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Rapidly changing conditions alter disturbance patterns, highlighting the need to better understand how the transition from pulse disturbances to more persistent stress will impact ecosystem dynamics. We conducted a global analysis of the impacts of 11 types of disturbances on reef integrity using the rate of change of coral cover as a measure of damage. Then, we evaluated how the magnitude of the damage due to thermal stress, cyclones, and diseases varied among tropical Atlantic and Indo-Pacific reefs and whether the cumulative impact of thermal stress and cyclones was able to modulate the responses of reefs to future events. We found that reef damage largely depends on the condition of a reef before a disturbance, disturbance intensity, and biogeographic region, regardless of the type of disturbance. Changes in coral cover after thermal stress events were largely influenced by the cumulative stress of past disturbances and did not depend on disturbance intensity or initial coral cover, which suggests that an ecological memory is present within coral communities. In contrast, the effect of cyclones (and likely other physical impacts) was primarily modulated by the initial reef condition and did not appear to be influenced by previous impacts. Our findings also underscore that coral reefs can recover if stressful conditions decrease, yet the lack of action to reduce anthropogenic impacts and greenhouse gas emissions continues to trigger reef degradation. We uphold that evidence-based strategies can guide managers to make better decisions to prepare for future disturbances.
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Antozoários , Tempestades Ciclônicas , Animais , Recifes de Corais , Ecossistema , Efeitos Antropogênicos , Antozoários/fisiologiaRESUMO
The ecology and structure of many tropical coral reefs have been markedly altered over the past few decades. Although long-term recovery has been observed in terms of coral cover, it is not clear how novel species configurations shape reef functionality in impaired reefs. The identities and life-history strategies of the corals species that recover are essential for understanding reef functional dynamics. We used a species identity approach to quantify the physical functionality outcomes over a 13 year period across 56 sites in the Mexican Caribbean. This region was affected by multiple stressors that converged and drastically damaged reefs in the early 2000s. Since then, the reefs have shown evidence of a modest recovery of coral cover. We used Bayesian linear models and annual rates of change to estimate temporal changes in physical functionality and coral cover. Moreover, a functional diversity framework was used to explore changes in coral composition and the traits of those assemblages. Between 2005 and 2018, physical functionality increased at a markedly lower rate compared to that of coral cover. The disparity between recovery rates depended on the identity of the species that increased (mainly non-framework and foliose-digitate corals). No changes in species dominance or functional trait composition were observed, whereas non-framework building corals consistently dominated most reefs. Although the observed recovery of coral cover and functional potential may provide some ecological benefits, the long-term effects on reef frameworks remain unclear, as changes in the cover of key reef-building species were not observed. Our findings are likely to be representative of many reefs across the wider Caribbean basin, as declines in coral cover and rapid increases in the relative abundance of weedy corals have been reported regionally. A coral identity approach to assess species turnover is needed to understand and quantify changes in the functionality of coral reefs.
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Antozoários , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , Região do Caribe , Recifes de Corais , México , Índias OcidentaisRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: Dado el carácter prioritario de atención a las enfermedades no transmisibles, la Organización Mundial de la Salud propuso el Modelo de Cuidados Crónicos. En este modelo incluye el automanejo como un elemento principal en el combate de dichas enfermedades. Objetivo: Identificar las variables predictoras del comportamiento de automanejo en usuarios con Diabetes Mellitus, Hipertensión Arterial y Obesidad. Métodos: La muestra no probabilística e intencional fue de 386 usuarios de la Secretaría de Salud de Tamaulipas (Ciudad Victoria y Tampico). El diseño de estudio fue no experimental, transversal. Resultados: casi la mitad (42.2%) de los participantes con ECNT refieren síntomas de trastorno depresivo en el continuo de leve a grave, la categoría que obtuvo mayor porcentaje de IMC fue sobrepeso con 33.2% y más de un tercio de la población (36.8%) percibe algún grado de disfunción familiar. Así también se aplicó un análisis de Regresión Lineal Múltiple con el método de pasos, el modelo indica que fueron siete predictores del comportamiento de Automanejo (varianza explicada R2=.325); la variable autoeficacia fue el más importante (β=38) y el apoyo social percibido el predictor con carga más baja (β=.10). Conclusiones: estos predictores representan elementos importantes para ampliar el conocimiento y entender el comportamiento del automanejo, área que es promovida en el modelo de atención a crónicos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y en la actualidad es liderada por el área de enfermería.
