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Individuals with lower-limb amputations may have a significant strength deficit. This deficit may be related to the stump length and can lead to changes in gait, reduced energy efficiency, walking resistance, altered joint load, and increased risk of osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain. This systematic review used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) guidelines to examine the effects of resistance training in lower limb amputees. Interventions with resistance training and other training methods were sufficient to achieve muscle strength gain in muscles of the lower limbs, improved balance, and improvements in gait pattern and speed when walking. However, it was impossible to determine from the results whether resistance training was mainly responsible for these benefits or even whether the positive effects presented would be observed with only this training method. When combined with other exercises, interventions with resistance training made possible gains for this population. Accordingly, it is noteworthy that the main finding of this systematic review is that the effects may be different according to the level of amputation, with mainly transtibial and transfemoral amputations studied.

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The present study aimed to compare the exercise order of an acute bout of resistance exercise (RT) on acute thyroid hormonal responses. Eight (n = 8) healthy men were randomly separated into two experimental groups: A) the order from multi- to single-joint exercises (MJ-SJ) and B) the order from single- to multijoint exercises (SJ-MJ). For all exercises in both orders, the subjects were submitted to 3 sets of 10 repetitions, with rest intervals of 2 minutes between sets and 3 minutes between exercises. Blood samples were collected at rest and 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after the end of the exercise session. In thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH), differences between groups (MJ-SJ < SJ-MJ) were observed within 15 minutes after the session. In 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), differences between groups were observed between 30 (MJ-SJ > SJ-MJ) and 120 minutes (MJ-SJ < SJ-MJ) after the session. In 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4), differences between groups (MJ-SJ > SJ-MJ) were observed within 15 minutes after the RT session. The order of RT exercises significantly changes the hormonal responses of TSH, T3 and T4. In addition, the exercise order should be chosen according to the individual's objectives.

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OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between handgrip strength and body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: A total of 75 postmenopausal women were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome participated in this study. Muscle strength was assessed via a hydraulic grip strength dynamometer; physical fitness tests included a timed-up-and-go, arm curl test, and 30-s chair stand. Body composition was assessed via bioelectrical impedance, from which estimates of fat mass, body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and visceral fat area were determined. Fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin were measured via blood sample analyses. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted using handgrip strength as the dependent variable and using body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers as independent variables. RESULTS: The results revealed that 52% of the total sample were classified as obese, 37.3% as overweight, and only 10.7% as normal weight. Significant correlations were present between handgrip strength and fat-free mass (p=0.002; R=0.590), mean blood pressure (p=0.002; R=0.450), and arm curl (p=0.001; R=0.795). CONCLUSION: This study showed that handgrip strength was predictive of fat-free mass, blood pressure, and upper limb strength performance.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between handgrip strength and body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: A total of 75 postmenopausal women were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome participated in this study. Muscle strength was assessed via a hydraulic grip strength dynamometer; physical fitness tests included a timed-up-and-go, arm curl test, and 30-s chair stand. Body composition was assessed via bioelectrical impedance, from which estimates of fat mass, body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and visceral fat area were determined. Fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin were measured via blood sample analyses. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted using handgrip strength as the dependent variable and using body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers as independent variables. RESULTS: The results revealed that 52% of the total sample were classified as obese, 37.3% as overweight, and only 10.7% as normal weight. Significant correlations were present between handgrip strength and fat-free mass (p=0.002; R=0.590), mean blood pressure (p=0.002; R=0.450), and arm curl (p=0.001; R=0.795). CONCLUSION: This study showed that handgrip strength was predictive of fat-free mass, blood pressure, and upper limb strength performance.

