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This study evaluated the insecticidal activity of crude extracts from Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) seeds on eggs and larvae of A. aegypti, and also verified the phytochemical profile and the presence of lectins in the extract. The 0.15 M NaCl saline solution was used as the extracting substance. For tests with eggs and larvae, the crude extract was used in its raw form (RCE) and boiled at 100º C for 5 min (BCE). Concentrations of 4.68; 9.37; 18.75; 28.13; 37.13 and 46.89 mg/mL, with distilled water as a negative control. Assays were performed in triplicate. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, Tukey's test and Log-Probit analysis to determine LC50 and LC90. BCE showed better results on eggs than RCE, managing to prevent the hatching of larvae in 81.66% ± 10.40 of treated eggs, at a concentration of 46.89 mg/mL. The LC50 and LC90 were set at 35.95 and 52.67 mg/mL, respectively. In tests with larvae, concentrations of 46.89 and 37.13 mg/mL, for RCE and BCE, caused 100% mortality in 24 hours of exposure. Larval mortality at the other concentrations increased with exposure time extending to 48 h. RCE, at 48 h exposure is the most promising extract on larvae (E = 72.77%, LC90 = 10.86 mg/mL). In RCE, the presence of lectins and secondary metabolites: flavonoids, xanthones and phenols, were detected. The results demonstrate the potential of E. contortisiliquum seed extracts with ovicidal and larvicidal action on A. aegypti.

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RESUMO

Abstract This study evaluated the insecticidal activity of crude extracts from Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) seeds on eggs and larvae of A. aegypti, and also verified the phytochemical profile and the presence of lectins in the extract. The 0.15 M NaCl saline solution was used as the extracting substance. For tests with eggs and larvae, the crude extract was used in its raw form (RCE) and boiled at 100º C for 5 min (BCE). Concentrations of 4.68; 9.37; 18.75; 28.13; 37.13 and 46.89 mg/mL, with distilled water as a negative control. Assays were performed in triplicate. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, Tukey's test and Log-Probit analysis to determine LC50 and LC90. BCE showed better results on eggs than RCE, managing to prevent the hatching of larvae in 81.66% ± 10.40 of treated eggs, at a concentration of 46.89 mg/mL. The LC50 and LC90 were set at 35.95 and 52.67 mg/mL, respectively. In tests with larvae, concentrations of 46.89 and 37.13 mg/mL, for RCE and BCE, caused 100% mortality in 24 hours of exposure. Larval mortality at the other concentrations increased with exposure time extending to 48 h. RCE, at 48 h exposure is the most promising extract on larvae (E = 72.77%, LC90 = 10.86 mg/mL). In RCE, the presence of lectins and secondary metabolites: flavonoids, xanthones and phenols, were detected. The results demonstrate the potential of E. contortisiliquum seed extracts with ovicidal and larvicidal action on A. aegypti.

