RESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal influence on the chemical composition, somatic cell count (SCC), and total bacterial count (TBC) of raw bulk-tank milk in northeastern Brazilian states. Data were obtained from milk samples from tanks collected monthly by industries registered with the Federal Inspection Service. According to normative instruction #62 (IN-62), two validity periods were considered. The highest recorded averages for chemical composition were between May and July. The mean fat content varied from 3.51% to 3.69%, and the protein content ranged from 3.07% to 3.17%. The averages of SCC ranged from 4.66 to 4.90 × 1,000 cells/ml, with the highest being recorded in July. At the same time, the TBC ranged from 2.34 to 2.53 cfu/ml. The highest TBC was recorded in March. The mean values of fat, protein, defatted dry extract, SCCs, and TBC were influenced by the months of the year. The means for these variables decreased in periods when Brazilian legislation was more severe. However, the SCC and TBC averages found in this study were still high, considering the quality of raw milk production. SCC and TBC presence still did not comply with the limits established by the legislation.
RESUMO
This study aimed to assess the effects of diets containing spineless cactus genotypes resistant to carmine cochineal insect (Dactylopius opuntiae) on the liver condition of sheep. Thirty-six non-castrated Santa Inês male sheep (six months of age and average initial body weight of 22.0 ± 2.9 kg) were assigned to a completely randomized design, with three treatments and 12 replicates. The animals were fed a diet with Tifton hay as exclusive roughage (control) and two more diets in which the hay was partially replaced by 'Miúda' or 'Orelha de Elefante Mexicana' (OEM.) spineless cactus. The animals were randomly slaughtered at 86 days after 16-h solid fast. The use of spineless cactus, regardless of genotype, increased the liver weight and caused inflammatory processes and necrosis on the liver parenchyma. Spineless cactus in diets for sheep confined for 86 days, despite causing liver tissue damage, such as inflammation and death process of hepatocytes, does not compromise weight gain.
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de dietas contendo genótipos de palma forrageira resistentes ao inseto cochonilha do carmim (Dactylopius opuntiae) sobre a condição hepática de ovinos. Trinta e seis ovinos machos Santa Inês não castrados (seis meses de idade e peso corporal inicial médio de 22,0 ± 2,9 kg) foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e 12 repetições. Os animais foram alimentados com uma dieta com feno de Tifton como volumoso exclusivo (controle) e mais duas dietas em que o feno foi parcialmente substituído por palma forrageira 'Miúda' ou 'Orelha de Elefante Mexicana' (OEM.). Os animais foram abatidos aleatoriamente aos 86 dias após jejum de sólidos por 16 horas. O uso de palma forrageira, independente do genótipo, aumentou o peso do fígado e causou processos inflamatórios e necrose no parênquima hepático. A palma forrageira em dietas para ovinos confinados por 86 dias, apesar de causar danos ao tecido hepático, como inflamação e processo de morte dos hepatócitos, não compromete o ganho de peso.
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos , Elaeis guineensis , Fígado/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of four varieties of cactus pear resistant to carmine cochineal as exclusive roughage for lambs on the biochemical, histopathological, and histomorphometric parameters of kidneys. Twenty-four castrated male crossbred lambs at eight months of age and an initial body weight of 21.0 ± 0.5 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and six repetitions. The experimental treatments consisted of four diets containing Miúda cactus pear, IPA-Sertânia cactus pear, IPA-F21 cactus pear, or Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (OEM) cactus pear as the only roughage. Blood samples were collected every two weeks (14 d, 28 d, 42 d, and 56 d) to quantify serum urea and creatinine levels. After 72 days of the introduction of the tested diets, the animals were slaughtered and fragments of the kidneys were collected for histological analysis. The serum urea level was higher in animals fed a diet based on the Miúda variety (49.38 mg dL-1), and the serum creatinine levels were lower in the last two collections (P = 0.009). The most frequent histopathological findings in the kidneys were calcification, congestion, glomerular atrophy, presence of luminal cellular debris, and nephrosis, regardless of the cactus pear variety. The Miúda cactus pear and OEM cactus pear varieties caused more severe damage to the nephron components, while the varieties IPA F-21 and IPA-Sertânia caused less significant injuries. The use of IPA-Sertânia and IPA F-21 cactus pear varieties is suggested in lamb's diets, due to the lower impact on the renal parenchyma. However, there was no expressive impairment of renal function, and there was no difference between the cactus pear varieties tested in this study on the weight gain of the animals, and they can all be used to feed feedlot sheep.
