RESUMO
Experimental studies in animal models have described the benefits of physical exercise (PE) to kidney diseases associated with hypertension. Land- and water-based exercises induce different responses in renal function. Our aim was to evaluate the renal alterations induced by different environments of PE in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The SHRs were divided into sedentary (S), swimming exercise (SE), and running exercise (RE) groups, and were trained for 8 weeks under similar intensities (60 min/day). Arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. The renal function was evaluated through urinary volume at each week of training; sodium and potassium excretions, plasma and urinary osmolarities, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), levels of proteinuria, and renal damage were determined. SE and RE rats presented reduced mean AP, systolic blood pressure, and HR in comparison with S group. SE and RE rats showed higher urine osmolarity compared with S. SE rats showed higher free water clearance (P < 0.01), lower urinary density (P < 0.0001), and increased weekly urine volume (P < 0.05) in comparison with RE and S groups. GFR was increased in both SE and RE rats. The proteinuria of SE (7.0 ± 0.8 mg/24 h) rats was decreased at the 8th week of the PE in comparison with RE (9.6 ± 0.8 mg/24 h) and S (9.8 ± 0.5 mg/24 h) groups. The glomerulosclerosis was reduced in SE rats (P < 0.02). SE produced different response in renal function in comparison with RE, in which only swimming-trained rats had better profile for proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis.
Assuntos
Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Glomerulonefrite/prevenção & controle , Hipertensão/terapia , Rim/fisiopatologia , Proteinúria/prevenção & controle , Corrida , Natação , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Glomerulonefrite/etiologia , Glomerulonefrite/patologia , Glomerulonefrite/fisiopatologia , Frequência Cardíaca , Hipertensão/complicações , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Rim/patologia , Masculino , Proteinúria/etiologia , Proteinúria/patologia , Proteinúria/fisiopatologia , Ratos Endogâmicos SHR , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
As bebidas achocolatadas têm adquirido espaço no mercado consumidor, por se tratar de um lanche rápido, atendendo a pessoas de todas as idades, principalmente, devido a suas características sensoriais e nutricionais. Dentre os atributos sensoriais, dois estão relacionados ao consumo destes produtos: sabor e cor. Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a cor objetiva e subjetiva, além da preferência de 17 amostras de bebidas achocolatadas comercializadas em Santa Maria, RS. A cor objetiva foi determinada em colorímetro Minolta, pelo sistema CIEL*a*b*, e a subjetiva, por inspeção visual através do teste de preferência. A análise sensorial foi realizada conforme o teste de ordenação descrito pela ABNT, classificando as amostras em ordem decrescente em relação à preferência dos provadores. De maneira geral, os resultados encontrados para os parâmetros de cor objetiva (L*, a* e b*) mostraram que as bebidas achocolatadas tendem à cor escura, o mesmo foi observado na análise subjetiva de cor. Os resultados do teste de ordenação indicaram que a amostra preferida foi a n° 12, sendo também confirmada como a amostra de melhor cor subjetiva.(AU)
Chocolate based beverages are occupying a constantly growing space in the consumer market, due to the fact that it is considered a fast snack, satisfying people of all ages, mainly because of its sensorial and nutritional characteristics. Amongst the sensorial attributes, two are related to the consumption of these products: flavor and color. The objective of this work was to analyze both the objective and subjective color, as well as the preference, of 17 samples of chocolate based beverages commercialized in Santa Maria, RS. The objective color was determined with the use of a Minolta colorimeter, using the CIEL* a*b* system, and the subjective one was carried out by visual inspection using a preference test. The sensorial analysis was carried out using an ordinance test as described by ABNT, classifying the samples in decreasing order of preference of the sensorial testers. In general, the results obtained for the colour parameters (L*, a* and b*) showed that the chocolate based beverages tend to a dark color, which was the same result obtained in the subjective colour analysis. The results of the ordinance test show that sample number 12 was the most accepted one and was also confirmed as the sample with the best subjective colour.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bebidas/análise , Cacau , LaticíniosRESUMO