Abstract Introduction: Considering the priority regarding the attention of non transmissible diseases, the World Health Organization proposed the Chronic Care Model which, by encompassing self-management as one main element, is intended to address these diseases. Objective: To identify predictor variables related to behavior on self-management among patients with Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, and Obesity. Methods: The intentional and non probabilistic simple included 386 patients from the Health Secretariat in Tamaulipas, Mexico (Ciudad Victoria and Tampico). The study design was non experimental and transversal. Results: About half (42.2%) of the participants with Chronic Non Transmissible diseases referred having depressive disorder ranging from mild to severe. Regarding the BMI, 33.2% showed overweight. Moreover, 36.8% perceived some degree of family dysfunction. A Multiple Linear Regression was calculated. The model indicated that there were seven predictors of the behavior on self-management (explained variance R2 =.325); being self-efficacy the most important (β=38), and perceived social support the lowest in load (β=.10). Conclusions: These predictors represent important elements to consider when building on the knowledge and understanding the behavior related to self-management, an area which is highlighted in the Chronic Care Model of the World Health Organization, particularly within nursing.
Resumo Introdução: Dado o caráter prioritário de atenção às doenças não transferíveis, a Organização Mundial da Saúde propôs o Modelo de Cuidados Crônicos. Neste modelo inclui-se o automanejo como um elemento principal no combate de tais doenças. Objetivo: identificar as variáveis preditoras do comportamento de automanejo em usuários com Diabetes Mellitus, Hipertensão Arterial e Obesidade. Métodos: A amostra não probabilística e intencional foi de 386 usuários da Secretaría de Salud de Tamaulipas (Ciudad Victoria e Tampico). O desenho de estudo foi não experimental, transversal. Resultados: quase a metade (42.2%) dos participantes com ECNT referem sintomas de transtorno depressivo no continuo de leve a grave, a categoria que obteve maior porcentagem de IMC foi sobrepeso com 33.2% e mais de um terço da população (36.8%) percebe algum grau de disfunção familiar. Assim também se aplicou uma análise de Regressão Linear Múltipla com o método de passos, o modelo indica que foram sete preditores do comportamento de Automanejo (variância explicada R 2 =.325); a variável autoeficácia foi a mais importante (β=38) no apoio social percebido e o preditor com carga mais baixa (β=.10). Conclusões: estes preditores representam elementos importantes para ampliar o conhecimento e entender o comportamento de automanejo, área que é promovida no modelo de atenção a crônicos da Organização Mundial da Saúde e na atualidade é liderada pela área de enfermagem.
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Introducción: En cardiología, la aplicación de teorías, como la de los sistemas dinámicos y la geometría fractal, han generado nuevos diagnósticos matemáticos que diferencian, de manera geométrica y cuantitativa, el comportamiento normal del enfermo a partir de la ocupación del atractor caótico cardíaco. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar, en el contexto de la teoría de los sistemas dinámicos, una metodología de evaluación de la saturación arterial de oxígeno para pacientes en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Materiales y Métodos: Se seleccionaron 10 pacientes con diferentes enfermedades, provenientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, a los cuales se les registró la saturación arterial de oxígeno durante su estancia en la Unidad, y se construyeron atractores caóticos en el mapa de retardo. Posteriormente, se establecieron cuantificaciones de los valores mínimos y máximos del atractor. Resultados: Los valores máximos y mínimos de los atractores de la saturación de oxígeno variaron entre el 100% y el 70%, para los pacientes que fallecieron, mientras que para aquellos que vivieron, se mantuvo entre el 99% y el 85%. Conclusiones: Se observó un comportamiento caótico asociado a la saturación arterial de oxígeno, cuantificable a partir de los valores máximos y mínimos hallados de la totalidad del atractor, estableciendo una nueva medida matemática y física del paciente crítico en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivo (AU)
