RESUMO
Equine coital exanthema (ECE) is a highly contagious, venereally-transmitted mucocutaneous disease, characterized by the formation of papules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers on the external genital organs of mares and stallions, and caused by equid alphaherpesvirus 3 (EHV-3). The infection is endemic worldwide and the virus is transmitted mainly through direct contact during sexual intercourse and by contaminated instruments during reproductive maneuvers in breeding facilities. The disease does not result in systemic illness, infertility or abortion, yet it does have a negative impact on the equine industry as it forces the temporary withdrawal of affected animals with the consequent disruption of mating activities in breeding facilities. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date relevant information on the knowledge of EHV-3 infection and to analyze new approaches on diagnostics, treatment and prevention in the interest of minimizing the negative consequences of ECE in light of the current situation of the equine industry.
RESUMO
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of horses as outbreaks of the disease lead to significant economic losses worldwide. In this review, we summarize the information available on equine influenza (EI) in South America. In the region, the major events of EI occurred almost in the same period in the different countries, and the EIV isolated showed high genetic identity at the hemagglutinin gene level. It is highly likely that the continuous movement of horses, some of them subclinically infected, among South American countries, facilitated the spread of the virus. Although EI vaccination is mandatory for mobile or congregates equine populations in the region, EI outbreaks continuously threaten the equine industry. Vaccine breakdown could be related to the fact that many of the commercial vaccines available in the region contain out-of-date EIV strains, and some of them even lack reliable information about immunogenicity and efficacy. This review highlights the importance of disease surveillance and reinforces the need to harmonize quarantine and biosecurity protocols, and encourage vaccine manufacturer companies to carry out quality control procedures and update the EIV strains in their products.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Animais , Surtos de Doenças , Geografia Médica , Cavalos , Vírus da Influenza A/classificação , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Filogenia , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , RNA Viral , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , América do Sul/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Equine rotavirus A (ERVA) is the leading cause of diarrhea in neonatal foals and a major health problem to the equine breeding industry worldwide. The G3P[12] and G14P[12] ERVA genotypes are the most prevalent in foals with diarrhea. Control and prevention strategies include vaccination of pregnant mares with an inactivated vaccine containing a prototype ERVA G3P[12] strain with limited and controversial field efficacy. Here, we performed the molecular characterization of ERVA strains circulating in central Kentucky using fecal samples collected during the 2017 foaling season. The data indicated for the first time that the G14P[12] genotype is predominant in this region in contrast to a previous serotyping study where only G3 genotype strains were reported. Overall, analysis of antigenic sites in the VP7 protein demonstrated the presence of several amino acid substitutions in the epitopes exposed on the surface including a non-conserved N-linked glycosylation site (D123N) in G14P[12] strains, while changes in antigenic sites of VP8* were minor. Also, we report the successful isolation of three ERVA G14P[12] strains which presented a high identity with other G14 strains from around the world. These may constitute ideal reference strains to comparatively study the molecular biology of G3 and G14 strains and perform vaccine efficacy studies following heterologous challenge in the future.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Cavalos/virologia , Filogenia , Infecções por Rotavirus/veterinária , Rotavirus/classificação , Rotavirus/genética , Animais , Antígenos Virais/química , Antígenos Virais/genética , Sequência de Bases , Proteínas do Capsídeo/química , Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Linhagem Celular , Diarreia/virologia , Fezes/virologia , Feminino , Genoma Viral/genética , Genótipo , Doenças dos Cavalos/sangue , Doenças dos Cavalos/patologia , Kentucky , Gravidez , RNA Viral/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Rotavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/sangue , Infecções por Rotavirus/patologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/virologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/química , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/química , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
Equid alphaherpesvirus 3 (EHV3) is the etiological agent of equine coital exanthema (ECE), which is a venereal, highly contagious disease, characterized by the formation of papules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers on the external genitalia of mares and stallions. EHV3 remains in a latent state after a successful infection and there are latently infected animals in which the virus is reactivated and generally re-excreted subclinically. There are no available vaccines for this condition and prevention is based on the clinical examination of mares prior to mating, which allows to segregate those showing clinical signs. As this approach does not eliminate the risk of contagion in stallions from subclinically infected mares, there is a need for a specific EHV3 treatment. Nowadays, there exist various antiviral compounds of proven effectiveness for other alphaherpesviruses affecting humans and animals. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of three antiviral compounds, acyclovir, ganciclovir and cidofovir against EHV3 in vitro, and to assess their efficacy against six EHV3 Argentinian field isolates. To determine the efficacy of these compounds in vitro, three parameters were analyzed: reduction of plaque number, reduction of plaque size and reduction of viral production. Additionally, the effectiveness of the three compounds at an optimum concentration previously determined in this study was investigated for the EHV3 field isolates. Based on our results, ganciclovir was the most potent antiviral compound to reduce EHV3 replication in vitro and may thus be a valuable candidate for treatment and prevention of ECE in mares and stallions.