As bebidas achocolatadas têm adquirido espaço no mercado consumidor, por se tratar de um lanche rápido, atendendo a pessoas de todas as idades, principalmente, devido a suas características sensoriais e nutricionais. Dentre os atributos sensoriais, dois estão relacionados ao consumo destes produtos: sabor e cor. Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a cor objetiva e subjetiva, além da preferência de 17 amostras de bebidas achocolatadas comercializadas em Santa Maria, RS. A cor objetiva foi determinada em colorímetro Minolta, pelo sistema CIEL*a*b*, e a subjetiva, por inspeção visual através do teste de preferência. A análise sensorial foi realizada conforme o teste de ordenação descrito pela ABNT, classificando as amostras em ordem decrescente em relação à preferência dos provadores. De maneira geral, os resultados encontrados para os parâmetros de cor objetiva (L*, a* e b*) mostraram que as bebidas achocolatadas tendem à cor escura, o mesmo foi observado na análise subjetiva de cor. Os resultados do teste de ordenação indicaram que a amostra preferida foi a n° 12, sendo também confirmada como a amostra de melhor cor subjetiva.
Chocolate based beverages are occupying a constantly growing space in the consumer market, due to the fact that it is considered a fast snack, satisfying people of all ages, mainly because of its sensorial and nutritional characteristics. Amongst the sensorial attributes, two are related to the consumption of these products: flavor and color. The objective of this work was to analyze both the objective and subjective color, as well as the preference, of 17 samples of chocolate based beverages commercialized in Santa Maria, RS. The objective color was determined with the use of a Minolta colorimeter, using the CIEL* a*b* system, and the subjective one was carried out by visual inspection using a preference test. The sensorial analysis was carried out using an ordinance test as described by ABNT, classifying the samples in decreasing order of preference of the sensorial testers. In general, the results obtained for the colour parameters (L*, a* and b*) showed that the chocolate based beverages tend to a dark color, which was the same result obtained in the subjective colour analysis. The results of the ordinance test show that sample number 12 was the most accepted one and was also confirmed as the sample with the best subjective colour.
Assuntos
Animais , Bebidas/análise , Cacau , LaticíniosRESUMO
UNLABELLED: The optimal immunosuppressive regimen for simultaneous kidney pancreas transplantation (SKPT) is still not established. We conducted a study to compare the safety and efficacy of no induction versus anti-IL-2 receptor induction protocols in SKPT recipients receiving the same maintenance regimen. METHODS: Sixty-three SKPT recipients were divided into two groups: no induction group (n = 42) and anti-IL-2 receptor induction group (n = 21). All patients were maintained on tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. Primary endpoints were 1-year acute rejection incidence and patient and graft survivals. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics were similar between the groups. Acute rejection incidence at 1 year was equal in both groups (28.6%). Kidney and pancreas allograft survival in the no induction group were 78.6% and 76.2%, and in the anti-IL-2R induction group, 81% and 71.4%, respectively (P = NS). Patient survival was also similar: 83.3% in the no induction versus 85.7% in the anti-IL-2R induction group. Deaths due to sepsis were higher in the anti-IL-2R induction group, albeit not significantly. CONCLUSION: The use of a no-induction protocol in SKPT is safe and effective immunosuppression that also reduces transplantation costs.