Introduction: In cardiology, the application of theories, such as dynamical systems and fractal geometry, has generated new mathematical diagnoses that differentiate geometrically and quantitatively the normal from the diseased behavior through the occupation of the cardiac chaotic attractor. The objective of this study was to develop, in the context of the dynamical systems theory, a methodology for the evaluation of arterial oxygen saturation in patients of the Intensive Care Unit. Materials and Methods: Ten patients with different pathologies from the Intensive Care Unit were selected. The arterial oxygen saturation was recorded during their stay in the Intensive Care Unit and chaotic attractors were built in the delay map. Subsequently, quantifications of the minimum and maximum values of the attractor were established. Results: The maximum and minimum values of the oxygen saturation attractors varied between 100% and 70% for patients who died, whereas for those who lived, saturation values between 99% and 85% were maintained. Conclusions: A chaotic behavior associated with arterial oxygen saturation, quantifiable through the maximum and minimum values found in the entire attractor, was observed, establishing a new mathematical and physical measurement of the critical patient in the Intensive Care Unit.(AU)
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Humanos , Oxigênio , Fractais , Unidades de Terapia IntensivaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is a scarcity of information on the effect of white matter degeneration in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 7. Therefore, we investigated the WM integrity in a large group of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 by using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with a molecular diagnosis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 and their age- and sex-matched healthy controls participated in this study. The patients' ataxia severity was evaluated with the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia. Voxelwise analyses of diffusion metrics, including fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity, were performed with Tract-Based Spatial Statistics. The correlation between WM abnormalities and ataxia severity was then calculated. RESULTS: Tract-Based Spatial Statistics analysis revealed WM abnormalities in the cerebellum and the cerebellar peduncles, as well as in other major cortical and subcortical pathways. Further analysis between the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia score and WM mean diffusivity showed significant associations only in key areas related to motor control and visuospatial processing, including the cerebellar WM, the middle occipital WM, the superior cerebellar peduncle, and bilateral anterior thalamic radiation. No significant associations between fractional anisotropy and the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia were found. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a significant contribution of local cerebellar and cerebellar-midbrain connections to ataxic impairment in spinocerebellar ataxia type 7. The results also suggest an involvement of cortical WM abnormalities including tracts within the occipital and frontal cortices. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive view of the clinical impact of the white matter degeneration in spinocerebellar ataxia type 7.
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BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity in childhood is associated with negative physical and psychological effects. It has been proposed that obesity increase the risk for developing cognitive deficits, dementia and Alzheimer's disease and that it may be associated with marked differences in specific brain structure volumes. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was a neurobiopsychological approach to examine the association between overweight and obesity, brain structure and a paediatric neuropsychological assessment in Mexican children between 6 and 8 years of age. METHODS: We investigated the relation between the body mass index (BMI), brain volumetric segmentation of subcortical gray and white matter regions obtained with magnetic resonance imaging and the Neuropsychological Assessment of Children standardized for Latin America. Thirty-three healthy Mexican children between 6 and 8 years of age, divided into normal weight (18 children) and overweight/obese (15 children) groups. RESULTS: Overweight/obese children showed reduced executive cognitive performance on neuropsychological evaluations (i.e. verbal fluidity, P = 0.03) and presented differences in brain structures related to learning and memory (reduced left hippocampal volumes, P = 0.04) and executive functions (larger white matter volumes in the left cerebellum, P = 0.04 and mid-posterior corpus callosum, P = 0.03). Additionally, we found a positive correlation between BMI and left globulus pallidus (P = 0.012, ρ = 0.43) volume and a negative correlation between BMI and neuropsychological evaluation scores (P = 0.033, ρ = -0.37). CONCLUSIONS: The findings contribute to the idea that there is a relationship between BMI, executive cognitive performance and brain structure that may underlie the causal chain that leads to obesity in adulthood.
