RESUMO
Two experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of mineral-amino acid complexes (AACM) as a partial replacement of inorganic mineral (IM) in layer-type chicks' diets. Both studies had the same dietary treatments, where in experiment 1 (Exp. 1) was conducted under thermoneutral conditions from 0 to 35 D and chicks in experiment 2 (Exp. 2) were exposed to cold stress conditions at nighttime during the first 15 D and to thermoneutral condition from 16 to 35 D. For each trial, 1,200 one-day-old Lohmann Brown chicks were used, with 20 cage replicates with 30 chicks per cage. Treatments consisted of the control diet (IM; with 70, 70, and 8 mg/kg of zinc [Zn], manganese [Mn], and copper [Cu], respectively) and the treatment diet (AACM, with 40, 40, and 2.75 mg/kg of Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively, from IM sources, along with 30, 30, and 5.25 mg/kg of Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively). Data were submitted to analysis of variance, and means were compared using the t-test (P < 0.05). In Exp. 1, there were no significant differences between treatments on chick performance. However, AACM-fed chicks had higher thymus (P = 0.03) and cecum weight (P < 0.01), superior micromineral deposition in the tibias (P < 0.01), and reduced phosphorus excretion (P = 0.03). In Exp. 2, chicks fed with AACM had higher body weight gain (P = 0.04), better average daily feed intake (P = 0.03), lower phosphorus excretion (P = 0.02), and higher liver and pancreas weight (P < 0.01) in the last week of the study. In conclusion, chicks fed with AACM under thermoneutral conditions had higher bone mineralization and reduced excretion of phosphorus, and in adverse conditions, AACM improves performance and liver and pancreas weight, also reducing phosphorus excretion.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Osso e Ossos , Galinhas , Resposta ao Choque Frio , Suplementos Nutricionais , Metais Pesados , Aminoácidos/química , Aminoácidos/farmacologia , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Osso e Ossos/efeitos dos fármacos , Galinhas/fisiologia , Resposta ao Choque Frio/efeitos dos fármacos , Cobre/química , Cobre/farmacologia , Dieta/veterinária , Manganês/química , Manganês/farmacologia , Metais Pesados/química , Metais Pesados/farmacologia , Zinco/química , Zinco/farmacologiaRESUMO
Abstract Melanoides tuberculata is a freshwater gastropod native to Africa and Asia, and currently presents distributed worldwide. The first record of Melanoides tuberculata in South America occurred in Brazil, in the city of Santos, state of São Paulo, in 1967. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to report the occurrence of Melanoides tuberculata for Banana Lagoon and to characterize the current population situation. The gastropods were collected through direct visualization of shells, morphometric measurements of Melanoides tuberculata shells were determined using a digital caliper. After identifying the gastropod and its first distribution in the area, a preliminary descriptive analysis of the population was carried out. The gastropods were classified by grouping the individuals into four classes according to the shell width (mm). This is the first record of the occurrence of Melanoides tuberculata, in Banana Lagoon, Caucaia municipality, Ceará state, Northeast Brazil, being the largest specimen cited in the literature (33.77 mm) and 92.65% of the gastropods present in sizes above the first reproduction stages.
Resumo Melanoides tuberculata é um gastrópode de água doce nativo da África e da Ásia e atualmente apresenta-se distribuído mundialmente. O primeiro registro de Melanoides tuberculata na América do Sul ocorreu no Brasil, na cidade de Santos, estado de São Paulo, em 1967. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo é relatar a ocorrência de Melanoides tuberculata para Lagoa do Banana, caracterizando a situação atual da população no local. Os gastrópodes foram coletados através da visualização direta de conchas, e as medidas morfométricas das conchas de Melanoides tuberculata foram determinadas por meio de um paquímetro digital. Após identificar o gastrópode e constando sua primeira distribuição na área, realizou-se uma análise preliminar descritiva da população. Os gastrópodes foram classificados agrupando os indivíduos em quatro classes de acordo com a largura da concha (mm). Este é o primeiro registro da ocorrência de Melanoides tuberculata, na Lagoa da Banana, município de Caucaia, estado do Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil, sendo o maior exemplar citado na literatura (33,77 mm) já registrado e 92,65% dos gastrópodes apresentam-se em tamanhos acima do primeiro estágios de reprodução.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Gastrópodes , Caramujos , Brasil , Água DoceRESUMO
Melanoides tuberculata is a freshwater gastropod native to Africa and Asia, and currently presents distributed worldwide. The first record of Melanoides tuberculata in South America occurred in Brazil, in the city of Santos, state of São Paulo, in 1967. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to report the occurrence of Melanoides tuberculata for Banana Lagoon and to characterize the current population situation. The gastropods were collected through direct visualization of shells, morphometric measurements of Melanoides tuberculata shells were determined using a digital caliper. After identifying the gastropod and its first distribution in the area, a preliminary descriptive analysis of the population was carried out. The gastropods were classified by grouping the individuals into four classes according to the shell width (mm). This is the first record of the occurrence of Melanoides tuberculata, in Banana Lagoon, Caucaia municipality, Ceará state, Northeast Brazil, being the largest specimen cited in the literature (33.77 mm) and 92.65% of the gastropods present in sizes above the first reproduction stages.