Assuntos
Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Transplante de Rim/imunologia , Transplante de Pâncreas/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-2/imunologia , Adulto , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Biópsia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/prevenção & controle , Daclizumabe , Quimioterapia Combinada , Rejeição de Enxerto/tratamento farmacológico , Rejeição de Enxerto/epidemiologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/patologia , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/uso terapêutico , Terapia de Imunossupressão/métodos , Transplante de Rim/mortalidade , Ácido Micofenólico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Micofenólico/uso terapêutico , Transplante de Pâncreas/mortalidade , Seleção de Pacientes , Prednisona/uso terapêutico , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
Hypothalamic gangliocytomas have been shown to contain immunoreactivity for hypophysiotropic peptides and some have been associated with endocrine dysfunction. Extrahypothalamic gangliocytomas are usually not associated with endocrine abnormalities. We studied nine cerebral or cerebellar gangliocytomas from six men and three women; none of the patients had detectable alterations of endocrine homeostasis. On histological examination, the tumor cells resembled hypothalamic neurons. Electron microscopy disclosed the presence of dense-core vesicles in neuronal cytoplasm and processes resembling Herring bodies, and there were synaptic contacts between tumor cells. All but two tumors contained immunocytochemical positivity for at least one peptide hormone or amine; these included somatostatin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, beta-endorphin, galanin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin, serotonin, catecholamines or met-enkephalin. These tumors have been thought to represent neoplasms arising in ectopic autonomic neural tissue. Their morphological features, their similarity to hypothalamic gangliocytomas and the multiple immunoreactivities shown here suggest that they can be regarded as tumors of peptidergic neurons that are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Neoplasias Cerebelares/patologia , Ganglioneuroma/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cerebelares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Cerebelares/metabolismo , Feminino , Ganglioneuroma/diagnóstico , Ganglioneuroma/metabolismo , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Lactente , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Immunohistochemical studies with antisera against four peroxisomal enzymes, catalase and beta-oxidation enzymes (acyl-coenzyme A oxidase, bifunctional protein, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase), were performed on brain, liver, and kidney specimens from patients with peroxisomal disorders, as well as specimens from three control subjects, by using conventional paraffin-embedded autopsy material. The patients included eight with Zellweger syndrome and one with neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. In the liver and kidney specimens from all patients, except one with Zellweger syndrome, diffuse immunostaining with all antisera in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelium suggested an absence of peroxisomes but the presence of peroxisomal enzymes. Examination of brain specimens indicated a weak or negative reaction of neurons in the cerebral cortex and a weak reaction of glial cells in the white matter, which suggested maturational delay compared with control subjects. The delayed immunoreactive pattern of peroxisomal enzymes in Zellweger syndrome and neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy may be related to the significant neuropathologic features of polymicrogyria and dysmyelinogenesis. One patient with Zellweger syndrome had a unique finding of a positive granular catalase reaction and a negative reaction with antisera to 3-ketoacyl-coenzyme A thiolase, which suggested a diagnosis of pseudo-Zellweger syndrome. This study validates the application of these immunohistochemical methods to the study of peroxisomal enzymes. Use of these methods improves the accuracy of diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders.
Assuntos
Adrenoleucodistrofia/diagnóstico , Encéfalo/patologia , Rim/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Microcorpos/enzimologia , Síndrome de Zellweger/diagnóstico , Acetil-CoA C-Aciltransferase/análise , Acil-CoA Oxidase , Catalase/análise , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Neuroglia/patologia , Neurônios/patologia , Oxirredutases/análiseRESUMO
From three-dimensional diameter measurements of eleven kinds of cells pertaining to five different organs, which were excised from eleven adult mammals (nine species) whose body weight range was 40 g to 450 kg, we calculated the corresponding cell soma areas (A), volumes (V), and finally their area-volume ratios (A/V). The dissimilarities among these eleven cell types could be established quantitatively by means of a cluster analysis. The dendrograms for cell areas (A), volumes (V), and their corresponding area-volume ratios (A/V), yielded similar groupings when cell areas and volumes were compared, yet the grouping of the area-volume ratios (A/V) for the eleven types of cells was different. These results were corroborated by means of the principal components analysis, where five distinct cell groupings could be established. The relationship between cellular morphometry, oxidative metabolism, and body mass, was established by means of the fractal geometry of the transport systems (respiration and circulation), which provides the tools for the scale-dependent analysis of the surfaces across which the transport of metabolites is performed.