Assuntos
Hemípteros , Opuntia , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Carmim , Creatinina , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Rim/fisiologia , Masculino , Ovinos , Carneiro Doméstico , UreiaRESUMO
Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of Tifton hay by Miúda cactus cladodes (Nopalea) or Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (O.E.M.) cactus cladodes (Opuntia) on serum and liver concentrations of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in feedlot small ruminants. The experiment 1 (Exp. 1) lasted 86 days, and thirty-six male Santa Inês lambs (22.0 ± 2.9 kg initial body weight-IBW) were used. In experiment 2 (Exp. 2), lasting 100 days, thirty-six male goats of undefined breed (19.0 ± 2.8 kg IBW) were used. In both studies, the animals were distributed in a completely randomized design, with three treatments (diet control-without cactus; and diets with hay partially replaced by Miúda or O.E.M. cactus cladodes) and twelve replicates. Blood samples were collected to quantify serum micromineral levels, and at the end of the feedlot periods, sheep and goats were slaughtered and liver fragments were collected for micromineral dosage. In Exp. 1, lambs fed Nopalea cactus cladodes diet showed greater hepatic Cu accumulation (441.87 mg/kg DM; P = 0.027). The diets containing cactus cladodes tended to increase serum levels of Cu (P = 0.075) and Zn (P = 0.058). In Exp. 2, goats fed diet containing Opuntia cactus cladodes presented higher serum levels of Fe (P = 0.024) and Cu (P = 0.012). In conclusion, the partial replacement of Tifton hay by cactus cladodes increases hepatic concentrations of Cu in lambs and serum levels of Fe and Cu in goats.
Assuntos
Cabras , Opuntia , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Fígado , Masculino , Melhoramento Vegetal , OvinosRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three varieties of cactus cladodes resistant to carmine cochineal on the animal performance and histology of the large intestine of sheep. Forty lambs (21.0 ± 2.0 kg body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and ten repetitions. The experimental treatments consisted of a control diet and three more diets in which part (750 g/kg) of the elephant grass hay, and all the corn were replaced by Miúda cactus cladodes, IPA-Sertânia cactus cladodes, or Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (O.E.M.) cactus cladodes. On the 60th day after the introduction of the tested diets, blood samples were collected to quantify serum magnesium (Mg2+) levels. After 63 days of experiment, the animals were slaughtered and fragments of the cecum and colon were collected for histopathological analysis. The inclusion of the Miúda and O.E.M. cactus cladodes in the diet caused inflammatory lesions in the cecum (100% of the animals) and in the colon (71.43% of the animals) of the sheep. The inflammation in the cecum caused by Miúda and O.E.M. cactus cladodes was considered accentuated (P = 0.009). Less voluntary water intake was observed for animals submitted to diets with cactus cladodes (P < 0.001), as well as higher water content in the feces (P < 0.001). The cactus cladodes, especially the Miúda and O.E.M. varieties, cause lesions in the tissue morphology of the cecum and colon of sheep, but improve productive performance.
Assuntos
Cactaceae , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Intestinos , Ovinos , Zea maysRESUMO
The aim of this study was to assess the productive and reproductive performance of Holstein cows grown in the Agreste region of Pernambuco. Dairy records were collected from three farms located in the Agreste region of the state of Pernambuco each month between 2007 and 2017. According to the National Institute of Meteorology the average annual temperature during the collection period was 24.21 ºC, mean annual rainfall was 551.7 mm and mean annual relative humidity was 75.92%. A total of 42,677 data points concerning milk production, milk components and somatic cell score (SCS), as well as other zootechnical information regarding reproductive management, are analyzed herein. In order to assess cow productive performance, lactation curve estimates were performed according to calving order by applying the Wood model, while milk production, milk components and SCS were analyzed according to calving order and farm, season, calving year and the interaction between calving order and season. Regarding reproductive evaluations, farm effects on indices such as age at first calving (IPP), calving interval (IP) and service period (PS) were evaluated. Data were processed using analysis of variance SAS PROC GLM commands, while PROC NLIN commands were used to estimate the curves. Significant (p < 0.05) farm, calving order, season, calving year and interaction effects on production values, milk composition and SCS were noted. Higher amounts of certain milk components (lactose, total solids and non-fat solids) were observed in primiparous cows. Multiparous cows were the most productive in relation to the amount of milk produced milk (34.15 kg/milk/day) and, consequently, presented the highest SCS (4.48). The Wood model showed a good fit of lactation curve characterized by an ascending phase until peaking and a descending phase following the peak. Regarding the assessed reproductive indices, a significant effect...(AU)
Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de vacas holandesas criadas no Agreste de Pernambuco. Foram analisados registros de controle leiteiro obtidos em três fazendas localizadas na região Agreste do estado de Pernambuco, realizados mensalmente entre os anos de 2007 e 2017. As características climáticas, de acordo com o Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, para o período de coleta foram: temperatura média anual de 24,21ºC; precipitação média anual de 551,7 mm e umidade relativa média anual de 75,92%. Um total de 42.677 informações sobre produção de leite, componentes do leite e escore de células somáticas (ECS) e outras informações de controle zootécnico referente ao manejo reprodutivo foram analisados neste estudo. Para avaliar o desempenho produtivo das vacas, foram feitas estimativas das curvas de lactação em função da ordem de parto utilizando o modelo de Wood e a produção de leite, componentes do leite e ECS foram analisados em função da ordem de parto e quanto aos efeitos de fazenda, estação do ano e ano de parto e a interação ordem de parto e estação do ano. Para avaliação reprodutiva, foi avaliado o efeito da fazenda sobre os índices como idade ao primeiro parto (IPP), intervalo de parto (IP) e período de serviço (PS). Os dados foram processados usando os comandos do SAS, PROC GLM para análise de variância e PROC NLIN para estimativa das curvas. Houve efeito significativo (p < 0,05) de fazenda, ordem de parto, estação do ano, ano de parto e da interação analisada, sobre os valores de produção, composição do leite e ECS. Os maiores teores de alguns componentes (lactose, sólidos totais e sólidos não gordurosos) do leite foram observados nas primíparas. As vacas multíparas foram as mais produtivas em relação à quantidade de leite produzido diariamente (34,15 kg/leite/dia) e consequentemente, apresentaram maior ECS (4,48). O modelo de Wood apresentou bom ajuste aos dados...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Indústria Agropecuária/análise , Indústria Agropecuária/estatística & dados numéricos , Reprodução , LactaçãoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacement maniçoba hay by spineless cactus on the performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of confined lambs. Thirty-two male lambs, with an average body weight of 20.8⯱â¯2.9â¯kg, were fed with different levels of spineless cactus in replacement for 0, 33, 66 or 100% of maniçoba hay (i.e. 0, 200, 400, 600â¯gâ¯kg-1 of dietary DM). The replacement maniçoba hay by spineless cactus did not influence dry matter intake (g d-1) and cold carcass weight (Pâ¯>â¯.05), but increased (Pâ¯<â¯.05) the carcass finishing fat but did not influence (Pâ¯<â¯.05) the physical characteristics of the lambs' meat. Lower values for odor, flavor and purchase intention of meat were observed with 66% of replacement. Therefore, replacement of 33% maniçoba hay by spineless cactus can be recommended as optimal level, because it improve the fattening of the carcass, without causing negative effects on performance or meat quality.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Cactaceae , Carne Vermelha/análise , Carneiro Doméstico/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Adulto , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Cor , Comportamento do Consumidor , Dieta/veterinária , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Odorantes , PaladarRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of the carmine cochineal-resistant spineless cactus genotypes cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia) and Miúda (Nopalea) on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, ingestive behavior, performance, and ultrasound measurements of growing lambs. METHODS: Thirty-six male (non-castrated) Santa Inês lambs were used, with an average age of 6 months and an initial average weight of 22.0±2.9 kg. They were distributed in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments (Tifton hay, Nopalea and Opuntia) and 12 replications, using initial weight as a covariate. The experimental period was 86 days, with the first 30 days used for the adaptation of the animals to the facilities, diets and management, and the remaining 56 days used for evaluation and data collection. RESULTS: The intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) showed a significant difference (p<0.05) as a function of the diets, with the Nopalea treatment (p<0.05) increasing DM intake (g/kg and % body weight [BW]), CP, TDN, and TC digestibility, whereas the Tifton hay diet led to a high (p<0.001) neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) g/d intake, NDFap (BW %) and digestibility of said nutrient. There was no effect of treatments (p>0.05) on feeding time, however, rumination time and total chewing time were higher (p<0.05) for animals fed Tifton hay. The performance of the animals was similar (p>0.05). For the ultrasound measurements, Nopalea promoted an increase in the final loin eye area, compared to Tifton hay. CONCLUSION: The use of spineless cactus variety Miúda leads to the greater intake and digestibility of nutrients. The evaluated carmine cochineal-resistant spineless cactus genotypes are alternatives for semi-arid regions as they do not negatively affect the performance of growing lambs.
RESUMO
The histomorphometric parameters of the fore-stomach epithelium of lambs fed with spineless cactus genotypes resistant to Dactylopius sp. were evaluated. Thirty-two lambs (23.0 ± 2.06 kg body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight replications. The treatments consisted of the base diet and diets in which part of the elephant grass hay and all ground corn was replaced by the Miúda, IPA-Sertânia, or Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (OEM) spineless cacti. The keratin layers of the ruminal epithelium of the animals consuming the spineless cacti Miúda and OEM presented greater thickening relative to the control diet: 47.31, 41.30, and 25.81 µm, respectively. The heights of the ruminal papillae were higher in the animals that were fed with the OEM spineless cactus. The Miúda spineless cactus caused an enlargement in the keratinized layer of the reticulum epithelium, as well as a decrease in the thickness of the non-keratinized layers. The diet containing OEM spineless cactus resulted in greater thickening of the keratin layer of the omasal epithelium and decreased thickness of the non-keratinized layers. The spineless cacti Miúda and OEM changed the morphology of the fore-stomach epithelium and increased the dry matter intake and weight gain of lambs.