Assuntos
Gastrópodes , Animais , Brasil , Água Doce , Humanos , CaramujosRESUMO
Melanoides tuberculata is a freshwater gastropod native to Africa and Asia, and currently presents distributed worldwide. The first record of Melanoides tuberculata in South America occurred in Brazil, in the city of Santos, state of São Paulo, in 1967. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to report the occurrence of Melanoides tuberculata for Banana Lagoon and to characterize the current population situation. The gastropods were collected through direct visualization of shells, morphometric measurements of Melanoides tuberculata shells were determined using a digital caliper. After identifying the gastropod and its first distribution in the area, a preliminary descriptive analysis of the population was carried out. The gastropods were classified by grouping the individuals into four classes according to the shell width (mm). This is the first record of the occurrence of Melanoides tuberculata, in Banana Lagoon, Caucaia municipality, Ceará state, Northeast Brazil, being the largest specimen cited in the literature (33.77 mm) and 92.65% of the gastropods present in sizes above the first reproduction stages.(AU)
Melanoides tuberculata é um gastrópode de água doce nativo da África e da Ásia e atualmente apresenta-se distribuído mundialmente. O primeiro registro de Melanoides tuberculata na América do Sul ocorreu no Brasil, na cidade de Santos, estado de São Paulo, em 1967. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo é relatar a ocorrência de Melanoides tuberculata para Lagoa do Banana, caracterizando a situação atual da população no local. Os gastrópodes foram coletados através da visualização direta de conchas, e as medidas morfométricas das conchas de Melanoides tuberculata foram determinadas por meio de um paquímetro digital. Após identificar o gastrópode e constando sua primeira distribuição na área, realizou-se uma análise preliminar descritiva da população. Os gastrópodes foram classificados agrupando os indivíduos em quatro classes de acordo com a largura da concha (mm). Este é o primeiro registro da ocorrência de Melanoides tuberculata, na Lagoa da Banana, município de Caucaia, estado do Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil, sendo o maior exemplar citado na literatura (33,77 mm) já registrado e 92,65% dos gastrópodes apresentam-se em tamanhos acima do primeiro estágios de reprodução.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Gastrópodes/classificação , Espécies Introduzidas , Gastrópodes/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Abstract Melanoides tuberculata is a freshwater gastropod native to Africa and Asia, and currently presents distributed worldwide. The first record of Melanoides tuberculata in South America occurred in Brazil, in the city of Santos, state of São Paulo, in 1967. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to report the occurrence of Melanoides tuberculata for Banana Lagoon and to characterize the current population situation. The gastropods were collected through direct visualization of shells, morphometric measurements of Melanoides tuberculata shells were determined using a digital caliper. After identifying the gastropod and its first distribution in the area, a preliminary descriptive analysis of the population was carried out. The gastropods were classified by grouping the individuals into four classes according to the shell width (mm). This is the first record of the occurrence of Melanoides tuberculata, in Banana Lagoon, Caucaia municipality, Ceará state, Northeast Brazil, being the largest specimen cited in the literature (33.77 mm) and 92.65% of the gastropods present in sizes above the first reproduction stages.
Resumo Melanoides tuberculata é um gastrópode de água doce nativo da África e da Ásia e atualmente apresenta-se distribuído mundialmente. O primeiro registro de Melanoides tuberculata na América do Sul ocorreu no Brasil, na cidade de Santos, estado de São Paulo, em 1967. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo é relatar a ocorrência de Melanoides tuberculata para Lagoa do Banana, caracterizando a situação atual da população no local. Os gastrópodes foram coletados através da visualização direta de conchas, e as medidas morfométricas das conchas de Melanoides tuberculata foram determinadas por meio de um paquímetro digital. Após identificar o gastrópode e constando sua primeira distribuição na área, realizou-se uma análise preliminar descritiva da população. Os gastrópodes foram classificados agrupando os indivíduos em quatro classes de acordo com a largura da concha (mm). Este é o primeiro registro da ocorrência de Melanoides tuberculata, na Lagoa da Banana, município de Caucaia, estado do Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil, sendo o maior exemplar citado na literatura (33,77 mm) já registrado e 92,65% dos gastrópodes apresentam-se em tamanhos acima do primeiro estágios de reprodução.
