether gender is related to acceptance. Two Brazilian Medical Schools, Universities A and B, were studied. Their entrance exams (EE) were analysed and the number of candidates who took the EE was compared to the number of students admitted to the MS according to gender, in the period between 1995 and 2009. The same data from MS in the United States in 2011 was also evaluated. There was an increase in the percentage of female applicants but it did not correspond to the percentage of admitted students of the same gender. There was a trend of selecting men. At A, 39.3% of the applicants and 47% of the admitted students were men (OR = 1.37; CI95% = 1.24 – 1.51). In B, men represented 39.3% of the applicants and 65.4% of the admitted students (OR = 2.93; CI 95% = 2.76 – 3.11). This was not seen in US MS. The analysis of the EE suggests that the greater selection of men could be a product of EE format.

Este é um estudo de dados secundários para investigar se o gênero é um fator determinante na admissão do vestibular de Medicina. O vestibular de duas escolas médicas (EM) brasileiras, universidades A e B, foi analisado, e o número de candidatos de cada vestibular foi comparado ao número de alunos matriculados em cada EM de acordo com o gênero no período de 1995 a 2009. Os mesmos dados disponíveis dos Estados Unidos (EUA) em 2011 foram avaliados. Notou-se um aumento do número de mulheres prestando vestibular de Medicina, mas este aumento não correspondeu à porcentagem de mulheres matriculadas. Houve uma tendência a selecionar mais homens. Em A, 39,3% dos candidatos e 47% dos estudantes admitidos eram homens (OR = 1,37; IC95% = 1,24 – 1,51). Em B, os homens representavam 39,3% dos candidatos e 65,4% dos estudantes admitidos (OR = 2,93; IC95% = 2,76 – 3,11). Estes resultados não foram confirmados nas EM dos EUA. A análise do EE sugere que a maior seleção de homens poderia ser produto do formato dos vestibulares.

RESUMO

INTRODUÇÃO: Historicamente, a medicina caminhou paralelamente aos valores humanísticos até que as bases científico-tecnológicas desenvolvessem importantes conhecimentos, dando ao atendimento humanizado, por vezes, uma posição secundária. Apenas nas últimas décadas, vem-se pensando em maneiras de conciliá-los. Neste contexto, acadêmicos da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) criaram o MadAlegria, no qual a figura do doutor-palhaço atua no desenvolvimento da empatia e da abertura para a escuta e o diálogo com pacientes adultos por meio do lúdico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Alunos da área da saúde caracterizados como doutores-palhaços visitaram pacientes hospitalizados. Em 2011, o projeto contou com 38 voluntários que atuaram semanalmente no Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (Icesp); no ano seguinte, o projeto se expandiu para outras enfermarias do Complexo do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP). Paralelamente, foram realizados estudos para conhecer o impacto da atuação do doutor-palhaço sobre pacientes adultos, profissionais da saúde e alunos que participam do projeto. RESULTADOS: Os resultados preliminares de estudo com os acadêmicos sugerem que eles adquiriram habilidades de comunicação e ampliaram a visão do paciente. CONCLUSÃO: Futuras pesquisas poderão elucidar mais detalhes a respeito dos benefícios do treinamento na saúde mental dos estudantes envolvidos.

INTRODUCTION: Historically speaking, medicine reflected human values until scientific and technological bases made significant strides in knowledge, sometimes leaving a human approach to attending patients to take a back seat. It has only been in recent decades, that we come to consider how to combine scientific knowledge with humanitarian care. In this context, students from São Paulo University (Brazil) created "MadAlegria", using the role of the "doutor-palhaço" [clown-doctor] to develop empathy and attend to adult patients by means of games. METHODS: Dressed as clown-doctors, medical students made voluntary visits to hospitalized patients. In 2011, the project was undertaken by 38 volunteers who made weekly visits to the São Paulo State Cancer Institute (Icesp). In 2012, the initiative was expanded to include other wards of the University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine (FMUSP) Hospital Complex. Studies were also conducted in order to understand the impact of the clown-doctor character on adult patients, health professionals and the students themselves. RESULTS: Preliminary results suggest that most of the students acquired communication skills and also broadened their vision of the patients. CONCLUSION: Future research may elucidate more details on the benefits of training medical students in mental health.