Assuntos
Cactaceae/química , Dieta/veterinária , Rúmen/fisiologia , Carneiro Doméstico/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Antibiose , Hemípteros/fisiologia , MasculinoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to assess the productive and reproductive performance of Holstein cows grown in the Agreste region of Pernambuco. Dairy records were collected from three farms located in the Agreste region of the state of Pernambuco each month between 2007 and 2017. According to the National Institute of Meteorology the average annual temperature during the collection period was 24.21 ºC, mean annual rainfall was 551.7 mm and mean annual relative humidity was 75.92%. A total of 42,677 data points concerning milk production, milk components and somatic cell score (SCS), as well as other zootechnical information regarding reproductive management, are analyzed herein. In order to assess cow productive performance, lactation curve estimates were performed according to calving order by applying the Wood model, while milk production, milk components and SCS were analyzed according to calving order and farm, season, calving year and the interaction between calving order and season. Regarding reproductive evaluations, farm effects on indices such as age at first calving (IPP), calving interval (IP) and service period (PS) were evaluated. Data were processed using analysis of variance SAS PROC GLM commands, while PROC NLIN commands were used to estimate the curves. Significant (p < 0.05) farm, calving order, season, calving year and interaction effects on production values, milk composition and SCS were noted. Higher amounts of certain milk components (lactose, total solids and non-fat solids) were observed in primiparous cows. Multiparous cows were the most productive in relation to the amount of milk produced milk (34.15 kg/milk/day) and, consequently, presented the highest SCS (4.48). The Wood model showed a good fit of lactation curve characterized by an ascending phase until peaking and a descending phase following the peak. Regarding the assessed reproductive indices, a significant effect...
Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de vacas holandesas criadas no Agreste de Pernambuco. Foram analisados registros de controle leiteiro obtidos em três fazendas localizadas na região Agreste do estado de Pernambuco, realizados mensalmente entre os anos de 2007 e 2017. As características climáticas, de acordo com o Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, para o período de coleta foram: temperatura média anual de 24,21ºC; precipitação média anual de 551,7 mm e umidade relativa média anual de 75,92%. Um total de 42.677 informações sobre produção de leite, componentes do leite e escore de células somáticas (ECS) e outras informações de controle zootécnico referente ao manejo reprodutivo foram analisados neste estudo. Para avaliar o desempenho produtivo das vacas, foram feitas estimativas das curvas de lactação em função da ordem de parto utilizando o modelo de Wood e a produção de leite, componentes do leite e ECS foram analisados em função da ordem de parto e quanto aos efeitos de fazenda, estação do ano e ano de parto e a interação ordem de parto e estação do ano. Para avaliação reprodutiva, foi avaliado o efeito da fazenda sobre os índices como idade ao primeiro parto (IPP), intervalo de parto (IP) e período de serviço (PS). Os dados foram processados usando os comandos do SAS, PROC GLM para análise de variância e PROC NLIN para estimativa das curvas. Houve efeito significativo (p < 0,05) de fazenda, ordem de parto, estação do ano, ano de parto e da interação analisada, sobre os valores de produção, composição do leite e ECS. Os maiores teores de alguns componentes (lactose, sólidos totais e sólidos não gordurosos) do leite foram observados nas primíparas. As vacas multíparas foram as mais produtivas em relação à quantidade de leite produzido diariamente (34,15 kg/leite/dia) e consequentemente, apresentaram maior ECS (4,48). O modelo de Wood apresentou bom ajuste aos dados...
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Bovinos , Indústria Agropecuária/análise , Indústria Agropecuária/estatística & dados numéricos , Lactação , ReproduçãoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of the cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) in sheep diets on the feed intake, digestibility, fermentation, and physicochemical characteristics of the ruminal digesta. Five sheep cannulated in the rumen (61.5±9.5 kg body weight) were assigned in a Latin square design (5×5), with five diets and five experimental periods of 21 days each. The first 14 days were the adaptation period, and data were collected over the following seven days, making the total duration of the experiment 105 days. The diets included a control diet and four diets containing cactus at 121, 245, 371, and 500 g/kg of dry matter (DM). The diets had a forage:concentrate ratio of 65:35. The inclusion of cactus increased the DM intake and non-fiber carbohydrates, but reduced the neutral detergent fiber intake. It also increased the apparent digestibility of the DM, reduced the digesta density 4 h after feeding, and increased the production of ruminal fluid foam. The inclusion of cactus quadratically affected the DM rumen turnover, with the lowest value observed in the 336.5 g/kg cactus diet. The DM ruminal disappearance rate increased with the inclusion of cactus to the diets and quadratically affected the ruminal pH, with the highest value found in the 150 g/kg cactus diet. The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) increased, but the acetate:propionate ratio decreased with the inclusion of cactus at 500 g/kg DM. Taken together, our findings indicate that the evaluated spineless cactus can be added to sheep diets up to the level of 500 g/kg DM. The inclusion of O. stricta (Haw.) improves feed intake, DM digestibility, and SCFA and modifies the physicochemical characteristics of the ruminal digesta.