RESUMO
The objective of this study was to describe lesions in four birds, victims of collisions with aircraft, coming from the International Airport of Recife/Guararapes Gilberto Freyre, Pernambuco, Brazil. Contused wounds were predominant in birds in this study, characterized by the presence of fractures, bruises and hematomas and justified by the blunt action promoted by the type of vulnerant agent involved (aircraft). The analysis under medico-legal veterinary aspect of lesions in bird strike is essential, because in addition to the attempt to establish a standard for differentiating the aircraft lesions, it can guide the bird strike hazard management programs at airports, since the necropsy allows the identification of the species involved or at least facilitates the obtaining biological material for identification.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Choque Traumático/veterinária , Ferimentos e Lesões/veterinária , Aves , Animais Selvagens , Médicos Veterinários , Médicos Legistas , AeroportosRESUMO
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to describe lesions in four birds, victims of collisions with aircraft, coming from the International Airport of Recife/Guararapes Gilberto Freyre, Pernambuco, Brazil. Contused wounds were predominant in birds in this study, characterized by the presence of fractures, bruises and hematomas and justified by the blunt action promoted by the type of vulnerant agent involved (aircraft). The analysis under medico-legal veterinary aspect of lesions in bird strike is essential, because in addition to the attempt to establish a standard for differentiating the aircraft lesions, it can guide the bird strike hazard management programs at airports, since the necropsy allows the identification of the species involved or at least facilitates the obtaining biological material for identification.
RESUMO
Abstract Melanoides tuberculata is a freshwater gastropod native to Africa and Asia, and currently presents distributed worldwide. The first record of Melanoides tuberculata in South America occurred in Brazil, in the city of Santos, state of São Paulo, in 1967. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to report the occurrence of Melanoides tuberculata for Banana Lagoon and to characterize the current population situation. The gastropods were collected through direct visualization of shells, morphometric measurements of Melanoides tuberculata shells were determined using a digital caliper. After identifying the gastropod and its first distribution in the area, a preliminary descriptive analysis of the population was carried out. The gastropods were classified by grouping the individuals into four classes according to the shell width (mm). This is the first record of the occurrence of Melanoides tuberculata, in Banana Lagoon, Caucaia municipality, Ceará state, Northeast Brazil, being the largest specimen cited in the literature (33.77 mm) and 92.65% of the gastropods present in sizes above the first reproduction stages.
Resumo Melanoides tuberculata é um gastrópode de água doce nativo da África e da Ásia e atualmente apresenta-se distribuído mundialmente. O primeiro registro de Melanoides tuberculata na América do Sul ocorreu no Brasil, na cidade de Santos, estado de São Paulo, em 1967. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo é relatar a ocorrência de Melanoides tuberculata para Lagoa do Banana, caracterizando a situação atual da população no local. Os gastrópodes foram coletados através da visualização direta de conchas, e as medidas morfométricas das conchas de Melanoides tuberculata foram determinadas por meio de um paquímetro digital. Após identificar o gastrópode e constando sua primeira distribuição na área, realizou-se uma análise preliminar descritiva da população. Os gastrópodes foram classificados agrupando os indivíduos em quatro classes de acordo com a largura da concha (mm). Este é o primeiro registro da ocorrência de Melanoides tuberculata, na Lagoa da Banana, município de Caucaia, estado do Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil, sendo o maior exemplar citado na literatura (33,77 mm) já registrado e 92,65% dos gastrópodes apresentam-se em tamanhos acima do primeiro estágios de reprodução.
RESUMO
Inglúvios e cecos de reprodutoras comerciais de frangos de corte foram utilizados para o isolamento de Lactobacillus spp. As estirpes isoladas foram caracterizadas como Gram-positivo, catalase negativo, produtoras de gás em glicose, não produtoras de H2S em triple sugar iron e identificadas pela reação em cadeia da polimerase como Lactobacillus reuteri e Lactobacillus salivarius. A utilização da técnica spot-on-the-lawn para avaliação da inibição in vitro permitiu a análise de vários microrganismos simultaneamente. Todas as estirpes isoladas inibiram in vitro S. Enteritidis fagotipo 4, S. Enteritidis fagotipo 28, S. Typhimurium, S. Pullorum, S. Agona, S. Anatum, S. Dublin e S. Senftenberg.