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INTRODUCTION: It is common for postmenopausal women to receive a vitamin D supplementation prescription to assist in preventing future falls and to maintain bone health. However, the association between vitamin D supplementation and physical fitness components has not been studied in older women with diabetes. OBJECTIVE: We examined the influence of 12 months of vitamin D supplementation on the components of physical fitness in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Thirty-five postmenopausal women (62.48 ± 7.67 years; 154.6 ± 5.11 cm; 73.93 ± 15.43 kg; 31.13 ± 5.82 BMI) with a diagnosis of T2DM participated in this longitudinal study where participants were supplemented with 1000 IU/day of vitamin D over 12 months. Subjects performed fasting blood samples, anthropometric assessments, body composition, clinical exams, and physical tests at 6-month intervals (P0, P6, and P12). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Vitamin D supplementation alone was effective in postmenopausal women in increasing serum vitamin D levels, altering muscle strength levels, promoting improvements in muscle function, as well as preventing and controlling fragility caused by T2DM and aging.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Precise evaluation of resting metabolic rate (RMR) is critical, especially for seniors in syndromes conditions. The study aimed to compare different methods and devices to evaluate the resting metabolic rate and assess them' reliability in Brazilian women with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: A single-center prospective study with forty elderly postmenopausal women was performed to verify the reliability of indirect calorimetry (IC) versus Bioimpedance (BIA) on RMR fluctuations for an interval length of six months. RESULTS: Measurements showed a high correlation between devices at baseline [BIA vs IC, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.906 (0.822-0.950)]. Surprisingly, a high correlation was kept between BIA and IC after six months [BIA vs. IC, ICC = 0.909 (0.829-0.952)]. The results suggest that both BIA and IC are excellent strategies to measure RMR in elderly postmenopausal women and with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: However, the BIA method presents greater convenience, optimizes patients' time, and does not require prolonged fasting to obtain good reliable results compared to IC.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between vitamin D status and glycemic profile in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 70 (59.47 ±â€¯6.47 years; 1.56 ±â€¯0.05 m; 73.56 ±â€¯13.01 kg; 30.30 ±â€¯5.00 BMI kg/m2) postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The blood samples were collected after fasting for 12 h and the main outcome parameters were serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol; 25-OH vitamin D; insulin; C-Reactive Protein; cholesterol total (CT), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol), glucose; calcium, HDL-cholesterol. The average serum 25(OH)D level in this study was 28.45 ±â€¯8.26 ng/mL. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was 60%. Table 1 displays mean and standard deviation values for participants' characteristics. The postmenopause status of the women studied was confirmed by FSH and estradiol measurement. All the clinical and anthropometric characteristics did not show difference (p > 0.05) between the groups (Table 2). Triglycerides level was highest (p < 0.0391) in the hypovitaminosis D group. The other serum markers did not show statistical differences (p > 0.05) between the groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that only TG level shows a negative correlation with vitamin D status in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.

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A suplementação de Vitamina D vem sendo estudada como uma das formas de tratamento e prevenção de diversas doenças relacionadas ao envelhecimento da mulher. Alguns estudos já demonstram sua influência na melhoria do desempenho físico. O estudo teve como objetivo verificar a influência da suplementação de Vitamina D na aptidão física de mulheres com diabetes tipo 2 no pós-menopausa. O estudo foi dividido em três etapas: 1) um estudo de revisão integrativa sobre a suplementação de Vitamina D isolada na manutenção e melhora da aptidão física; 2) um estudo transversal com os dados do início da coleta de dados; 3) um estudo longitudinal com os dados dos 12 meses de coleta de dados. No estudo de revisão apenas 5 estudos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão da revisão integrativa, sendo que no estudo experimental, foram recrutadas 110 participantes e apenas 40 atenderam e aceitaram participar da coleta de dados. Os resultados do artigo de revisão demonstraram que apenas as dosagens de vitamina D acima de 1000 UI/dia foram efetivas para a aptidão física. Contudo, no estudo transversal, os resultados demonstraram que houve relação entre a massa muscular e a força muscular das mãos e, além disso, existe uma associação inversa entre a glicemia de jejum e a força muscular. No estudo longitudinal, a suplementação de Vitamina D (1000ui/d) foi efetiva no aumento de força muscular e consequentemente na função muscular, além da manutenção da massa magra durante o período de seguimento. Portanto, conclui-se que a suplementação de Vitamina D pode ser uma importante estratégia de prevenção e tratamento no grupo experimental estudado.

