RESUMO

Echocardiographic abnormalities are associated with a higher incidence of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether echocardiographic abnormalities are predictors of cardiovascular events in individuals without previous cardiovascular diseases. The PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO databases were searched for longitudinal studies investigating the association between echocardiographic abnormalities and cardiovascular events among individuals without known cardiovascular diseases. Two independent reviewers analyzed data on the number of participants, age and sex, echocardiographic alterations, follow-up time, and cardiovascular outcomes. The meta-analysis estimated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 test. Twenty-two longitudinal studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising a total of 55,603 patients. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was associated with non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 2.16; 95% CI 1.22-3.84), death from cardiovascular disease (RR 2.58; 95% CI 1.83- 3.64), and all-cause mortality (RR 2.02; 95% CI 1.34-3.04). Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and left atrial dilation (LA) were associated with fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 2.01; 95% CI 1.32-3.07) and (RR 1.78; 95% CI 1.16-2.73), respectively. Aortic root dilation was associated with non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 1.25; 95% CI 1.09-1.43). In conclusion, LVH, LVDD, dilations of the LA, and of the aortic root were associated with an increased risk of adverse events in individuals without previous cardiovascular diseases. This study suggests that simple data obtained on conventional echocardiography can be an important predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in a low-risk population.

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Fundamento: A insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida é responsável por metade dos casos de insuficiência cardíaca no mundo e associada à morbidade e à mortalidade substanciais. Contudo, mesmo com história clínica e exame físico associados a exames complementares convencionais, muitos pacientes permanecem sem diagnóstico etiológico. A ressonância magnética cardíaca oferece a possibilidade de esclarecer esses casos. Objetivo: Verificar em que medida a ressonância magnética cardíaca contribui com o diagnóstico etiológico da insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo <50% em um serviço especializado. Métodos: Foram incluídos indivíduos encaminhados para ressonância magnética cardíaca com insuficiência cardíaca e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo <50% ao ecocardiograma transtorácico, sem etiologia definida, de janeiro de 2017 a junho de 2018, em hospital terciário. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída de 87 pacientes, com idade média de 45±16 anos, sendo 49% do sexo masculino e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo 32%±13. Tiveram diagnóstico etiológico por meio da ressonância magnética cardíaca 55,3% dos pacientes: 33,4% miocardite, 11,5% cardiopatia não compactada, 6,8% cardiopatia chagásica e 1,2% para cardiopatia hipertensiva, amiloidose e displasia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito, cada. O realce tardio miocárdico foi positivo em 61%, e predominou o padrão de realce tardio não isquêmico (50,5%). Houve remodelamento reverso com normalização da função ventricular em 13% dos pacientes. Conclusão: O rendimento da ressonância magnética cardíaca em pacientes sem diagnóstico etiológico da insuficiência cardíaca com disfunção ventricular é significativo do ponto de vista clínico, pois contribuiu, em mais de 50% das vezes, com a etiologia e o prognóstico dos pacientes. Esse impacto positivo ocorreu em serviço terciário e de ensino em cardiologia, sendo possível que, em outras circunstâncias, o papel da ressonância magnética cardíaca seja inclusive maior do que o aqui apresentado.(AU)

Background: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is responsible for half of heart failure cases worldwide and implicates in substantial morbidity and mortality. However, even with clinical history and physical examination associated with conventional complementary exams, many patients remain without etiological diagnosis. Cardiac magnetic resonance has offered the possibility to clarify a variable proportion of these cases. Objective: To verify how much cardiac magnetic resonance contributes to etiologic diagnosis of heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction <50% in a specialized service. Methods: We included individuals referred to cardiac magnetic resonance with heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction <50% by transthoracic echocardiogram, without defined etiology, from January, 2017 to June, 2018 in a tertiary hospital. Results: The sample consisted of 87 patients, with average age of 45±16 years, 49% male and left ventricular ejection fraction 32%±13. Of the patients, 55,3% had etiological diagnosis through cardiac magnetic resonance: 33,4% myocarditis, 11.5% non-compaction cardiomyopathy, 6.8% Chagas disease, and for hypertensive heart disease, amyloidosis and arrhythmogenic right ventricle dysplasia, 1,2% each. Late gadolinium enhancement was positive in 61% and non-ischemic pattern predominated (50,5%). Reverse remodeling occurred with normalization of ventricular function in 13% of patients. Conclusion: The performance of cardiac magnetic resonance in patients without etiologic diagnosis of HF with left ventricle dysfunction is clinically significant, since it contributed more than 50% of the time to the etiology and prognosis of patients. This positive impact occurred in a tertiary cardiology teaching service, so it is possible that in other circumstances the role of the cardiac magnetic resonance may be even greater than that here presented.(AU)