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/fisiologia , Opuntia/efeitos adversos , Ruminação Digestiva/fisiologiaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.) with spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera) on the intake, digestibility of nutrients and ingestive behaviour of sheep. Eight rumen-cannulated sheep were used, with an average body weight of 58.44 ± 13.5 kg. The treatments consisted of the replacement of Tifton 85 hay with cactus at levels of 0, 333, 666 and 1000 g/kg. Samples of food and leftovers were collected at the beginning of each trial period. Digestibility was estimated using indigestible acid detergent fibre. Ingestive behaviour was evaluated via scan sampling. The replacement of Tifton 85 hay with spineless cactus had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the intake and digestibility of neutral detergent fibre and non-fibre carbohydrates. The rumination efficiency of neutral detergent fibre was not affected (P > 0.05) by the substitution of Tifton 85 hay with spineless cactus. However, plasma glucose, phosphorus and magnesium were linearly influenced by Tifton 85 hay replacement with spineless cactus. Therefore, spineless cactus can be used to replace up to 500 g/kg of Tifton 85 hay in complete diets for sheep.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Cactaceae , Dieta/veterinária , Digestão/fisiologia , Ovinos/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Peso Corporal , Fibras na Dieta/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Comportamento Alimentar , Rúmen/metabolismoRESUMO
In dairy farm animals, one the most important goal of the selection is the improvement of milk yield and composition. Several studies have demonstrated that the candidate genes of the kappa-casein (CSN3) and β - lactoglobulin (β-LG) are associated with milk yield, milk quality and health traits in dairy animals. Therefore the aim of this study was to detect polymorphisms in CSN3 and β-LG genes and its association with milk yield in up to 305 days (305MY) and predicted transmission capacity (PTA) for 305MY in Girolando cattle. Totally, 138 bulls and 729 cows (n=867) were sampled. The genotypes of both genes were obtained by the PCR-RFLP method using HinfI and HaeIII enzymes for CSN3 and β-LG genes, respectively. Statistical results revealed two alleles A and B for both genes. The genotypes and alleles more frequents for CSN3 and β-LG genes were respectively: AA (0.7324) and A (0.8558), and AB (0.4827) and A (0.5017). The x2 test revealed that the two loci were at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p0.05). The allele variants of β-LG and CSN3 might be more investigated before include them into future breeding schemes designed for Girolando dairy cattle with objective of improving milk traits as milk yield in up to 305 days (305MY) and predicted transmission capacity (PTA) for 305MY.
Em rebanhos leiteiros, um dos objetivos mais importantes da seleção é a melhoria da produção e composição do leite. Vários estudos demonstraram que os genes candidatos da kappa-caseína (CSN3) e da β-lactoglobulina (β-LG) estão associados a produção de leite, qualidade do leite e características de saúde em animais leiteiros. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi detectar polimorfismos nos genes CSN3 e β-LG e avaliar possíveis associaçoes desses polimorfismos com a produção de leite em até 305 dias (305MY) e a capacidade de transmissão prevista (PTA) de leite em bovinos da raça Girolando. No total, 138 touros e 729 vacas (n = 867) foram amostrados. A genotipagem foi realizada pelo método PCR-RFLP utilizando as enzimas HinfI e HaeIII para os genes CSN3 e β-LG, respectivamente. Os resultados estatísticos revelaram dois alelos A e B para ambos os genes. Os genotipos e alelos mais frequentes para os genes CSN3 e β-LG foram respectivamente: AA (0,7324) e A (0,8558) e AB (0,4827) e A (0,5017). O teste x2 revelou que os dois loci estavam em equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg (p 0,05). Portanto, as variantes alélicas identificadas nos genes β-LG e CSN3 devem ser mais investigadas antes de serem incluidas nos programas de melhoramento desenhados para bovinos leiteiros Girolando objetivando melhorar as características do leite analisadas no presente estudo.
Assuntos
Caseínas/genética , Lactoglobulinas/genética , Leite/química , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Proteínas do Leite/análise , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Técnicas de GenotipagemRESUMO
In dairy farm animals, one the most important goal of the selection is the improvement of milk yield and composition. Several studies have demonstrated that the candidate genes of the kappa-casein (CSN3) and β - lactoglobulin (β-LG) are associated with milk yield, milk quality and health traits in dairy animals. Therefore the aim of this study was to detect polymorphisms in CSN3 and β-LG genes and its association with milk yield in up to 305 days (305MY) and predicted transmission capacity (PTA) for 305MY in Girolando cattle. Totally, 138 bulls and 729 cows (n=867) were sampled. The genotypes of both genes were obtained by the PCR-RFLP method using HinfI and HaeIII enzymes for CSN3 and β-LG genes, respectively. Statistical results revealed two alleles A and B for both genes. The genotypes and alleles more frequents for CSN3 and β-LG genes were respectively: AA (0.7324) and A (0.8558), and AB (0.4827) and A (0.5017). The x2 test revealed that the two loci were at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p<0.001). The allele substitution effects for the variants were not significant on 305MY and PTA for 305MY (p>0.05). The allele variants of β-LG and CSN3 might be more investigated before include them into future breeding schemes designed for Girolando dairy cattle with objective of improving milk traits as milk yield in up to 305 days (305MY) and predicted transmission capacity (PTA) for 305MY.(AU)