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Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Obesidade Infantil/complicações , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Cognição , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/patologiaRESUMO
El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la maduración dentaria en jóvenes venezolanos estimada mediante el método de Demirjian y cols. Se analizaron 284 radiografías panorámicas de pacientes de ambos sexos con edades cronológicas entre 8- 20 años. Se estudio la maduración dentaria de los 7 dientes inferiores izquierdos de acuerdo a los estadios del método de Demirjian y cols. y se calculó la edad dentaria. Se obtuvieron la media y la desviación estándar de la edad cronológica (EC) y la ED, la media de la EC a la cual se observaron los diferentes estadios de maduración y diferencias de medias entre la EC y la ED calculada. Al comparar las medias de las edades cronológicas en las que se observaron los estadios de maduración dentaria, las hembras tuvieron un desarrollo más avanzado que los varones. Se evidencio que el 100% de madurez dentaria, comienza a alcanzase alrededor de lo 13-14 años en la muestra estudiada. Contrastando la media de la EC con la ED, pudo verificarse que en ambos sexos, existe una consistente subestimación de la edad a partir de los 16 años, por ello en una submuestra de los grupos 8-16 se obtuvieron las diferencias de media entre la EC y ED, y se encontró una sobrestimación de la edad, estadísticamente significativa (-0,66 ±1,14 varones; -0,40± 1,38 hembras). Los datos del presente trabajo podrían ser utilizados como referencia de la maduración dentaria de los individuos de la muestra...
The aim of the present investigation was to study the dentaria maturation of Venezuelan young estimated though Demirjian´s et al. method. Two hundred and eighty four dentaria panoramic radiographs from patients of both sexes, with chronological ages between 8-20 years, were analyzed. Dentaria maturation of the 7 left lower teeth was calculated, according to the stages proposed by Demirjian et al. and dentaria age was calculated (DA) following the method of the author. Mean values and standard deviation of the chronological age (CA) and DA, by age group, mean of the CA to which different stages of maturation were observed and mean differences between the CA and the DA, were calculated. When comparing the mean chronological ages witch the dentaria maturation stages were observed; females had more advanced development than males. It was noticed that 100% of dentaria maturity, was reached out around 13-14 years in the studied sample. Contrasting mean CA with DA, it could be confirmed that in both sexes, there is a consistent underestimation of age from 16 years, so in a subsample of 8-16 groups mean differences between the EC and ED were obtained, and found an statistically significant overestimation of age (males -0.66 ± 1.14, females -0.40 ± 1.38). The data presented here could be used as a reference for dentaria maturation of the individuals in the sample...
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Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Criança , Adulto Jovem , Arco Dental/anatomia & histologia , Arco Dental/lesões , Crescimento e Desenvolvimento/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Ósseo/fisiologia , Antropometria , Odontopediatria , Radiografia PanorâmicaRESUMO
En continuidad con los estudios del área de Perfiles de la Cátedra de Psicología Experimental I y II, se llevó a cabo un análisis comparativo de Perfiles de Personalidad en estudiantes de psicología. La muestra fue intencional y autoseleccionada, quedó conformada por 153 estudiantes de Psicología. Se ha utilizado un diseño Descriptivo y Comparado. El instrumento utilizado fue el Inventario Multifásico de la Personalidad Minnesota-2 (MMPI-2). Los resultados reportan que existe un patrón de personalidad con similitudes muy acentuadas en los estudiantes de la carrera de psicología, independiente del curso al que pertenecen, y en comparación a los perfiles de años anteriores (n = 152, muestra 2001: n=168, muestra 2007: y n= 101 muestra 2008).
In continuity with the studies of the area of Profiles of the Professorship of Experimental Psychology I and II, a comparative analysis of Profiles of Personality in students of psychology was carried out. The sample was intentional and autoseleccionada, remained conformed by 153 (166) students of Psychology. A Descriptive design has been utilized and Compared. The instrument utilized was the Polyphase Inventory of the Personality Minnesota-2 (MMPI-2). The results report that a boss of personality with similarities exists very accentuated in the students of the career of psychology, independent of the course to which they belong, and in comparison to the profiles of previous years (n = 152 sample 2001; n = 168, sample 2007 and n = 101 sample 2008).