Resumo Esse estudo avaliou a atividade inseticida dos extratos brutos das sementes de Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) sobre ovos e larvas do A. aegypti, verificou também o perfil fitoquímico e a presença de lectinas no extrato. A solução salina de NaCl 0,15 M foi utilizada como substância extratora. Para os ensaios com ovos e larvas, o extrato bruto foi utilizado na forma crua (RCE) e fervida a 100º C por 5 min (BCE). Foram testadas as concentrações de 4,68; 9,37; 18,75; 28,13; 37,13 e 46,89 mg/mL, tendo a água destilada como controle negativo. Os ensaios foram realizados em triplicada. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, Teste de Tukey e análise Log-Probit para determinar CL50 e 90. O BCE apresentou melhores resultados sobre os ovos do que o RCE, conseguindo impedir a eclosão das larvas de 81,66% ± 10,40 dos ovos tratados, na concentração de 46,89 mg/mL. As respectivas CL50 e 90, foram definidas em 35,95 e 52,67 mg/mL, respectivamente. Nos testes com larvas, as concentrações de 46,89 e 37,13 mg/mL, para RCE e BCE, causaram 100% de mortalidade em 24 horas de exposição. A mortalidade larval nas demais concentrações aumentou com o tempo de exposição estendendo-se para 48 h. RCE, com 48 h de exposição é o extrato mais promissor sobre as larvas (E = 72,77%, CL90 = 10,86 mg/mL). Em RCE, a presença de lectinas e os metabólitos secundários: flavonoides, xantonas e fenóis, foram detectadas. Os resultados demonstram o potencial dos extratos das sementes de E. contortisiliquum com ação ovicida e larvicida sobre o A. aegypti.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare jaw and cervical vertebrae bone density in computed tomography (CT) analyses of oncological patients undergoing antiresorptive medication with control patients, aiming to find information that may assist the radiologist and clinician in predicting risks and monitoring osteonecrosis in the jaw. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients treated with zoledronic acid and 37 control were included in the study. Two areas in regions of interest were chosen and standardized, one in the lower portion of the mandible and another in the axial cervical vertebra (C2) of patients undergoing antiresorptive drug treatment (experimental group) and the control group. Density analysis was performed using Hounsfield scale grayscale values obtained from multislice CT exams. Interclass correlation coefficient test (ICC) was performed to assess reproducibility and repeatability. The test of normality of the samples was demonstrated using the Shapiro-Wilk test and the comparison performed using Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test. RESULTS: When compared to patients in the control group, patients undergoing antiresorptive medication depicted an increase in bone density in both jaw bone (p=0.021) and cervical vertebrae (p=0.002). The same pattern could be observed in patients who used the medication on a monthly basis for analysis of jaw bone (p=0.021), the cervical vertebrae (p=0.002), and the cervical vertebrae of the patients who used the medication on a quarterly basis (p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: CT can be a potentially useful method for detecting alterations associated with antiresorptive therapy, serving as a possible tool in the prediction of the disease progression.

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Children with an uncomplicated femoral fracture, treated with superimposition of fragments and intentional shortening, usually develop overgrowth of the fractured femur and the ipsilateral tibia which may compensate for the initial shortening and enable the limb in question to reach a length similar to that on the normal side. The overgrowth is evaluated clinically and by scanography. The increased metabolic activity of the growth plates that support this overgrowth has not been documented by any laboratory method. In order to evaluate the metabolic activity of the growth plates, 18 patients (11 males, seven females; mean age 6.1 years) with fractures of the femur were studied at three different time intervals (2-5 months, 6-12 months and 18-24 months). Three-phase bone scintigraphy was performed in all patients. Ten children (five males, five females; mean age 7.5 years) who had had bone imaging for other reasons were used as the control group. Visual analysis of the flow and equilibrium phases was performed for the distal femoral and proximal tibial growth plates. Visual and semi-quantitative analyses of the delayed images were performed for the distal femoral and proximal and distal tibial growth plates. Semi-quantitative analyses yielded the following activity ratios: (a) the distal femoral growth plate of the fractured femur to the contralateral one (FR); (b) the proximal growth plate of the tibia on the side of the fractured femur to the contralateral one (TpR); (c) the distal growth plate of the tibia on the side of the fractured femur to the contralateral one (TdR); and (d) in the control group, the distal growth plates of both femora (FCG) and the proximal (TCGp) and distal (TCGd) growth plates of the tibiae. Visual analysis of the blood flow, equilibrium and delayed images showed increased activity in the distal femoral growth plates during the first and second time intervals, but not during the third. No significant activity changes were found in the proximal and distal tibial growth plates during any of the phases analysed. The mean and standard deviation for FR in the three time intervals were: FRI=1.22+/-0.27, FRII=1.17+/-0.16 and FRIII=1.09+/-0.20. FR values were significantly higher than in the control group (FCG=0.99+/-0.03) (P=0.033). The mean and standard deviation for TpR in the three time intervals were: TpRI=1.08+/-0.18, TpRII=0.94+/-0.09 and TpRIII=0.96+/-0.20. TpR values were not significantly different from those in the control group (TCGp=1.00+/-0.05). However, TpRI was significantly higher than TpRII (P=0.043). The mean and standard deviation for TdR in the three time intervals were: TdRI=1.10+/-0.41, TdRII=1.05+/-0.15 and TdRIII=1.13+/-0.36. TdR values were not significantly higher than in the control group (TCGd=1.00+/-0.04) (P=0.777). These results support the concept that three-phase bone imaging is able to quantify and determine that activation occurs in the distal femoral and proximal tibial growth plates of fractured femora. This phenomenon may explain the overgrowth observed in this injured bone structure.

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