Assuntos
Tamanho Celular , Animais , Peso Corporal , Contagem de Células , Divisão Celular , Células Cultivadas , Cerebelo/citologia , Feminino , Intestino Grosso/citologia , Rim/citologia , Fígado/citologia , Masculino , Mamíferos , Pele/citologiaRESUMO
Three-dimensional measurements of eleven kinds of cells, obtained from serial sections of five different organs, excised from eleven adult mammals of different body sizes-from a 40 g mouse to a 450 kg cow-were made. In order to minimize technical errors all organs were submitted to standardized fixation and staining procedures. Twenty cell diameters (at the nuclear level) were measured in each of the 7 microns serial tissue section which were made in two planes, after a 90 degree rotation of the fixed and embedded organ specimens. The mean values of the cell diameter measurements were submitted to a cluster analysis by means of a computer program, to establish the cell type groups with similar morphometric characteristics. The dendrograms of the cell-type groupings were then compared with the results obtained by applying the traditional statistical analysis of the cell sizes (in micrometers) in the three dimensions of space, and also with the principal component analysis. With the three statistical methods we came to analogous conclusions. The empirical allometric exponents for the three cell diameters, when expressed independently as functions of body mass, are not significantly different from zero, and in consequence cell sizes are independent of body mass. The physiological meaning of the body-size-independence of the mean three cell diameters is discussed.
Assuntos
Peso Corporal , Contagem de Células , Células/citologia , Animais , Gatos , Bovinos , Cerebelo/citologia , Cricetinae , Técnicas Citológicas , Cães , Feminino , Cavalos , Intestino Grosso/citologia , Rim/citologia , Fígado/citologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Ratos , Análise de Regressão , Ovinos , Pele/citologia , SuínosAssuntos
Campylobacter/isolamento & purificação , Mucosa Gástrica/microbiologia , Gastrite Atrófica/microbiologia , Gastrite/microbiologia , Úlcera Péptica/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Cimetidina/uso terapêutico , Úlcera Duodenal/tratamento farmacológico , Úlcera Duodenal/microbiologia , Feminino , Gastroscopia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Úlcera Gástrica/microbiologiaRESUMO
Measurement of pyruvate and lactate produced from glucose by confluent skin fibroblast cultures from 95 patients with lactic acidemia revealed 10 in whom the lactate/pyruvate ratio (L/P) was increased (L/P = 57 to 232) compared with that observed in control cell lines (L/P = 18 to 35). Mitochondria prepared from these cells revealed two types of respiratory chain defect. In four patients the deficient activity was present in NADH-coenzyme Q reductase (14% to 21% of controls), and in six the deficiency was in cytochrome c oxidase (21% to 28% of controls). The four patients with NADH-coQ reductase deficiency presented early with lactic acidosis, respiratory failure, anorexia, and hypotonia; all four died within 7 months. The group with cytochrome oxidase deficiency had a somewhat later (18 months to 2 years of age) presentation with milder lactic acidemia, but also with hypotonia and anorexia. They had delayed development, beginning to walk and talk at 18 to 24 months, and then slowly regressed. Although an investigation of central nervous system disorders in this latter group has not been possible, the clinical progression fits into the broad category of Leigh disease. We conclude that in these two groups respiratory chain defects can be detected and localized by the use of skin fibroblast cultures.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias Metabólicas/enzimologia , Deficiência de Citocromo-c Oxidase , Doença de Leigh/enzimologia , NAD/deficiência , Quinona Redutases/deficiência , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ciclo do Ácido Cítrico , Feminino , Fibroblastos/enzimologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Lactatos/sangue , Masculino , Mitocôndrias/enzimologia , NAD(P)H Desidrogenase (Quinona) , Piruvatos/sangueRESUMO
Ultrasound brain scans sometimes demonstrate increased echogenicity or cysts, or both, in the periventricular white matter, superolateral to the ventricle, in the most common site of periventricular infarction. Over 33 months, 23 preterm infants dying after 20 or more days of life were entered into this study. Superolateral echogenicity or cysts were found in 13 (57%) cases. Periventricular infarction was present at autopsy in 12 (52%) cases. Ultrasound accurately diagnosed the size, site, and extent of periventricular infarction in 78% of scans. Interpretive errors were made with poor-quality scans and with early and late studies. We conclude that sector ultrasound brain scans accurately diagnose major periventricular infarction. Hemorrhage into the site of infarction is not a prerequisite for diagnosis of periventricular infarction by ultrasound.
