RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the effects of two lifestyle intervention programs for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevention - traditional or interdisciplinary psychoeducation-based intervention - in daily habits and cardiometabolic risk factors and investigate the role of the psychoeducational approach for the retention of individuals in the program. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between 2008 and 2010, in a public health service, 183 pre-diabetic individuals were allocated to two 18-month interventions involving diet and physical activity. Physical activity, diet, quality of life (QOL) and depression and biochemical measurements were obtained. Linear mixed-effect models were used to assess the effect of the interventions. A student t test was used to compare dropouts versus non-dropouts. RESULTS: Improvements in energy intake and physical activity were greater in the interdisciplinary than the traditional intervention. A decrease in fat mass and blood pressure was more pronounced with interdisciplinary intervention. Dropouts from the traditional intervention only had higher BMI and lower fiber intake and QOL than non-dropouts. CONCLUSION: The interdisciplinary psychoeducation-based intervention revealed useful for reducing cardiometabolic risk and retaining individuals with worse health profiles. This approach represents a feasible strategy for motivating high-risk individuals to adopt a long-term healthy lifestyle.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to compare the effects of two lifestyle intervention programs for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevention – traditional or interdisciplinary psychoeducation-based intervention – in daily habits and cardiometabolic risk factors and investigate the role of the psychoeducational approach for the retention of individuals in the program. Subjects and methods Between 2008 and 2010, in a public health service, 183 pre-diabetic individuals were allocated to two 18-month interventions involving diet and physical activity. Physical activity, diet, quality of life (QOL) and depression and biochemical measurements were obtained. Linear mixed-effect models were used to assess the effect of the interventions. A student t test was used to compare dropouts versus non-dropouts. Results Improvements in energy intake and physical activity were greater in the interdisciplinary than the traditional intervention. A decrease in fat mass and blood pressure was more pronounced with interdisciplinary intervention. Dropouts from the traditional intervention only had higher BMI and lower fiber intake and QOL than non-dropouts. Conclusion The interdisciplinary psychoeducation-based intervention revealed useful for reducing cardiometabolic risk and retaining individuals with worse health profiles. This approach represents a feasible strategy for motivating high-risk individuals to adopt a long-term healthy lifestyle.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Cardiometabolic diseases and depression are public health problems that are often related. The benefits of behavioral interventions on lifestyle are well documented. However, the influence of depression in these interventions is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether depression affects the impact of a lifestyle intervention on cardiometabolic response in an at-risk sample. METHODS: 129 individuals identified by the public health system to be at risk for cardiometabolic disease were allocated to 18-month interventions on diet and physical activity. Socio-demographic and clinical data were obtained. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory. Changes by at least 10% in each of 6 cardiometabolic risk factors were used to define responses to intervention. Logistic regression models were employed for each gender. RESULTS: Approximately 42% of individuals had depressive symptoms. They had higher adiposity, cholesterol, and blood pressure levels and lower quality of life and physical activity levels than non-depressed individuals. In adjusted models, only women with depression at baseline had lower chance of improving plasma glucose (OR: 0.32) and lower chance of improving mean blood pressure (OR: 0.29) after the follow-up, compared with non-depressed women. LIMITATIONS: The small sample size may have diminished the power of the results and the instrument used to measure depression does not provide clinical diagnosis according to DSM criteria. CONCLUSION: Depression at baseline of lifestyle interventions predicted a lower chance of improving long-term cardiometabolic risk, particularly in women, suggesting that screening and management of depression as part of lifestyle interventions can potentially improve cardiometabolic risk profile.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective this study was to describe the methodology and implementation of lifestyle change program in individuals at cardiometabolic risk seen at the public health system in Sao Paulo. The Programa de Prevenção de Diabetes Mellitus (PDM) aims at improving the overall metabolic profile of individuals with prediabetes or metabolic syndrome without diabetes; its goals were > 5% weight loss, dietary fiber intake > 20 g per day, saturated fatty acids intake < 10% per day, and > 150 minutes of physical activity per week. The first edition of the PDM lasted 18 months and involved an interdisciplinary team (endocrinologist, psychologist, nutritionist, and physical educator) to plan and conduct group sessions with the participants. The structure and systematic of the sessions were planned using a psychoeducative approach in order to facilitate the process of lifestyle changes. Based on the Experience with the PDM, some reflections and recommendations are made. This study may indicate ways for health professionals to tailor local care conditions and promote a healthy lifestyle, working with a new perspective.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a metodologia e a implementação de programa de mudanças no estilo de vida em indivíduos de risco cardiometabólico, usuários da rede pública de saúde em São Paulo. O Programa de Prevenção de Diabetes Mellitus (PDM) visa à melhora do quadro metabólico global de indivíduos com pré-diabetes ou síndrome metabólica sem diabetes, tendo como metas redução mínima de 5% do peso corporal inicial, consumo > 20 g de fibras alimentares e < 10% de gorduras saturadas por dia, além de prática > 150 minutos de atividade física por semana. A primeira edição do PDM apresentou duração de 18 meses e contou com equipe interdisciplinar (endocrinologista, psicóloga, nutricionista e educador físico) para o planejamento e realização de sessões em grupo com os participantes. A estrutura e a sistemática das sessões foram planejadas utilizando abordagem psicoeducativa para facilitar o processo de mudança de hábitos de vida. Com base na experiência com o PDM, algumas reflexões e recomendações são apontadas. Este estudo aponta caminhos para que profissionais da saúde possam juntos adaptar programas locais para promoção de hábitos de vida saudáveis, atuando sob uma nova perspectiva.