Em rebanhos leiteiros, um dos objetivos mais importantes da seleção é a melhoria da produção e composição do leite. Vários estudos demonstraram que os genes candidatos da kappa-caseína (CSN3) e da β-lactoglobulina (β-LG) estão associados a produção de leite, qualidade do leite e características de saúde em animais leiteiros. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi detectar polimorfismos nos genes CSN3 e β-LG e avaliar possíveis associaçoes desses polimorfismos com a produção de leite em até 305 dias (305MY) e a capacidade de transmissão prevista (PTA) de leite em bovinos da raça Girolando. No total, 138 touros e 729 vacas (n = 867) foram amostrados. A genotipagem foi realizada pelo método PCR-RFLP utilizando as enzimas HinfI e HaeIII para os genes CSN3 e β-LG, respectivamente. Os resultados estatísticos revelaram dois alelos A e B para ambos os genes. Os genotipos e alelos mais frequentes para os genes CSN3 e β-LG foram respectivamente: AA (0,7324) e A (0,8558) e AB (0,4827) e A (0,5017). O teste x2 revelou que os dois loci estavam em equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg (p <0,001). Os efeitos de substituiçao alélica para as variantes nao foram significativos para as características 305 MY e PTA para 305MY (p> 0,05). Portanto, as variantes alélicas identificadas nos genes β-LG e CSN3 devem ser mais investigadas antes de serem incluidas nos programas de melhoramento desenhados para bovinos leiteiros Girolando objetivando melhorar as características do leite analisadas no presente estudo.(AU)
Assuntos
Caseínas/genética , Lactoglobulinas/genética , Leite/química , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Proteínas do Leite/análise , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the replacement of Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.) by maniçoba hay or silage (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg) on sheep intake and performance. Twenty-four male Santa Ines animals were used, with initial body weight of 19.77 ± 1.95 kg and average age of 160 days. The animals were distributed in three treatments (Tifton 85 hay-TH, Maniçoba hay-MH and Maniçoba silage-MS), arranged in a randomized blocks design, with 8 replicates per treatment. The feedlot period lasted for 71 days. The means of the variables were tested by Tukeys test at 5% probability. Sheep fed MH presented higher dry matter intake (p > 0.05) than those fed TH (1.17 kg day-1 vs 1.06 kg day-1). Neutral detergent fiber intake was higher (p > 0.05) for MH-fed sheep (0.394 kg day-1) when compared to MS (0.340 kg day-1). The digestibility of total carbohydrates was higher (p > 0.05) for MH diet (0.71 g kg-1) than TH (0.67 g kg-1). The average daily gain and body weight at slaughter did not differ (p > 0.05) among treatments. Maniçoba hay or silage can replace Tifton 85 hay in sheep diets.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos/metabolismo , Cynodon , Silagem/análise , Euphorbiaceae , Ração Animal/análiseRESUMO
The objective of this study was to detect Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) and the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster (Mmcluster) in 373 goat milk samples of different breeds from herds located in Pernambuco and Paraíba states, as well as to evaluate somatic cell count (SCC) and milk composition from positive animals. For this, DNA extraction from milk samples was carried out, followed by generic and species-specific amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Milk constituents were determined by medium infrared spectrometry and SCC by flow cytometry. Analyses of variance and tests of comparison of means verified the effects of positivity on the evaluated characteristics. The frequencies for Ma and Mmcluster were 43.21 and 5.70%, respectively. In all genetic groups, Ma was detected in all positive samples, whereas Mmcluster was only observed in samples from Moxotó, Parda Sertaneja, and that without a defined racial pattern. Statistical difference was observed (p < 0.05) between mean values of protein, casein and SCC in positive and negative Ma samples. In terms of Mmcluster there was only a statistically significant difference in the SCC parameter. The detection of Mycoplasma in samples of goat milk suggests an introduction of infected animals into the evaluated herds, as well as possible contact with the etiological agents at fairs and exhibitions.(AU)
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo detectar Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) e Mycoplasma mycoides cluster (Mmcluster) em 373 amostras de leite caprino de diferentes raças, pertencentes a rebanhos localizados nos estados de Pernambuco e Paraíba, bem como avaliar a composição e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) de leite de animais positivos para aqueles agentes. Para isso realizou-se a extração de DNA de amostras de leite, seguida de amplificação genérica e espécie-específica por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Os constituintes do leite foram determinados por espectrômetro de infravermelho médio e a CCS, por citometria de fluxo. As análises de variância e testes de comparação de médias verificaram os efeitos da positividade sobre as características avaliadas. As frequências para Ma e Mmcluster foram de 43,21 e 5,70%, respectivamente. Em todos os grupos genéticos foram detectadas amostras positivas para Ma, enquanto que para Mmcluster só foram observadas em animais das raças Moxotó, Parda Sertaneja e sem padrão racial definido. Observou-se diferença estatística (p < 0,05) entre as médias de proteína, caseína e CCS de amostras positivas e negativas para Ma. Para Mmcluster, verificou-se diferença estatística significativa apenas para o parâmetro CCS. A detecção de Mycoplasma em amostras de leite caprino sugere a introdução de animais infectados nos rebanhos avaliados, como também o possível contato com os agentes etiológicos em feiras e exposições.