Assuntos
Aciclovir/farmacologia , Antivirais/farmacologia , Cidofovir/farmacologia , Ganciclovir/farmacologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/veterinária , Herpesvirus Equídeo 3/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Infecções por Herpesviridae/virologia , Herpesvirus Equídeo 3/isolamento & purificação , CavalosRESUMO
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is considered the most important respiratory pathogen of horses as outbreaks of the disease lead to substantial economic losses. The H3N8 EIV has caused respiratory disease in horses across the world, including South American countries. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences for the complete haemagglutinin gene of the H3N8 EIV detected in South America since 1963 were analyzed. Phylogenetic and Bayesian coalescent analyses were carried out to study the origin, the time of the most recent common ancestors (tMRCA), the demographic and the phylogeographic patterns of the H3N8 EIV. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the H3N8 EIV detected in South America grouped in 5 well-supported monophyletic clades, each associated with strains of different origins. The tMRCA estimated for each group suggested that the virus was circulating in North America at least one year before its effective circulation in the South American population. Phylogenetic and coalescent analyses revealed a polyphyletic behavior of the viruses causing the outbreaks in South America between 1963 and 2012, possibly due to the introduction of at least 4 different EIVs through the international movement of horses. In addition, phylodynamic analysis suggested South America as the starting point of the spread of the H3N8 EIV in 1963 and showed migration links from the United States to South America in the subsequent EIV irruptions. Further, an increase in the relative genetic diversity was observed between 2006 and 2007 and a subsequent decline since 2009, probably due to the co-circulation of different lineages and as a result of the incorporation of the Florida clade 2 strain in vaccines, respectively. The observed data highlight the importance of epidemiological surveillance and the implementation of appropriate quarantine procedures to prevent outbreaks of the disease.
RESUMO
Rotavirus virions are formed by three concentric protein layers that enclose the 11 dsRNA genome segments and the viral proteins VP1 and VP3. Interactions amongst the capsid proteins (VP2, VP6, VP7 and VP4) have been described to play a major role in viral fitness, whilst restricting the reassortment of the genomic segments during co-infection with different rotavirus strains. In this work we describe and characterize the linkage between VP6 and VP7 proteins based on structural and genomic analyses of group A rotavirus strains circulating in Argentinean horses. Strains with the VP7 genotype G3 showed a strong association with the VP6 genotype I6, whilst strains with G14 were associated with the I2 genotype. Most of the differences on the VP6 and VP7 proteins were observed in interactive regions between the two proteins, suggesting that VP6â:âVP7 interactions may drive the co-evolution and co-segregation of their respective gene segments.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/química , Proteínas do Capsídeo/química , Genoma Viral , RNA Viral/química , Infecções por Rotavirus/veterinária , Rotavirus/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Antígenos Virais/genética , Antígenos Virais/metabolismo , Evolução Biológica , Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Proteínas do Capsídeo/metabolismo , Fezes/virologia , Ligação Genética , Genótipo , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Cavalos , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , RNA Viral/genética , RNA Viral/metabolismo , Rotavirus/classificação , Rotavirus/metabolismo , Infecções por Rotavirus/virologia , Proteínas do Core Viral/química , Proteínas do Core Viral/genética , Proteínas do Core Viral/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In 2012, equine influenza (EI) virus was confirmed as the cause of outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses throughout South America. In Uruguay and Argentina, hundreds of vaccinated thoroughbred horses in training and racing facilities were clinically affected. OBJECTIVE: To characterise the EI viruses detected during the outbreak in Uruguay and Argentina. METHODS: Virus was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs by a pan-reactive influenza type A real-time RT-PCR. The nucleotide sequence of the HA1 gene was determined and analysed phylogenetically using mega 5 software. Amino acid sequences alignments were constructed and virus was antigenically characterised with specific ferret antisera. Paired serum samples were tested by haemagglutination inhibition and single radial haemolysis. RESULTS: The diagnosis of EIV was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR, virus