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Although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants that affect negatively soils biology, several strategies lead to their removal such as the phytoremediation. In order to assess the potential of phytoremediation using "alfalfa" Medicago sativa as a strategy to reduce the phenanthrene on the soil, we analyzed the structure and dynamic of the microbial communities of a microcosm soil artificially contaminated with phenanthrene (2000 ppm), which was exposed to the plants. At different incubation times (7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56 days), a soil sample was taken from each microcosm and the residual amount of phenanthrene was quantified. Dehydrogenase activity and the count of fungi and bacteria were also estimated. Bacterial communities were characterized using PCR-DGGE, Shannon and Weaver's indexes, multivariate analysis, and rarefaction curves. It was found that phytoremediation treatment was associated with a higher richness and bacterial diversity compared with those on control soil. Although an OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Unit) succession over time was detected in both treatments, bacterial richness and diversity were conditioned by the phenanthrene concentration available and also dependent on the treatment, which were associated to different bacterial communities. In this study, phytoremediation treatment reduced the content of phenanthrene in the soil after 56 days to a 0.45% compared with the control treatment, which only reached to 4.25%. This preliminary work suggests the promoting activity of "alfalfa" plants, through rhizodegradation, to remove in soil PAHs, as well as its relevance in the activation of different ecological processes mediated by soil microorganisms.

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Introduction: The expansion and intensification of agriculture causes profound changes at a global scale, which generates a strong impact on crop productivity and consequently, a decrease in the biodiversity associated. Ilex paraguariensis, known as yerba mate, is a native species from South America and it has been introduced in the world market (e.g. Middle East, Europe, and United States) due to its multiple nutritional benefits and antioxidant properties. The association of plants of I. paraguarensis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), especially under field conditions, has been scarcely reported so far. Objective: The aim of this work was to assess the species composition, richness, spore density and diversity of Glomeromycota communities of yerba mate under different crop and natural conditions, seasonally over a 2-year period. Methods: Soil samples were extracted in winter and summer from five productive sites (situations 1-5), with contrasting crop conditions with regard to historical management, as a reference situation (situation 6). Spores were identified following morphological criteria. Results: Acaulosporaceae and Glomeraceae presented the highest spore densities in all sampling sites/ seasons/years. The lowest spore density and diversity index was recorded in 2014, when rainfall was higher than in 2013. Discussion: We reported Acaulospora capsicula detected by morphological analysis, for the first time in South America. Differences between years could be attributed to rainfall. This study contributes to the knowledge of the dynamics and factors that influence the structure of AMF communities over time. This information would be valuable to generate conservation strategies for this group of microorganisms, which are key to the sustainable development of yerba mate cultivation systems.

Introducción: La expansión e intensificación de la agricultura provoca profundos cambios a escala mundial, lo que genera un fuerte impacto en la productividad de los cultivos y, en consecuencia, una disminución de la biodiversidad asociada. Ilex paraguariensis, conocida como yerba mate, es una especie nativa de América del Sur y se ha introducido en el mercado mundial (por ejemplo, Medio Oriente, Europa y Estados Unidos) debido a sus múltiples beneficios nutricionales y propiedades antioxidantes. La asociación de plantas de I. paraguarensis con hongos arbusculares (AMF), especialmente en condiciones de campo, ha sido escasamente documentada. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar estacionalmente durante un período de 2 años: la composición de especies, la riqueza, la densidad de esporas y la diversidad de las comunidades Glomeromycota de yerba mate en diferentes cultivos y condiciones naturales. Métodos: Se extrajeron muestras de suelo en invierno y verano de cinco sitios productivos con condiciones de cultivo (situaciones 1-5), en contraste conal manejo histórico como situación de referencia (situación 6). Las esporas se identificaron siguiendo criterios morfológicos. Resultados: Acaulosporaceae y Glomeraceae presentaron las mayores densidades de esporas en todos los sitios de muestreo / estaciones / años. El índice más bajo de densidad y diversidad de esporas se registró en 2014, cuando las precipitaciones fueron más altas que en 2013. Discusión: Se registra por primera vez para América del Sur a Acaulospora capsicula identificada por caracteres morfológicos. Las diferencias entre años podrían atribuirse a las precipitaciones. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de la dinámica y los factores que influyen en la estructura de las comunidades AMF a lo largo del tiempo. Esta información sería valiosa para generar estrategias de conservación para este grupo de microorganismos, que son clave para el desarrollo sostenible de los sistemas de cultivo de yerba mate.

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The arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungal (AMF) communities from the El Palmar National Park of Entre Ríos Province, Argentina, were investigated and characterized. The species of AMF present in five distinct vegetation types-gallery forest, grassland, marsh, palm forest, and scrubland-were isolated, identified and quantified over 2 y. Forty-six AMF morphotaxa were found. The composition of the AMF communities differed between the seasons, soil and vegetation types. Seasonal variations were observed in members of the Acaulosporaceae, Archaeosporaceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Gigasporaceae and Pacisporaceae. Depending on soil type, the AMF-spore communities were dominated by members of one of the two main orders of the Glomeromycota. AMF communities from grassland and palm forest, which occur on sandy soils, comprised primarily members of the Diversisporales, with a high percentage of species of Acaulospora and of Gigasporaceae. Communities from the gallery forest, marsh and scrubland, which occur on loam-clay soils, were composed of members of the Glomerales, with a high percentage of spores from species of Glomus. Thus, both AMF and plant communities would appear to be strongly and similarly influenced by edaphic conditions.

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Quantitative estimations of zoosporic fungi in the environment have historically received little attention, primarily due to methodological challenges and their complex life cycles. Conventional methods for quantitative analysis of zoosporic fungi to date have mainly relied on direct observation and baiting techniques, with subsequent fungal identification in the laboratory using morphological characteristics. Although these methods are still fundamentally useful, there has been an increasing preference for quantitative microscopic methods based on staining with fluorescent dyes, as well as the use of hybridization probes. More recently however PCR based methods for profiling and quantification (semi- and absolute) have proven to be rapid and accurate diagnostic tools for assessing zoosporic fungal assemblages in environmental samples. Further application of next generation sequencing technologies will however not only advance our quantitative understanding of zoosporic fungal ecology, but also their function through the analysis of their genomes and gene expression as resources and databases expand in the future. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to complement these molecular-based approaches with cultivation-based methods in order to gain a fuller quantitative understanding of the ecological and physiological roles of zoosporic fungi.

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Zoosporic organisms are common inhabitants of aquatic environments; however there are few ecological studies made for Argentinean streams. In this contribution the taxonomic composition of zoosporic organisms from a stream and their abundance, frequency and diversity on cellulosic baits were analyzed. Samples of water and floating organic matter (vegetable debris) were taken at four dates and different environmental variables (temperature, dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations) were measured. Twenty-one taxa were recovered with the baiting technique. Physicochemical fluctuations affected the structure of the studied community; in spring the greatest species richness was related to high nutrient levels whereas in winter the greatest abundance and diversity was related to low water temperature, nutrient levels and well oxygenated conditions. aquatic environment,

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