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cabras/genética , Leite/microbiologia , Doenças das Cabras , Mycoplasma mycoides , Mycoplasma agalactiae , Infecções por Mycoplasma/genética , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterináriaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to detect Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) and the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster (Mmcluster) in 373 goat milk samples of different breeds from herds located in Pernambuco and Paraíba states, as well as to evaluate somatic cell count (SCC) and milk composition from positive animals. For this, DNA extraction from milk samples was carried out, followed by generic and species-specific amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Milk constituents were determined by medium infrared spectrometry and SCC by flow cytometry. Analyses of variance and tests of comparison of means verified the effects of positivity on the evaluated characteristics. The frequencies for Ma and Mmcluster were 43.21 and 5.70%, respectively. In all genetic groups, Ma was detected in all positive samples, whereas Mmcluster was only observed in samples from Moxotó, Parda Sertaneja, and that without a defined racial pattern. Statistical difference was observed (p < 0.05) between mean values of protein, casein and SCC in positive and negative Ma samples. In terms of Mmcluster there was only a statistically significant difference in the SCC parameter. The detection of Mycoplasma in samples of goat milk suggests an introduction of infected animals into the evaluated herds, as well as possible contact with the etiological agents at fairs and exhibitions.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo detectar Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) e Mycoplasma mycoides cluster (Mmcluster) em 373 amostras de leite caprino de diferentes raças, pertencentes a rebanhos localizados nos estados de Pernambuco e Paraíba, bem como avaliar a composição e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) de leite de animais positivos para aqueles agentes. Para isso realizou-se a extração de DNA de amostras de leite, seguida de amplificação genérica e espécie-específica por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Os constituintes do leite foram determinados por espectrômetro de infravermelho médio e a CCS, por citometria de fluxo. As análises de variância e testes de comparação de médias verificaram os efeitos da positividade sobre as características avaliadas. As frequências para Ma e Mmcluster foram de 43,21 e 5,70%, respectivamente. Em todos os grupos genéticos foram detectadas amostras positivas para Ma, enquanto que para Mmcluster só foram observadas em animais das raças Moxotó, Parda Sertaneja e sem padrão racial definido. Observou-se diferença estatística (p < 0,05) entre as médias de proteína, caseína e CCS de amostras positivas e negativas para Ma. Para Mmcluster, verificou-se diferença estatística significativa apenas para o parâmetro CCS. A detecção de Mycoplasma em amostras de leite caprino sugere a introdução de animais infectados nos rebanhos avaliados, como também o possível contato com os agentes etiológicos em feiras e exposições.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cabras/genética , Doenças das Cabras , Infecções por Mycoplasma/genética , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterinária , Leite/microbiologia , Mycoplasma agalactiae , Mycoplasma mycoidesRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the replacement of Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.) by maniçoba hay or silage (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg) on sheep intake and performance. Twenty-four male Santa Ines animals were used, with initial body weight of 19.77 ± 1.95 kg and average age of 160 days. The animals were distributed in three treatments (Tifton 85 hay-TH, Maniçoba hay-MH and Maniçoba silage-MS), arranged in a randomized blocks design, with 8 replicates per treatment. The feedlot period lasted for 71 days. The means of the variables were tested by Tukeys test at 5% probability. Sheep fed MH presented higher dry matter intake (p > 0.05) than those fed TH (1.17 kg day-1 vs 1.06 kg day-1). Neutral detergent fiber intake was higher (p > 0.05) for MH-fed sheep (0.394 kg day-1) when compared to MS (0.340 kg day-1). The digestibility of total carbohydrates was higher (p > 0.05) for MH diet (0.71 g kg-1) than TH (0.67 g kg-1). The average daily gain and body weight at slaughter did not differ (p > 0.05) among treatments. Maniçoba hay or silage can replace Tifton 85 hay in sheep diets.
Assuntos
Animais , Cynodon , Euphorbiaceae , Ovinos/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Silagem/análiseRESUMO
This study aimed to investigate the relationship among somatic cell scores (SCS) and currently selected traits (milk yield, and fat, protein, lactose, total solids and no-fat-solids contents) in Holstein dairy cows in a semi-arid climate. The data were collected from available records of 272 Holstein cows from January 2007 to December 2016. Farms were located in Agreste region of Pernambuco whose climatic characteristics according to Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia-INMET were: average annual temperature of 25.21 °C; average annual precipitation 562.07 mm, and average annual relative humidity 75.61%.. A total of 4,586 records of somatic cell counts (SCC) in the milk, milk yield and milk components was analyzed. The SCC was transformed logarithmically into SCS SCS = log 2 ( SCC / 100 , 000 ) + 3 ) before statistical investigation. Ten SCS were obtained for determining their effects on milk yield and composition. Data were processed using PROC GLM and PROC CORR procedures in SAS. Results showed positive correlations among SCS and fat, protein, total solids and solids-non-fat contents, while the SCS and lactose content and milk yield were negatively correlated. The highest milk yield (34.43 kg/cow/day) was obtained for the lowest SCS (0; 0 to 24 cells x 1000/mL). The milk yield and lactose decreased while protein and fat contents increased when SCS increased mostly above score five (400 to 799 cells x 1000/mL). It was observed that the increase in SCS influenced negatively milk yield and composition in Holstein cows created in the semi-arid climate in Brazil.