isolation and serological testing. The phylogenetic analysis of HA1 gene sequences of 18 EI viruses indicated that all of them belong to clade 1 of the Florida sublineage of the American lineage and are closely related to viruses isolated in the United States in 2012. The HA1 of viruses identified in horses in racing facilities in Maroñas, Uruguay, and in Palermo, Argentina, displayed 100% amino acid sequence identity and were identical to that of a virus isolated in Dubai in 2012, from vaccinated endurance horses recently imported from Uruguay. CONCLUSIONS: The surveillance data reported illustrate the international spread of EI viruses and support the recommendations of the OIE expert surveillance panel to include viruses of the Florida sublineage in vaccines.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/classificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Cavalos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/genética , Nasofaringe/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Uruguai/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) is the prototype virus for both the Orthobunyavirus genus and the Bunyaviridae family. Different strains of BUNV have been associated with clinical diseases in domestic animals, mainly ruminants. During 2013, in Argentina's Santa Fe Province, three new isolates of BUNV were recovered from the brain and spleen of two horses with encephalitis, and from the brain of an aborted equine fetus. This isolation of BUNV from domestic animals provided the first association of BUNV infection with disease of the central nervous system and abortion in equines in Argentina.
Assuntos
Vírus Bunyamwera/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/veterinária , Encefalite Viral/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Feto Abortado/virologia , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Vírus Bunyamwera/genética , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/virologia , Encefalite Viral/epidemiologia , Encefalite Viral/virologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Cavalos , FilogeniaRESUMO
The most used and reliable indicator of Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infection is the detection of its specific antibodies in horse serum. In the present study, the performance of two commercial ELISA tests for the detection of EIAV antibodies as well as the potential advantages of their use as an EIAV infection screening tool were evaluated in 302 horse serum samples. Both ELISA assays showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity, and 92.3-94.3% diagnostic specificity. Discordant results were analyzed by immunoblot. The results showed that both ELISA tests are very efficient at detecting EIAV infected animals, allowing to identify a higher number of positive horse cases. Thus, ELISA assays can be useful tools in EIA control and eradication.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Anemia Infecciosa Equina/diagnóstico , Vírus da Anemia Infecciosa Equina/imunologia , Animais , Cavalos , Kit de Reagentes para DiagnósticoRESUMO
The most used and reliable indicator of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infection is the detection of its specific antibodies in horse serum. In the present study, the performance of two commercial ELISA tests for the detection of EIAV antibodies as well as the potential advantages of their use as an EIAV infection screening tool were evaluated in 302 horse serum samples. Both ELISA assays showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity, and 92.3-94.3% diagnostic specificity. Discordant results were analyzed by immunoblot. The results showed that both ELISA tests are very efficient at detecting EIAV infected animals, allowing to identify a higher number of positive horse cases. Thus, ELISA assays can be useful tools in EIA control and eradication.
El mejor indicador de la infección por el virus de la anemia infecciosa equina (Equine infectious anemia virus, EIAV) es la detección de anticuerpos específicos en el suero del caballo. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la capacidad de detección de anticuerpos contra EIAV de dos equipos de ELISA comerciales utilizando 302 muestras de suero equino, así como las ventajas potenciales de su uso como herramientas de screening. Ambos ensayos de ELISA presentaron 100 % de sensibilidad diagnóstica y una especificidad diagnóstica del orden de 92,3 a 94,3 %. Las muestras discordantes fueron analizadas por inmunoblot. Los resultados mostraron que las dos pruebas ELISA son muy eficientes para detectar animales infectados por EIAV, al permitir identificar un mayor número de animales positivos que la prueba de inmunodifusión en gel de agar, oficialmente aprobada en la República Argentina para la certificación de los animales. Las pruebas de ELISA constituyen herramientas muy útiles en los programas de control y de erradicación de la infección por EIAV.