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AIMS: The aim of this study was to examine the association between muscle function, and body composition, vitamin D status, and blood glucose in post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS: Forty post-menopausal women (62.48±7.67years; 154.6±5.11cm; 73.93±15.43kg; 31.13±5.82 BMI kg/m2) with a diagnosis of T2D participated in this cross-sectional study. The patients performed fasting blood sample exams, anthropometrics assessments, body composition, and clinical exams. Subjects performed physical tests including handgrip, timed up and go, 30-s chair stand, arm curl, and sit-to-stand. The correlation between the parameters of physical tests, age, body composition, vitamin D, and blood glucose was assessed by Pearson correlation. RESULTS: The results showed there were significant correlations between blood glucose and relative strength (R=-0.398, p=0.011), arm curl test (R=-0.367 and p=0.020), and hip flexion (R=0.427, p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: These findings are important because they highlight the importance of resistance training in individuals with T2D and the relationship with a fat increase during a dicrease process. Furthermore, the concentration of serum glucose might be associated with decreases in muscle strength and muscle function in older adults. Thus, T2D patients should be involved with strength training to improve the strength and the muscle hypertrophy.

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The aim of the study was to determine the acute systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR) responses following two intense training sessions (24 hours apart). Nine male extreme conditioning program (ECP) practitioners with more than 6 months of experience (age 26.7 ± 6.6 years; body mass 78.8 ± 13.2 kg; body fat 13.5 ± 6.2 %) completed two experimental ECP sessions. Cardiovascular variables were measured before, immediately after and every 15 min during a 45 min recovery following each experimental session. Compared with pre-exercise data, our results showed a SBP decrease at 30 min post exercise session 1 (P≤0.05) and at 45 min following exercise session 2. DBP decreased (P≤0.05) at 15 min and 30 min following exercise session 1 and at 30 min after the exercise session 2, respectively. HR remained significantly higher (P≤0.05) 45 min following the first and second exercise session compared with pre-exercise values. Exercise session 1 induced a higher increase in HR (86 ± 11% of HRmax versus 82 ± 12% of HRmax, p = 0.01) and RPE (8.8 ± 1.2 versus 8.0 ± 1.2, p = 0.02) when compared to exercise session 2. In conclusion, post-exercise hypotension occurs following strenuous exercise sessions, regardless of the session design, which may have an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

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This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of passive static and ballistic stretching on maximal repetition performance during a resistance training session (RTS). Nine male subjects underwent three experimental conditions: ballistic stretching (BS); passive static stretching (PSS); and a specific warm-up (SW). The RTS was composed of three sets of 12RM for the following exercises: leg press 45 (LP), leg extension (LE), leg curl (LC), and plantar flexors (PF). Performance of six sessions was assessed 48 hours apart. The first visit consisted of a familiarization session including stretching methods and exercises used in the RTS. On the second and third visit, a strength test and retest were performed. During the fourth to the sixth visit, the volunteers randomly performed the following protocols: BS+RTS; PSS+RTS; or SW+RTS. For the sum of the RM number of each three-set exercise, significant differences were found between PSS vs. SW for the LP (p = 0.001); LE (p = 0.005); MF (p = 0.001); and PF (p = 0.038). For the comparison between the methods of stretching PSS vs. BS, significant differences were found only for the FP (p = 0.019). When analyzing the method of stretching BS vs. SW, significant differences were found for the LP (p = 0.014) and MF (p = 0.002). For the total sum of the RM number of three sets of the four exercises that composed the RTS, significant differences were observed (p < 0.05) in the following comparisons: PPS vs. SW (p = 0.001), PPS vs. BS (p = 0.008), and BS vs. SW (p = 0.002). Accordingly, the methods of passive static and ballistic stretching should not be recommended before a RTS.