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Echocardiographic abnormalities are associated with a higher incidence of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether echocardiographic abnormalities are predictors of cardiovascular events in individuals without previous cardiovascular diseases. The PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO databases were searched for longitudinal studies investigating the association between echocardiographic abnormalities and cardiovascular events among individuals without known cardiovascular diseases. Two independent reviewers analyzed data on the number of participants, age and sex, echocardiographic alterations, follow-up time, and cardiovascular outcomes. The meta-analysis estimated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 test. Twenty-two longitudinal studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising a total of 55,603 patients. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was associated with non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 2.16; 95% CI 1.22-3.84), death from cardiovascular disease (RR 2.58; 95% CI 1.83- 3.64), and all-cause mortality (RR 2.02; 95% CI 1.34-3.04). Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and left atrial dilation (LA) were associated with fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 2.01; 95% CI 1.32-3.07) and (RR 1.78; 95% CI 1.16-2.73), respectively. Aortic root dilation was associated with non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 1.25; 95% CI 1.09-1.43). In conclusion, LVH, LVDD, dilations of the LA, and of the aortic root were associated with an increased risk of adverse events in individuals without previous cardiovascular diseases. This study suggests that simple data obtained on conventional echocardiography can be an important predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in a low-risk population.

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BACKGROUND: Chronotropic incompetence (CI), defined as failure to achieve less than 80% of age-expected heart rate, is a predictor of mortality and adverse cardiovascular events and may confer a worse prognosis in elderly diabetic individuals. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of chronotropic incompetence (CI) in elderly diabetic patients considering endpoints with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and overall mortality and compare clinical and echocardiographic characteristics between patients with and without CI. METHOD: A total of 298 elderly diabetic patients undergoing exercise echocardiography (EE) were studied from January 2001 to December 2010. Of these, 109 were chronotropic incompetent (group 1) and were compared with the chronotropic competent ones (group 2) regarding the occurrence of cardiovascular events, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics. RESULTS: Chronotropic incompetents patients showed a higher frequency of cerebrovascular disease (9.2% vs. 3.2, p = 0.027) and higher mortality was observed in those who had cerebrovascular disease or acute myocardial infarction. The presence of typical angina and dyspnea prior to the performance of EE and male gender were more frequent in group 1. Rest and exercise left ventricular wall motion score index, rate of left ventricle mass and left atrium diameter were higher in chronotropic incompetent individuals. CONCLUSION: Chronotropic incompetence was independently associated with the occurrence of cerebrovascular disease in elderly diabetic individuals.

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FUNDAMENTO: A incompetência cronotrópica (IC), definida como a incapacidade de atingir no esforço 80% da frequência de reserva esperada para a idade, é um fator preditor de mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares e pode conferir pior prognóstico a grupos em expansão devido ao acelerado processo de envelhecimento populacional, como em idosos diabéticos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor prognóstico da IC em idosos diabéticos considerando desfechos com infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), doença cerebrovascular (DCV) e óbito geral, e comparar características clínicas e ecocardiográficas entre os que têm IC e os que não têm. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 298 pacientes idosos e diabéticos submetidos a ecocardiografia de estresse sob esforço físico (EF), de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2010. Destes, 109 eram incompetentes cronotrópicos, grupo G1, e foram comparados aos competentes, grupo G2, quanto à ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares, características clínicas e ecocardiográficas. RESULTADOS: O grupo G1, em relação ao grupo controle, apresentou maior frequência de DCV (9,2% × 3,2; p = 0,027) e maior frequência de óbito para aqueles que sofreram DCV ou IAM. Angina típica e dispneia prévias à realização da EF e sexo masculino foram mais frequentes no G1. A análise das variáveis ecocardiográficas demonstrou que o índice do escore de motilidade do ventrículo esquerdo (IEMVE) de repouso e de esforço, o índice de massa do VE (ventrículo esquerdo) e o diâmetro do AE (átrio esquerdo) foram maiores entre os incompetentes cronotrópicos. CONCLUSÃO: A IC foi associada, de forma independente, à ocorrência de DCV em idosos diabéticos.

BACKGROUND: Chronotropic incompetence (CI), defined as failure to achieve less than 80% of age-expected heart rate, is a predictor of mortality and adverse cardiovascular events and may confer a worse prognosis in elderly diabetic individuals. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of chronotropic incompetence (CI) in elderly diabetic patients considering endpoints with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and overall mortality and compare clinical and echocardiographic characteristics between patients with and without CI. METHOD: A total of 298 elderly diabetic patients undergoing exercise echocardiography (EE) were studied from January 2001 to December 2010. Of these, 109 were chronotropic incompetent (group 1) and were compared with the chronotropic competent ones (group 2) regarding the occurrence of cardiovascular events, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics. RESULTS: Chronotropic incompetents patients showed a higher frequency of cerebrovascular disease (9.2% vs. 3.2, p = 0.027) and higher mortality was observed in those who had cerebrovascular disease or acute myocardial infarction. The presence of typical angina and dyspnea prior to the performance of EE and male gender were more frequent in group 1. Rest and exercise left ventricular wall motion score index, rate of left ventricle mass and left atrium diameter were higher in chronotropic incompetent individuals. CONCLUSION: Chronotropic incompetence was independently associated with the occurrence of cerebrovascular disease in elderly diabetic individuals.

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