Para investigar a relação entre contagens de células somáticas (CCS) e características atualmente selecionadas (produção de leite, gordura, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais e sólidos não gordurosos) em vacas leiteiras holandesas em clima semiárido brasileiro, foram coletados dados de 272 vacas de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro 2016. As fazendas foram localizadas na região Agreste do estado de Pernambuco, cujas características climáticas, de acordo com o Instituto Nacional de meteorologia-INMET, foram: temperatura média anual de 25,21°C; precipitação média anual de 562,07 mm e umidade relativa média anual de 75,61%. Foi analisado um total de 4.586 registros de contagens de células somáticas (CCS) no leite, produção de leite e componentes lácteos. A CCS foi transformada logaritmicamente em ECS ECS = log 2 ( CCS / 100 . 000 ) + 3 ) . Dez ECS foram obtidos para determinar seus efeitos sobre a produção e composição do leite. Os dados foram processados usando os comandos PROC GLM e PROC CORR do SAS. Os resultados mostraram correlações positivas entre ECS e gordura, proteína, sólidos totais e teores de sólidos não gordurosos, enquanto o ECS e o teor de lactose e o rendimento do leite foram correlacionados negativamente. A maior produção de leite (34,43 kg/vaca/dia) foi obtida para o menor ECS (0; 0 a 24 células x 1000/mL). A produção de leite e a lactose diminuíram quando os percentuais de proteína e gordura aumentaram, principalmente quando o ECS foi acima de cinco. O aumento da ECS influenciou negativamente a produção e a composição do leite em vacas de holandesas criadas no clima semiárido brasileiro.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Bovinos , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bovinos/genética , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/química , Leite/química , LactoseRESUMO
This study aimed to investigate the relationship among somatic cell scores (SCS) and currently selected traits (milk yield, and fat, protein, lactose, total solids and no-fat-solids contents) in Holstein dairy cows in a semi-arid climate. The data were collected from available records of 272 Holstein cows from January 2007 to December 2016. Farms were located in Agreste region of Pernambuco whose climatic characteristics according to Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia-INMET were: average annual temperature of 25.21 °C; average annual precipitation 562.07 mm, and average annual relative humidity 75.61%.. A total of 4,586 records of somatic cell counts (SCC) in the milk, milk yield and milk components was analyzed. The SCC was transformed logarithmically into SCS SCS = log 2 ( SCC / 100 , 000 ) + 3 ) before statistical investigation. Ten SCS were obtained for determining their effects on milk yield and composition. Data were processed using PROC GLM and PROC CORR procedures in SAS. Results showed positive correlations among SCS and fat, protein, total solids and solids-non-fat contents, while the SCS and lactose content and milk yield were negatively correlated. The highest milk yield (34.43 kg/cow/day) was obtained for the lowest SCS (0; 0 to 24 cells x 1000/mL). The milk yield and lactose decreased while protein and fat contents increased when SCS increased mostly above score five (400 to 799 cells x 1000/mL). It was observed that the increase in SCS influenced negatively milk yield and composition in Holstein cows created in the semi-arid climate in Brazil.(AU)
Para investigar a relação entre contagens de células somáticas (CCS) e características atualmente selecionadas (produção de leite, gordura, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais e sólidos não gordurosos) em vacas leiteiras holandesas em clima semiárido brasileiro, foram coletados dados de 272 vacas de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro 2016. As fazendas foram localizadas na região Agreste do estado de Pernambuco, cujas características climáticas, de acordo com o Instituto Nacional de meteorologia-INMET, foram: temperatura média anual de 25,21°C; precipitação média anual de 562,07 mm e umidade relativa média anual de 75,61%. Foi analisado um total de 4.586 registros de contagens de células somáticas (CCS) no leite, produção de leite e componentes lácteos. A CCS foi transformada logaritmicamente em ECS ECS = log 2 ( CCS / 100 . 000 ) + 3 ) . Dez ECS foram obtidos para determinar seus efeitos sobre a produção e composição do leite. Os dados foram processados usando os comandos PROC GLM e PROC CORR do SAS. Os resultados mostraram correlações positivas entre ECS e gordura, proteína, sólidos totais e teores de sólidos não gordurosos, enquanto o ECS e o teor de lactose e o rendimento do leite foram correlacionados negativamente. A maior produção de leite (34,43 kg/vaca/dia) foi obtida para o menor ECS (0; 0 a 24 células x 1000/mL). A produção de leite e a lactose diminuíram quando os percentuais de proteína e gordura aumentaram, principalmente quando o ECS foi acima de cinco. O aumento da ECS influenciou negativamente a produção e a composição do leite em vacas de holandesas criadas no clima semiárido brasileiro.(AU)