RESUMO
(analítico) Durante los últimos años diversas investigaciones analizaron la asociación entre contexto y desarrollo infantil. Un problema central es si el ambiente influye en el desarrollo cognitivo. El contexto está compuesto por diferentes niveles que interactúan entre sí e influyen en las personas: el microsistema, mesosistema, exosistema y el macrosistema. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es indagar acerca de los factores que pertenecen al contexto y modularían el desarrollo infantil. A través de una búsqueda de artículos empíricos en revistas científicas indexadas, se seleccionaron 22 artículos, los cuales fueron analizados mediante la comparación de las variables: población, país, instrumento de evaluación, constructo evaluado, frecuencia de evaluación y resultados. Los resultados muestran que los factores ambientales pertenecientes a cada nivel analizado tienen la capacidad de modular el desarrollo infantil.
(analytical) Over the past few years, research has focused on the association between context and child development. One of the central problems addressed is whether a child's environment influences cognitive development. The context consists of different levels that interact with each other and influence people: the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem. The goal of this systematic review is to investigate factors that form part of the context and affect child development. Twenty-two articles were selected through a search of empirical articles in indexed scientific journals. These were analyzed by comparing the variables used: population, country, evaluation instrument, evaluated construct, evaluation frequency and results. The results show that environmental factors belonging to each context level have the capacity to modulate child development.
(analítico) Nos últimos anos, a investigação analisou a parceria entre o contexto e o desenvolvimento infantil. Um dos problemas centrais é se o ambiente influencia no desenvolvimento cognitivo. O contexto é composto por diferentes níveis que interagem entre si e influenciam as pessoas: o microssistema, o mesosistema, o exosistema e o macrosistema. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática é indagar sobre os fatores que pertencem ao contexto e modular o desenvolvimento infantil. Através de uma pesquisa de artigos empíricos em revistas científicas indexadas, foram selecionados 22 artigos, os quais foram analisados mediante a comparação das variáveis: população, país, instrumento de avaliação, constructo avaliado, frequência de avaliação e resultados. Os resultados mostram que os fatores ambientais pertencentes a cada nível analisado têm a capacidade de modular o desenvolvimento infantil.
RESUMO
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Childhood obesity is a major public health problem in Mexico, affecting one in every three children. Genome-wide association studies identified genetic variants associated with childhood obesity, but a large missing heritability remains to be elucidated. We have recently shown a strong association between a highly polymorphic copy number variant encompassing the salivary amylase gene (AMY1 also known as AMY1A) and obesity in European and Asian adults. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the association between AMY1 copy number and obesity in Mexican children. METHODS: We evaluated the number of AMY1 copies in 597 Mexican children (293 obese children and 304 normal weight controls) through highly sensitive digital PCR. The effect of AMY1 copy number on obesity status was assessed using a logistic regression model adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: We identified a marked effect of AMY1 copy number on reduced risk of obesity (OR per estimated copy 0.84, with the number of copies ranging from one to 16 in this population; p = 4.25 × 10(-6)). The global association between AMY1 copy number and reduced risk of obesity seemed to be mostly driven by the contribution of the highest AMY1 copy number. Strikingly, all children with >10 AMY1 copies were normal weight controls. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Salivary amylase initiates the digestion of dietary starch, which is highly consumed in Mexico. Our current study suggests putative benefits of high number of AMY1 copies (and related production of salivary amylase) on energy metabolism in Mexican children.