Crops and ceca of commercial broiler breeders were used for the isolation of Lactobacillus spp. The isolated samples were characterized by Gram positive staining, negative catalase test, production of gas from glucose, negative for H2S production from triple sugar iron, and were identified by the polymerase chain reaction as Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus salivarius. The use of the spot-on-the-lawn technique, with modifications, for the evaluation of the in vitro inhibition made it possible the simultaneous analysis of several microrganisms. All the crop and ceca isolated microorganisms presented an in vitro inhibitory effect against strains of Salmonella Enteritidis fagotype 4, S. Enteritidis fagotype 28, S. Typhimurium, S. Pullorum, S. Agona, S. Anatum, S. Dublin, and S. Senftenberg.
RESUMO
Inglúvios e cecos de reprodutoras comerciais de frangos de corte foram utilizados para o isolamento de Lactobacillus spp. As estirpes isoladas foram caracterizadas como Gram-positivo, catalase negativo, produtoras de gás em glicose, não produtoras de H2S em triple sugar iron e identificadas pela reação em cadeia da polimerase como Lactobacillus reuteri e Lactobacillus salivarius. A utilização da técnica spot-on-the-lawn para avaliação da inibição in vitro permitiu a análise de vários microrganismos simultaneamente. Todas as estirpes isoladas inibiram in vitro S. Enteritidis fagotipo 4, S. Enteritidis fagotipo 28, S. Typhimurium, S. Pullorum, S. Agona, S. Anatum, S. Dublin e S. Senftenberg.(AU)
Crops and ceca of commercial broiler breeders were used for the isolation of Lactobacillus spp. The isolated samples were characterized by Gram positive staining, negative catalase test, production of gas from glucose, negative for H2S production from triple sugar iron, and were identified by the polymerase chain reaction as Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus salivarius. The use of the spot-on-the-lawn technique, with modifications, for the evaluation of the in vitro inhibition made it possible the simultaneous analysis of several microrganisms. All the crop and ceca isolated microorganisms presented an in vitro inhibitory effect against strains of Salmonella Enteritidis fagotype 4, S. Enteritidis fagotype 28, S. Typhimurium, S. Pullorum, S. Agona, S. Anatum, S. Dublin, and S. Senftenberg.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Papo das Aves/microbiologia , Ceco/microbiologia , Lactobacillus/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , GalinhasRESUMO
Lactobacilos foram isolados do inglúvio e cecos de reprodutoras pesadas e caracterizados como Gram-positivo, catalase negativo, produtores de gás em glicose e não produtores de H2S em triple sugar iron e pela fermentação de carboidratos. Utilizaram-se os iniciadores: Lac 1/23-10C para detecção de Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. amylovorus, L. gasseri, L. helveticus e L. jensenii; Lac 2/LU-1' para L. acidophilus; Fer 3/Fer 4 para L. fermentum; Reu 1/Reu 2 para L. reuteri e Sal 1 e Sal 2 para L. salivarius. L. reuteri e L. salivarius foram identificados pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) e pelo teste bioquímico, enquanto L. acidophilus, L. fermentum e Lactobacillus sp. somente pelo teste bioquímico. Os resultados obtidos na PCR foram mais precisos quando comparados aos obtidos com o método bioquímico, que demonstrou ser subjetivo devido às variações na fermentação de carboidratos, principalmente na diferenciação entre L. fermentum e L. reuteri.