Assuntos
Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Anemia Infecciosa Equina/diagnóstico , Vírus da Anemia Infecciosa Equina/imunologia , Cavalos , Kit de Reagentes para DiagnósticoRESUMO
The most used and reliable indicator of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infection is the detection of its specific antibodies in horse serum. In the present study, the performance of two commercial ELISA tests for the detection of EIAV antibodies as well as the potential advantages of their use as an EIAV infection screening tool were evaluated in 302 horse serum samples. Both ELISA assays showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity, and 92.3-94.3% diagnostic specificity. Discordant results were analyzed by immunoblot. The results showed that both ELISA tests are very efficient at detecting EIAV infected animals, allowing to identify a higher number of positive horse cases. Thus, ELISA assays can be useful tools in EIA control and eradication.(AU)
El mejor indicador de la infección por el virus de la anemia infecciosa equina (Equine infectious anemia virus, EIAV) es la detección de anticuerpos específicos en el suero del caballo. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la capacidad de detección de anticuerpos contra EIAV de dos equipos de ELISA comerciales utilizando 302 muestras de suero equino, así como las ventajas potenciales de su uso como herramientas de screening. Ambos ensayos de ELISA presentaron 100 % de sensibilidad diagnóstica y una especificidad diagnóstica del orden de 92,3 a 94,3 %. Las muestras discordantes fueron analizadas por inmunoblot. Los resultados mostraron que las dos pruebas ELISA son muy eficientes para detectar animales infectados por EIAV, al permitir identificar un mayor número de animales positivos que la prueba de inmunodifusión en gel de agar, oficialmente aprobada en la República Argentina para la certificación de los animales. Las pruebas de ELISA constituyen herramientas muy útiles en los programas de control y de erradicación de la infección por EIAV.(AU)
RESUMO
The most used and reliable indicator of Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infection is the detection of its specific antibodies in horse serum. In the present study, the performance of two commercial ELISA tests for the detection of EIAV antibodies as well as the potential advantages of their use as an EIAV infection screening tool were evaluated in 302 horse serum samples. Both ELISA assays showed 100
diagnostic sensitivity, and 92.3-94.3
diagnostic specificity. Discordant results were analyzed by immunoblot. The results showed that both ELISA tests are very efficient at detecting EIAV infected animals, allowing to identify a higher number of positive horse cases. Thus, ELISA assays can be useful tools in EIA control and eradication.
Assuntos
Modelos Genéticos , Animais , Marcadores Genéticos , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , HumanosRESUMO
Objective. The goal of this study was to determine the current status of the Equine Arteritis virus (EAV) in horse populations in the Orinoquia region of Colombia. Materials and methods. A transversal study was conducted by serological survey of equine (n=100) from 11 municipalities of the Colombian Orinoquia region. Serum samples were tested by virus seroneutralization assay according to the guidelines provided by the World Organization for Animal Health. Results. After testing was carried out no positives samples to EAV were found in the population analyzed. Conclusions. Although the sample size of the population screened in this study does not represent the total equine population size for the region or the country, data obtained has shown the absence of EAV infection in these animals. However, a wider study area including other regions of the country, with a feasible statistical design, would determine if this infection continues to be an exotic disease for Colombia.
Objetivo. Determinar la condición sanitaria relativa a la infección con el virus de la arteritis (VAE) en equinos de la Orinoquia, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un muestreo serológico transversal en equinos (n:100) provenientes de 11 municipios, de la región de la Orinoquia, Colombia. Los sueros fueron analizados por la técnica de seroneutralización viral de acuerdo con lo recomendado por la Organización Internacional de Sanidad Animal (OIE). Resultados. No se identificaron reactores al VAE en la población analizada. Conclusiones. Si bien la población estudiada no representa el total de los equinos de la región, ni del país, los datos obtenidos evidencian la ausencia de infección por VAE en estos animales. Un estudio ampliado, estadísticamente diseñado, incluyendo otras regiones del país permitiría determinar fehacientemente si esta infección continua siendo exótica para Colombia.