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine rest interval length between agonist-antagonist paired set training (PS) on maximal repetition performance, rating of perceived exertion, and neuromuscular fatigue. METHODS: Fourteen trained men (age, 24.2 ± 1.1 years; height, 175 ± 5.5 cm; body mass, 76.6 ± 7.0 kg) performed two experimental protocols in random order with 2 minutes (P2) or 4 minutes (P4) between agonist-antagonist PS, which consisted of a bench press set followed immediately by a seated row set with 8-repetition maximum loads, respectively. A total of three PS were performed for each rest interval protocol. The total repetitions performed and the rating of perceived exertion were recorded for each exercise set within each rest interval protocol. Electromyography signals were recorded for the posterior deltoid, biceps brachii, pectoralis major, and triceps brachii muscles during the SR exercise. The electromyography signals were then used to calculate a fatigue index for each rest interval protocol. RESULTS: No significant differences were identified in the total repetitions completed between rest interval protocols for the bench press (P2 = 22.9 ± 1.3 and P4 = 22.6 ± 0.8) and seated row (P2 = 25.4 ± 1.7 and P4 = 25.1 ± 1.3). However, a significantly higher fatigue index was found for all muscles under the P2 versus the P4 protocol. CONCLUSION: When performing agonist-antagonist PS, prescribing a shorter rest interval between PS may induce higher levels of fatigue, albeit with similar total repetitions versus a longer rest interval.

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To compare the hypotensive effect and performance responses between different resistance training intensities and different exercise orders in apparently healthy women, thirteen apparently healthy women performed four resistance training sessions in randomized order. One group performed the resistance training exercises with 60% of 1RM (SeqA60%): leg press (LG), chest press (CP), leg extension (LE), lat pull down (PD), leg curl (LC) and biceps curl (BC). Another group performed the resistance training exercises with 80% of 1RM (SeqA80%) with the same exercise order. Two other groups performed the resistance training exercises with 60% (SeqB60%) and 80% of 1RM (SeqB80%), however, in another sequence of exercises: CP, PD, BC or LG, LE, LC. The blood pressure was measured before, and at every 15 min until 60 min postexercise. The different intensities and different exercise orders resulted in a significant hypotensive effect in systolic and diastolic blood pressures that remained until 15 min. In addition, significant reductions in systolic blood pressure were observed at 30 min for SeqA in both intensities and for SeqB with intensities of 80% of 1RM. However, there was no significant difference between intensities and different prescription orders (P>0·05). Although the current study showed significant decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures after different resistance training sessions, the manipulation of intensity and exercise sequence, such as those used in the present study, was not able to generate significant changes in the duration and magnitude of hypotensive effect.

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Objetivo: Verificar o efeito de três diferentes intervalos de recuperação (um, três e cinco minutos) no teste de dez repetições máximas (10RM) no supino reto. Método: Onze homens (24,1 ± 4,3 anos) com experiência mínima de um ano de treinamento de força realizaram cinco visitas ao laboratório. Nas visitas I e II, efetuaram-se o teste e o reteste de 10RM. Nas visitas III, IV e V, realizaram-se duas tentativas para que os sujeitos completassem 10RM no supino reto, apenas ocorrendo a manipulação do IR (um, três ou cinco minutos). Resultados: Verificou- se que um IR de um minuto não foi suficiente (p=0,001) para a manutenção do número de repetições na segunda tentativa. Com o IR de três e cinco minutos não ocorreram alterações significativas no número total de repetições estipulado. Conclusão: Apesar de um minuto ser suficiente para regenerar aproximadamente 75% do sistema ATP-CP, este parece não ser o período ideal, quando se trata este volume de repetições máximas.

Objective: To investigate the effect of three different rest intervals in the 10RM test on bench press. Methods: Eleven men (24.1 ± 4.3 years) with a minimum experience of one year of strength training achieved five visits to the laboratory. At visits I and II were performed the test and retest of 10RM loads. At visits III , IV and V two attempts were made so that the subjects completed 10RM on bench press, only with manipulation of IR (one, three or five minutes). Results: An IR one minute were not sufficient (p = 0.001) to maintain the number of repetitions on the second attempt. With the IR three and five minutes there were no significant changes in the total number of prescribed repetitions. Conclusion: Although one minute is enough to regenerate approximately 75% of the ATP-CP system, this seems not to be the ideal period when we deal with this volume of maximum repetitions.