Assuntos
Infarto Cerebral/diagnóstico , Ventrículos Cerebrais/patologia , Doenças do Prematuro/diagnóstico , Ultrassonografia , Autopsia , Infarto Cerebral/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Prematuro/patologia , MasculinoAssuntos
Infecções por Citomegalovirus/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Prematuro/prevenção & controle , Reação Transfusional , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/etiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/etiologia , Doenças do Prematuro/etiologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to validate brain imaging techniques in the preterm infant. A homogeneous group of very immature (less than 32 week) neonates dying in the neonatal period were sequentially scanned with linear-array real-time ultrasound scans, and after death with compound B static sector ultrasound and high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scans. All three imaging techniques were correlated with the autopsy results. All germinal matrix bleeds greater than 5mm in size and intraventricular hemorrhages associated with ventricular dilation or distortion were accurately diagnosed. In the immature infant it was difficult to distinguish the normal highly vascular germinal matrix and choroid plexus from hemorrhage into the brain or ventricles, respectively. Further studies that address the questions of accurate timing and incidence of bleeds must consider the spatial resolution of the individual scanner, the maturity of the brain, the site and size of the lesion, and the evolution of the lesion. For the diagnosis of major hemorrhagic lesions in the preterm infant, either ultrasound or CT scans may be used with confidence.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Hemorragia Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças do Prematuro/diagnóstico por imagem , Hemorragia Cerebral/diagnóstico , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Prematuro/diagnóstico , Cintilografia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Congenital muscular dystrophy (muscular dystrophy presenting from birth) with a wide spectrum of clinical severity is reported in 24 patients. Progression of symptoms was evident, leading to significant motor handicap in all patients and death in eight cases. Muscle enzyme studies did not always correlate with the severity of the disease. In six cases, initial muscle biopsy showed only minimal, nonspecific abnormalities; however, characteristic dystrophic changes were evident on repeat biopsies. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies did not show consistent changes, except type I predominance in a few cases. Evidently the condition is rarely, if ever, benign and the clinical course cannot be predicted from the initial presentation or early pathologic findings. Clinical, laboratory and pathologic characteristics are outlined for the diagnosis of this disorder.
Assuntos
Distrofias Musculares/congênito , Biópsia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Creatina Quinase/metabolismo , Eletromiografia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Músculos/enzimologia , Músculos/fisiopatologia , Distrofias Musculares/patologia , Distrofias Musculares/fisiopatologia , Condução NervosaAssuntos
Morte Súbita do Lactente/patologia , Nervo Vago/patologia , Fatores Etários , Doenças dos Nervos Cranianos/complicações , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Fibras Nervosas/patologia , Fibras Nervosas Mielinizadas/patologia , Respiração , Morte Súbita do Lactente/etiologia , Nervo Vago/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Brain biopsies for neurodegenerative disease performed at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, over a 12-year period (1964 to 1976) were reviewed. Of 64 biopsies, major histologic abnormalities with diagnostic or prognostic significance comprised 39% of the total cases, minor abnormalities represented 13%, and 48% appeared normal. The procedure failed to provide prognostic assistance in 41%. With the advent for newer diagnostic techniques (enzyme assays and muscle, skin, peripheral nerve, rectal, and appendix biopsies) for neurodegenerative disease in childhood, a much lower yield is noted (15 to 20%). Only two progressive degenerative childhood conditions remain in which cerebral tissue is necessary for diagnosis--Alexander disease and Canavan spongy degeneration.