Assuntos
Anticorpos , Epidemiologia , Prevalência , VírusRESUMO
Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil is a discontinuously distributed native tree species in South American subtropical forests. Thirteen quantitative traits and eight nuclear microsatellite loci were examined in individuals from two biogeographic provinces of Argentina to determine the number and composition of genetically distinguishable groups of individuals and explore possible spatial patterns of the phenotypic and genetic variability. Means of reproductive traits were higher in the Yungas than in the Paranaense biogeographic province, whereas five out of eight nonreproductive quantitative traits showed higher mean values in the latter. Variance coefficients were moderate, and there were significant differences between and within provinces. Three clusters were defined based on spatial model for cluster membership for quantitative traits. One cluster grouped the individuals from the Paranaense biogeographic province whereas the individuals from the Yungas biogeographic province grouped regarding its population of origin. Parameters of molecular genetic variability showed higher values in the Yungas than in the Paranaense biogeographic province. Observed heterozygosity was lower than expected heterozygosity in both biogeographic provinces, indicating an excess of homozygosity. The homozygosity test by Watterson and the exact test by Slatkin suggested diversifying selection for locus Ac41.1. Bayesian clustering spatial model for microsatellites loci data were performed for both all loci and for all loci excluding locus Ac41.1. In both analyses two clusters were inferred. Analysis of molecular variance revealed similar results for all genotypes and for all genotypes defined excluding locus Ac41.1. Most of the total variance is attributable to genetic variation within clusters. The presence of homogeneous clusters was detected for both the phenotypic and molecular genetic variability. Two Bayesian clustering analyses were performed according to molecular genetic data, and two clusters were inferred. Individuals were assigned to their provinces of origin. Genetic molecular variation was higher in the populations of the Yungas biogeographic province which translates into highly qualified populations for conservation. Populations from the Paranaense biogeographic province showed the highest mean value of number of seeds per fruit making them valuable as well with regard to the exploitation of management strategies as a means to recover the impacted areas where these populations are located.
Assuntos
Colubrina/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Fenótipo , Argentina , Análise por Conglomerados , Loci Gênicos , Geografia , Repetições de Microssatélites , Característica Quantitativa HerdávelRESUMO
Llama population from Argentina is mainly concentrated in the Andean Puna, Jujuy. Llamas represent an important economic resource for the Andean communities. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against viral antigens associated to viral diseases of economic impact (neonatal diarrhea, reproductive and respiratory syndromes). A total of 349 serum samples from adult llamas were analyzed. The obtained antibody prevalence was 100 % for Rotavirus A and 70 % for Bovine parainfluenza virus 3. In contrast, no reactors were detected to Bovine herpesvirus 1, Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, Human influenza A virus (H1N1) and Equine influenza virus (H3N8). These results confirm the wide circulation of rotavirus and parainfluenza virus in Argentinean llamas and suggest that susceptibility to infection with bovine herpesvirus, pestivirus and influenza A viruses is low. This serologic survey provides novel information regarding the epidemiology of viral diseases affecting llamas from the Argentinean Andean Puna.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Camelídeos Americanos/virologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/virologia , Viroses/veterinária , Animais , Animais Domésticos/virologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , Camelídeos Americanos/sangue , Camelídeos Americanos/imunologia , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/imunologia , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/imunologia , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/imunologia , Vírus da Parainfluenza 3 Bovina/imunologia , Pestivirus/imunologia , Saúde Pública , Rotavirus/imunologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Viroses/epidemiologia , Viroses/imunologiaRESUMO
Las poblaciones de llamas de Argentina se concentran principalmente en la provincia de Jujuy; su explotación representa un importante recurso económico de las comunidades altoandinas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra algunos agentes virales asociados a enfermedades de impacto productivo en rodeos de llamas de Jujuy. Se analizaron 349 sueros de llamas adultas de 6 departamentos de la puna jujeña ubicados por encima de los 3300 msnm. Se obtuvo una prevalencia del 100 % para rotavirus grupo A y del 70 % para el virus parainfluenza-3 bovino, mientras que no se detectaron reactores para herpesvirus bovino 1, virus de la diarrea viral bovina, influenza A humana (H1N1) e influenza equina (H3N8). Los resultados obtenidos confirman la amplia distribución de rotavirus y virus parainfluenza y la baja susceptibilidad a herpesvirus y pestivirus en las tropas de llamas de la puna jujeña