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This study investigated the acute effect of static stretching methods (SS) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on the static muscle strength (SMS). Eleven young male subjects with strength training experience, performed 3 tests with a 48h interval between them, randomly selected, where each one subject carried out all procedures: a) hand grip without stretching; b) hand grip preceded by static stretching of wrist flexors muscles; c) hand grip preceded by PNF stretching of wrist flexors muscles. The Shapiro-Wilk test verified the normality of data, and a one-way ANOVA with repeated measures, followed by Tukey's post hoc test, evaluated the differences between the groups. The significance was set at p < 0.05. Significant differences were detected between control and static stretching protocols (35.4±11.30 vs. 30.2±9.18 kg N-1; p < 0.05). The same was observed between control and PNF stretching protocols (35.4±11.30 vs. 29.1±10.05 kg N-1; p < 0.01). However, no statistical difference was found for static and FNP stretching protocols (30.2±9.18 vs. 29.1±10.05 kg N-1; p > 0.05). In conclusion, both stretching methods had caused negative effects on isometric strength, reducing its levels.

. O presente estudo objetivou investigar o efeito agudo dos métodos de alongamento estático (AE) e facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva (FNP) sobre a força muscular estática (FME). Foram realizados, em 11 homens jovens com experiência prévia em treinamento de força, três testes com intervalo de 48h entre a aplicação dos mesmos, selecionados aleatoriamente, fazendo com que cada sujeito realizasse todas as técnicas, em rodízio: a) teste de preensão manual sem alongamento; b) teste de preensão manual precedido por alongamento estático dos músculos flexores de punho; c) teste de preensão manual precedido por FNP dos músculos flexores de punho. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi realizado para avaliar a normalidade dos dados e a one-way Anova com medida repetida, seguida por post-hoc de Tukey para análise das diferenças entre grupos. A significância adotada foi alpha p < 0,05. Conforme os resultados, entre os protocolos SA e AE, foram encontradas diferenças significativas na produção de força isométrica (35,4±11,30 vs. 30,2±9,18 kg N-1; p < 0,05). Entre SA e FNP, também foram encontradas diferenças significativas (35,4±11,30 vs. 29,1±10,05 kg N-1; p < 0,001). Todavia, diferenças significativas não foram observadas entre AE e FNP (30,2±9,18 vs. 29,1±10,05 kg N-1; p > 0,05). Os métodos de AE e FNP provocam efeito agudo sobre a FME reduzindo os níveis desta capacidade física.

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The aim of this study was to compare the influence of including dropset exercises in different orders, both in the pre-exhaustion, as in the post-exhaustion method, and to analyze the performance of total work on the bench press and chest flying exercise. Twenty-two male volunteers with a recreational experience in ST were evaluated in six visits in non-consecutive days, at approximately the same time of the day. During the first visit, subjects signed an informed consent form and underwent an anthropometric evaluation and testing of 10RM. The second visit involved a re-test of 10RM. From third to sixth visits, the subjects were randomly grouped into the following experimental situations: 3rd Visit (V3 - Post-exhaustion): Bench Press (dropset) + Chest Flying (10RM); 4th visit (V4 - Post-exhaustion): Bench Press (10RM) + Chest Flying (dropset); 5th Visit (V5 - pre-exhaustion): Chest Flying (dropset) + Bench Press (10RM); 6th Visit (V6 - pre-exhaustion): Chest Flying (10RM) + Bench Press (dropset). The protocol of dropset was performed with 3 sets and no rest intervals 10RM + 80% 10RM + 60% 10RM. An interval between sets was adopted for 2 minutes. The primary results showed a significant difference in Total Work for visits V3 and V6, which was included in the dropset multiarticular exercises. These results suggest that the exercise order with the dropset method in the pre-exhaustion or post-exhaustion methods had an acute influence on Total Work.