The objective this study was to describe the methodology and implementation of lifestyle change program in individuals at cardiometabolic risk seen at the public health system in Sao Paulo. The Programa de Prevenção de Diabetes Mellitus (PDM) aims at improving the overall metabolic profile of individuals with prediabetes or metabolic syndrome without diabetes; its goals were > 5% weight loss, dietary fiber intake > 20 g per day, saturated fatty acids intake < 10% per day, and > 150 minutes of physical activity per week. The first edition of the PDM lasted 18 months and involved an interdisciplinary team (endocrinologist, psychologist, nutritionist, and physical educator) to plan and conduct group sessions with the participants. The structure and systematic of the sessions were planned using a psychoeducative approach in order to facilitate the process of lifestyle changes. Based on the Experience with the PDM, some reflections and recommendations are made. This study may indicate ways for health professionals to tailor local care conditions and promote a healthy lifestyle, working with a new perspective.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introdução: Doenças cardiometabólicas são problemas de saúde pública mundial com repercussões sociais e econômicas. Dieta inadequada é apontada como um dos principais fatores de risco modificáveis, de importância central na prevenção destas doenças. Apesar da constatação de que certos nutrientes se associam a doenças, ainda existem dúvidas quanto às relações causais. Objetivos: 1) Revisar a participação dos alimentos e nutrientes na gênese e controle de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis integrantes da síndrome metabólica (manuscrito 1); 2) Descrever de forma detalhada a estrutura do programa de intervenção interdisciplinar em hábitos de vida, desenvolvido para usuários da rede pública de saúde do município de São Paulo (manuscrito 2); 3) Investigar o efeito de mudanças em fatores dietéticos sobre o metabolismo glicídico, decorrentes de intervenção em hábitos de vida em indivíduos de risco cardiometabólico da rede pública de saúde (manuscrito 3). Métodos: Foram incluídos adultos com diagnóstico de pré-diabetes ou síndrome metabólica sem diabetes em ensaio clínico aleatorizado envolvendo dois tipos de intervenções de 18 meses: tradicional e intensiva. A intervenção tradicional consistiu de consultas trimestrais com endocrinologista; na intensiva, além dos atendimentos médicos, os indivíduos participaram de sessões psicoeducativas em grupo com equipe multiprofissional. As orientações dietéticas visaram à adequação do consumo de gorduras totais (redução de saturadas e trans e elevação de insaturadas) e aumento na ingestão de fibras. As variáveis coletadas nos momentos pré- e pós-intervenção incluíram dados sócio-demográficos, antropométricos, dietéticos e bioquímicos (glicemia de jejum e póssobrecarga, perfil lipídico, insulina, adiponectina, proteína C reativa, IL-6, TNF-, apolipoproteína A1 e B). A dieta foi avaliada por recordatórios de 24 horas, processados pelo Nutrition Data System software. Foram empregados os testes: t de Student, coeficientes de correlações, ANOVA com p de tendência e análises de regressão múltipla para identificar fatores dietéticos associados à melhora do metabolismo glicídico. Resultados: O manuscrito 1 consiste de um capítulo de livro (Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva) abordando aspectos epidemiológicos de doenças do espectro da síndrome metabólica com ênfase em fatores alimentares e estado nutricional. O manuscrito 2 detalha a estrutura, a equipe integrante, as orientações preconizadas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Oxygen reactive species (ROS) are generated during cellular processes. In excess, they may cause damages to the cell. Oxidative stress is an imbalance in the redox state that favors oxidation. Endogenous enzymes and some vitamins and minerals participate in the plasma antioxidant defense. Vitamin E is found in the plasma and in the LDL particle, avoiding lipid peroxidation. Observational studies reported an inverse association between vitamin E consumption and cardiometabolic (CM) risk. However, clinical trials were not able to prove the efficacy of its supplementation on CM endpoints. Vitamin C participates in the vitamin E regeneration system, keeping the plasma's antioxidant potential. Data about beneficial effects of its supplementation in CM risk reduction are inconclusive. The antioxidant activity of carotenoids is partially responsible for its protective role against cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Supplementation of this nutrient did not provide consistent findings in terms of CM risk reduction. Recently, zinc and selenium's participation in the antioxidant defense has been studied, yet its supplementation in individuals with normal levels and adequate ingestion of these nutrients does not seem necessary. In summary, the role of these micronutrients for CM risk is still very controversial. Epidemiological studies suggest that diets rich in antioxidants, or simply in fruit and vegetables intake, can reduce CM risk. Further studies are needed before recommending antioxidant supplements for this purpose.