Llama population from Argentina is mainly concentrated in the Andean Puna, Jujuy. Llamas represent an important economic resource for the Andean communities. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against viral antigens associated to viral diseases of economic impact (neonatal diarrhea, reproductive and respiratory syndromes). A total of 349 serum samples from adult llamas were analyzed. The obtained antibody prevalence was 100 % for Rotavirus A and 70 % for Bovine parainfluenza virus 3. In contrast, no reactors were detected to Bovine herpesvirus 1, Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, Human influenza A virus (H1N1) and Equine influenza virus (H3N8). These results confirm the wide circulation of rotavirus and parainfluenza virus in Argentinean llamas and suggest that susceptibility to infection with bovine herpesvirus, pestivirus and influenza A viruses is low. This serologic survey provides novel information regarding the epidemiology of viral diseases affecting llamas from the Argentinean Andean Puna
Assuntos
Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Camelídeos Americanos/imunologia , Anticorpos/análise , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Parainfluenza 3 Bovina/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The current production of inactivated vaccines for the prevention of equine alphavirus encephalitides caused by Eastern, Western and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis viruses (EEEV, WEEV, VEEV) involves the manipulation of large quantities of infectious viral particles under biosafety level 3 containment laboratories with the potential risk of transmission to the operators. Moreover, these vaccines are not capable of inducing a long-lasting immunity. Modified live vaccines, which were also attempted, maintain residual virulence and neurotropism, causing disease in both horses and humans. Therefore, the production of an efficacious second generation vaccine which could be used in the prevention of alphavirus infection without the need to manipulate infectious viral particles under high biocontainment conditions could be of great benefit for the worldwide horse industry. Furthermore, equine alphaviruses are considered as biological threat agents. Subunit, chimeric, gene-deleted live mutants, DNA and adenovirus-vectored alphavirus vaccines have been evaluated; such approaches are reviewed in this work. Climate changes, together with modifications in bird and vector ecology, are leading to the arise of emerging pathogens in new geographical locations, and these zoonotic New World arboviruses are gaining concern. Novel vaccine development does show a promising future for prevention of these infections in both horses and humans.
Assuntos
Infecções por Alphavirus/veterinária , Alphavirus/imunologia , Encefalite Viral/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Infecções por Alphavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Alphavirus/virologia , Animais , Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , Encefalite Viral/prevenção & controle , Encefalite Viral/virologia , Cavalos , Vacinação/métodos , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Vacinas Atenuadas/isolamento & purificação , Vacinas de DNA/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/isolamento & purificação , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/isolamento & purificação , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/imunologia , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/isolamento & purificação , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/isolamento & purificação , Medicina Veterinária/tendências , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Virais/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Llama population from Argentina is mainly concentrated in the Andean Puna, Jujuy. Llamas represent an important economic resource for the Andean communities. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against viral antigens associated to viral diseases of economic impact (neonatal diarrhea, reproductive and respiratory syndromes). A total of 349 serum samples from adult llamas were analyzed. The obtained antibody prevalence was 100
for Rotavirus A and 70
for Bovine parainfluenza virus 3. In contrast, no reactors were detected to Bovine herpesvirus 1, Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, Human influenza A virus (H1N1) and Equine influenza virus (H3N8). These results confirm the wide circulation of rotavirus and parainfluenza virus in Argentinean llamas and suggest that susceptibility to infection with bovine herpesvirus, pestivirus and influenza A viruses is low. This serologic survey provides novel information regarding the epidemiology of viral diseases affecting llamas from the Argentinean Andean Puna.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Camelídeos Americanos/virologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/virologia , Viroses/veterinária , Animais , Animais Domésticos/virologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , Camelídeos Americanos/sangue , Camelídeos Americanos/imunologia , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/imunologia , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/imunologia , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N8/imunologia , Vírus da Parainfluenza 3 Bovina/imunologia , Pestivirus/imunologia , Saúde Pública , Rotavirus/imunologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Viroses/epidemiologia , Viroses/imunologiaRESUMO
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Microsatellite primers were developed in the native legume tree Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil to study the genetic diversity and genetic structure in natural populations in Argentina. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nine microsatellite markers were identified using a genomic library enriched for tandemly repeated motifs, eight of which markers were polymorphic. The polymorphism of these markers was assessed by investigating 20 individuals for fragment polymorphism; three to 13 alleles were observed for each locus. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.300 to 1.000 and from 0.463 to 0.900, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm that these primers will be useful for investigating the genetic diversity and genetic structure of natural populations of A. colubrina var. cebil in future studies.