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INTRODUCTION: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioral disorder found mainly in males, thus current knowledge on its clinical expression in female adults is extremely limited. AIM. To evaluate the behavioral and neural substrates associated with the performance of a short-term memory task in female ADHD adults, with and without methylphenidate exposure, with respect to a control group. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two groups of eight young right-handed, female, university students with ADHD and healthy controls matched by age, gender, handedness and academic level, voluntarily participated. All subjects performed twice an easy auditory short-term memory task (ADHD group without, and 90 minutes post-intake of methylphenidate 0.4 mg/kg in a counterbalanced order). The BOLD-fMRI response was used as a measure of neural activity during task performance. RESULTS: ADHD subjects showed a tendency to improve their performances under medication, showing an increased widespread functional activation, especially relevant over left frontal and cerebellar areas, in comparison with control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Methylphenidate slightly improves short-term memory task performance in adult female ADHD subjects by modifying underlying neural functioning patterns.
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Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Memória de Curto Prazo , Metilfenidato/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Memória de Curto Prazo/efeitos dos fármacos , Memória de Curto Prazo/fisiologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Desempenho Psicomotor/efeitos dos fármacos , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The development of clinical magnetic resonance imaging in Mexico has followed a different course from that in the U.S. and Europe. The first clinical unit was installed in Mexico in the late 1980s at the very beginning of clinical applications worldwide. Since then, installations have proceeded at a sedate pace that now brings the installed total to 66 imagers. The largest fraction of these units (28, or 42%) is in Mexico City, with a broad distribution across the remaining 23 Mexican states. There is a noticeable increase of the number of units (20, or 30%) in the states bordering the U.S., while the states bordering nations to the south have no units. More than half the units (38, or 58%) are 0.5 T units, while a further 35% are 1.0 T or higher. Slower addition of units in Mexico relative to the U.S. is attributed to the higher fraction of public-funded hospitals and the inherent conservatism of such institutions when considering new technologies. Present public planning for health care development suggests that the coming decade will see more rapid installation of units to meet growing demand in Mexico for the latest medical technology. Experience over the past two decades indicates the need for more systematic training of technical and clinical personnel to implement these additions. The National University (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and the Metropolitan University (Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) are collaborating with diverse clinical facilities to create such a program. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:813-817.
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Países em Desenvolvimento , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/tendências , Previsões , Planejamento em Saúde/tendências , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde/tendências , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
The National Program for the Prevention of Allergic Diseases, including the determination of IgE concentrations in umbilical cord serum at birth began in 1986. Research was conducted to determine normal umbilical cord serum values in Cuban children since no previous research had been performed. The values consulted corresponded to children from other countries with different characteristics from ours. A total of 900 neonates were examined, excluding those whose mothers had been affected by factors that increase serum IgE concentrations. IgE values higher than 10 IU/ml were also regarded as abnormal. The microELISA-IgE technique, a heterogenous immunoenzymatic sandwich type assay, was used. As reference values, a 0.64 mean, 0.06 lower limit and a 6.83 upper limit were obtained.
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Sangue Fetal/imunologia , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Cuba , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade Imediata/genética , Hipersensibilidade Imediata/imunologia , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
In 1986, a Program on Prevention of Allergic Diseases was initiated in our country which was possible on account of the organization conditions of our health system. The program includes IgE measurement in umbilical cord serum by means of an ultramicroanalytic technique for IgE quantification. This is an heterogeneous sandwich-type immunoassay that requires only 10 microliters of reactive on each reaction step and its processing is carried out on the Cuban SUMA equipment. Two groups of children were selected and followed-up: group I included 80 one-year-old infants and group II included 60 18-months-old infants. Both groups followed hypoallergenic diets and had minimal exposure to aeroallergens within their microenvironment. Results were compared with those of respective control groups. Compliance of both groups with the prophylactic measures brought about a reduction in the existence of allergic diseases and a comparison with the control groups offered a statistically significant difference (p less than 0.001). Similarly, incidence of asthma was found more reduced in groups I and II than in the control groups (p less than 0.001). Within the groups treated under the Program on Prevention of Allergic Diseases, IgE values were lower, while the control groups exhibited a higher number of infants with figures of 200 IU/ml or more (p less than 0.05). Our results support the usefulness of preventive measures in avoiding the presence of atopic diseases.