Assuntos

RESUMO

No processo celular de obtenção de energia, são gerados compostos chamados espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) que, em excesso, podem causar danos celulares. Estresse oxidativo resulta do desequilíbrio no estado de óxido-redução a favor da oxidação. Dos mecanismos de defesa antioxidante, participam enzimas endógenas e algumas vitaminas e minerais. A vitamina E encontra-se no plasma e na partícula de LDL, protegendo lipídeos da oxidação. Estudos observacionais relataram associação inversa entre ingestão de vitamina E e risco cardiometabólico (RCM). Entretanto, ensaios clínicos não comprovaram a eficácia de sua suplementação nos desfechos cardiometabólicos. A vitamina C participa do sistema de regeneração da vitamina E, mantendo o potencial antioxidante plasmático. Dados sobre os benefícios de sua suplementação na redução do risco cardiometabólico são inconclusivos. A atividade antioxidante dos carotenoides é responsável, em parte, por seu papel protetor contra doenças cardiovasculares e cânceres. A suplementação desse nutriente também não trouxe resultados consistentes no que se refere à redução do RCM. A participação do zinco e do selênio na defesa antioxidante vem sendo estudada mais recentemente, mas a sua suplementação em indivíduos com níveis séricos normais e ingestão adequada na dieta desses minerais não parece ser necessária. De um modo geral, há muita controvérsia sobre o papel desses micronutrientes no RCM. Estudos epidemiológicos sugerem que o consumo de substâncias antioxidantes provenientes da dieta ou dietas ricas em frutas e hortaliças diminui o RCM. Mais estudos são necessários antes de se recomendar o uso de antioxidantes isolados na forma de suplementos para tal finalidade.

Oxygen reactive species (ROS) are generated during cellular processes. In excess, they may cause damages to the cell. Oxidative stress is an imbalance in the redox state that favors oxidation. Endogenous enzymes and some vitamins and minerals participate in the plasma antioxidant defense. Vitamin E is found in the plasma and in the LDL particle, avoiding lipid peroxidation. Observational studies reported an inverse association between vitamin E consumption and cardiometabolic (CM) risk. However, clinical trials were not able to prove the efficacy of its supplementation on CM endpoints. Vitamin C participates in the vitamin E regeneration system, keeping the plasma's antioxidant potential. Data about beneficial effects of its supplementation in CM risk reduction are inconclusive. The antioxidant activity of carotenoids is partially responsible for its protective role against cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Supplementation of this nutrient did not provide consistent findings in terms of CM risk reduction. Recently, zinc and selenium's participation in the antioxidant defense has been studied, yet its supplementation in individuals with normal levels and adequate ingestion of these nutrients does not seem necessary. In summary, the role of these micronutrients for CM risk is still very controversial. Epidemiological studies suggest that diets rich in antioxidants, or simply in fruit and vegetables intake, can reduce CM risk. Further studies are needed before recommending antioxidant supplements for this purpose.

Assuntos