Lactobacilli were isolated from crops and ceca of broiler breeders and characterized by positive Gram staining, negative catalase test, production of gas from glucose, and negative for H2S production from triple sugar iron, and carbohydrates fermentation. Primers: Lac1/23-10C for detecting Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. amylovorus, L. gasseri, L. helveticus, and L. jensenii; Lac2/LU-1' for L. acidophilus; Fer3/Fer4 for L. fermentum; Reu1/Reu2 for L. reuteri, and Sal1/Sal2 for L. salivarius were used. L. reuteri and L. salivarius were identified by both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and biochemical tests. However, L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, and Lactobacillus sp. were only identified by biochemical tests. PCR results were more precise, considering the variability of carbohydrate fermentation among the strains, especially for identifying L. fermentum and L. reuteri.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bioquímica/métodos , Galinhas , Lactobacillus/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Lactobacilos foram isolados do inglúvio e cecos de reprodutoras pesadas e caracterizados como Gram-positivo, catalase negativo, produtores de gás em glicose e não produtores de H2S em triple sugar iron e pela fermentação de carboidratos. Utilizaram-se os iniciadores: Lac 1/23-10C para detecção de Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. amylovorus, L. gasseri, L. helveticus e L. jensenii; Lac 2/LU-1' para L. acidophilus; Fer 3/Fer 4 para L. fermentum; Reu 1/Reu 2 para L. reuteri e Sal 1 e Sal 2 para L. salivarius. L. reuteri e L. salivarius foram identificados pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) e pelo teste bioquímico, enquanto L. acidophilus, L. fermentum e Lactobacillus sp. somente pelo teste bioquímico. Os resultados obtidos na PCR foram mais precisos quando comparados aos obtidos com o método bioquímico, que demonstrou ser subjetivo devido às variações na fermentação de carboidratos, principalmente na diferenciação entre L. fermentum e L. reuteri.(AU)
Lactobacilli were isolated from crops and ceca of broiler breeders and characterized by positive Gram staining, negative catalase test, production of gas from glucose, and negative for H2S production from triple sugar iron, and carbohydrates fermentation. Primers: Lac1/23-10C for detecting Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. amylovorus, L. gasseri, L. helveticus, and L. jensenii; Lac2/LU-1' for L. acidophilus; Fer3/Fer4 for L. fermentum; Reu1/Reu2 for L. reuteri, and Sal1/Sal2 for L. salivarius were used. L. reuteri and L. salivarius were identified by both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and biochemical tests. However, L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, and Lactobacillus sp. were only identified by biochemical tests. PCR results were more precise, considering the variability of carbohydrate fermentation among the strains, especially for identifying L. fermentum and L. reuteri.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bioquímica/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Lactobacillus/isolamento & purificação , GalinhasRESUMO
The present study reports the involvement of L-type calcium channels in the control of defensive behaviors produced by electrical stimulation of dorsal periaqueductal gray and overlying collicular layers. Rats that had chemitrodes in the dorsal midbrain and which stimulation produced freezing or flight behaviors with less than 55 microA were selected for drug experiments. Stimulation was repeated the day after the screening session 20 min following the microinjection into the dorsal periaqueductal gray of 15 nmol of either verapamil, a selective L-type calcium channel antagonist, or cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)), a calcium-specific channel modulator. Post-drug sessions were performed 48 h after. Threshold functions were obtained by logistic fitting of accumulated response frequencies. Verapamil and CoCl(2) significantly attenuated the output of immobility, exophthalmus, running and jumping. Although to a lesser degree, verapamil also attenuated defecation. Because CoCl(2) had no effect on defecation, the attenuation of this response by verapamil suggests a non-specific action of this drug. Neither verapamil nor CoCl(2) changed the output of micturition. Finally, whereas there was a complete recovery of defensive thresholds following the microinjection of verapamil, the attenuating effects of CoCl(2) were still present 48 h after. These results support an important role of L-type calcium channels in the neurogenesis of dorsal periaqueductal gray-evoked immobility, exophthalmus, running and jumping, but not defecation and micturition responses.
Assuntos
Agressão/fisiologia , Canais de Cálcio/fisiologia , Medo/fisiologia , Substância Cinzenta Periaquedutal/fisiologia , Colículos Superiores/fisiologia , Animais , Nível de Alerta/fisiologia , Mapeamento Encefálico , Estimulação Elétrica , Masculino , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The thresholds of electrically induced defence reaction of the rat were studied through the logistic fitting of the response output. When stepwise increasing stimuli were applied at the dorsal midbrain, hierarchically organized mean thresholds, spaced 10 microA apart, were observed for immobility, running and jumping defensive behaviours. The parallel threshold functions of these responses, ranked in the above order, denote that they have distinct output probabilities when induced with sequential stepwise increasing stimuli. In contrast, when single daily stimuli were given in a random order, virtually superimposed threshold functions were obtained for these defensive behaviours. In this case, since the same output probabilities would be expected for immobility, running and jumping behaviours, the defence system seems to operate in a state of maximum entropy. The above data suggest that the dorsal midbrain, including the deep collicular layers and the periaqueductal gray, may encode hierarchical or non-hierarchical defensive patterns which, respectively, mimic either the attentive behaviour of the prey watching the approaching predator or its chaotic behaviour when cornered by a sudden attack. On the other hand, whereas quite stable thresholds were observed for the somatic defensive responses when 5 stimulation sessions were repeated over 15 days, the defecation and micturition output underwent a marked and progressive lessening. Since these autonomic responses have long been considered as reliable indexes of fear, their attenuation throughout the repeated sessions could express the rat adaptation to fear by the recurrence of the aversive experience. Taken together, these data suggest that while short-term neuronal adaptation could be responsible for the hierarchical threshold structure of the short interval stepwise stimulation, long-term neuronal adaptation could underlie the selective decrease of defecation and micturition responses over repeated sessions of intracranial stimulation.