RESUMO
Ulomoides dermestoides is a beetle traditionally consumed to treat diabetes. In this study, we performed a composition analysis of U. dermestoides to obtain the principal fractions, which were used to assess the effect on glycemia, liver and pancreatic architecture, and PPARγ and GLUT4 expression. Normal mice and alloxan-induced diabetic mice were administered fractions of chitin, protein or fat, and the acute hypoglycemic effect was evaluated. A subacute study involving daily administration of these fractions to diabetic mice was also performed over 30 days, after which the liver and pancreas were processed by conventional histological techniques and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to evaluate morphological changes. The most active fraction, the fat fraction, was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and PPARγ and GLUT4 mRNA expressions were determined in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The protein and fat fractions exhibited hypoglycemic effects in the acute as well as in the 30-day study. Only the fat fraction led to elevated insulin levels and reduced glycemia, as well as lower intake of water and food. In the liver, we observed recovery of close hepatic cords in the central lobule vein following treatment with the fat fraction, while in the pancreas there was an increased density and percentage of islets and number of cells per islet, suggesting cellular regeneration. The GC-MS analysis of fat revealed three fatty acids as the major components. Finally, increased expression of PPARγ and GLUT4 was observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, indicating an antidiabetic effect.
Assuntos
Besouros/química , Corpo Adiposo/química , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Pâncreas/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos de Tecidos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patologia , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 4/efeitos dos fármacos , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 4/metabolismo , Hipoglicemiantes/isolamento & purificação , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , PPAR gama/efeitos dos fármacos , PPAR gama/metabolismo , Pâncreas/metabolismo , Pâncreas/patologia , RNA Mensageiro/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Extratos de Tecidos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Approximately 1â¯million tons of agave plants are processed annually by the Mexican tequila and mezcal industry, generating vast amounts of agroindustrial solid waste. This type of lignocellulosic biomass is considered to be agroindustrial residue, which can be used to produce enzymes, giving it added value. However, the structure of lignocellulosic biomass makes it highly recalcitrant, and results in relatively low yield when used in its native form. The aim of this study was to investigate an effective pre-treatment method for the production of commercially important hydrolytic enzymes. In this work, the physical and chemical modification of Agave durangensis leaves was analysed using ultrasound and high temperature as pre-treatments, and production of enzymes was evaluated. The pre-treatments resulted in modification of the lignocellulosic structure and composition; the ultrasound pre-treatment improved the production of inulinase by 4â¯U/mg and cellulase by 0.297â¯U/mg, and thermal pre-treatment improved ß-fructofuranosidase by 30â¯U/mg.
Assuntos
Agave , beta-Frutofuranosidase , Celulase , Hidrólise , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
Tannin acyl hydrolase, also known as tannase, is an enzyme with important applications in the food, feed, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. However, despite a growing interest in the catalytic properties of tannase, its practical use is very limited owing to high production costs. Several studies have already demonstrated the advantages of solid-state fermentation (SSF) for the production of fungal tannase, yet the optimal conditions for enzyme production strongly depend on the microbial strain utilized. Therefore, the aim of this study was to improve the tannase production by a locally isolated A. niger strain in an SSF system. The SSF was carried out in packed-bed bioreactors using polyurethane foam as an inert support impregnated with defined culture media. The process parameters influencing the enzyme production were identified using a PlackettBurman design, where the substrate concentration, initial pH, and incubation temperature were determined as the most significant. These parameters were then further optimized using a Box-Behnken design. The maximum tannase production was obtained with a high tannic acid concentration (50 g/l), relatively low incubation temperature (30°C), and unique low initial pH (4.0). The statistical strategy aided in increasing the enzyme activity nearly 1.97-fold, from 4,030 to 7,955 U/l. Consequently, these findings can lead to the development of a fermentation system that is able to produce large amounts of tannase in economical, compact, and scalable reactors.
Assuntos
Aspergillus niger/enzimologia , Hidrolases de Éster Carboxílico/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Microbiologia Industrial/métodos , Aspergillus niger/química , Aspergillus niger/metabolismo , Reatores Biológicos/microbiologia , Meios de Cultura/química , Meios de Cultura/metabolismo , Fermentação , Microbiologia Industrial/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
A nutritional status index was built by modeling the mathematical function of the mean Z scores of weight for age, from 60,079 children under five years of age, selected in a probabilistic fashion from the Mexican population. The most precise mathematical model was a fifth degree polynomial. The correlation coefficient was between .937Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil
, Distúrbios Nutricionais/epidemiologia
, Estado Nutricional
, Peso Corporal
, Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/epidemiologia
, Pré-Escolar
, Feminino
, Humanos
, Lactente
, Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/epidemiologia
, Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente
, Recém-Nascido
, Masculino
, México/epidemiologia
, Modelos Estatísticos
RESUMO
Se propone un índice que modeliza la función matemática de los promedios de la puntuación Z del peso para la edad de 60,079 niños menores de 5 años de la República Mexicana obtenidos a partir de muestras probabilísticas. El modelo matemático de mayor precisión fue un polinomio de quinto grado. El coeficiente de correlación se ubicó en el intervalo 937Assuntos
Humanos
, Masculino
, Pré-Escolar
, Feminino
, Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente
, Estado Nutricional
, Peso-Idade
, México
, Ciências da Nutrição
RESUMO
Se implemento un método de producción de gamma globulina de oveja anti conejo, realizando inoculaciones semanales de 500 ug con adyuvantede Freund's completo y mensuales de 500 ug con adyuvante de Freund's incompleto de ovejas hembras. Se probó una buena producción de gamma globulina a partir delsegundo mes de iniciada la inmunización. Los títulos adecuados para ensayos en fase líquida de hormonas proteícas: LH, FSH, PRL, GH y tiroides T3 y T4 séricas fueron de 1/50. La disponibilidad de este reactivo producido dentro del marco del proyecto ARCAL VIII cubre actualmente los requerimientos de laboratorios nacionales y esta en capacidad de proveer este reactivo a nivel regional
Assuntos
Métodos , Bolívia , GlobulinasRESUMO
A study was made of portions of the gastrointestinal tract including the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon and rectum, and the hypothalamus of hedgehogs using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method incubating paraffin embedded sections of 6-7 microns thickness in an anti-arginine-vasopressin serum at a dilution of 1:1000. Vasopressin-like immunoreactivity is present in cells of the epithelial layer of the intestinal mucosa ranging from the stomach to the rectum. In the stomach the numbers of these cells are very small although they increase in the small intestine. However, in the different portions of this latter organ no significant differences can be found. Both, in colon and rectum there are cells with vasopressin-like immunoreactive material although at higher concentrations than in the rest of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Immunoreactive material is present throughout the epithelial layer of the mucosa and in general the cells of the mucosa are of the open kind. Using the same antiserum and at similar dilution, both cells and nerve fibres containing vasopressin-like immunoreactivity were observed in hypothalamic sections of this animal species and were used as positive controls. It is concluded that in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the hedgehog there is a population of epithelial cells that contain a immunoreactivity vasopressin-like-peptide (referred to as vasopressin-like peptide (AV-LP) whose numbers increase in the distal sense.
Assuntos
Sistema Digestório/química , Vasopressinas/análise , Animais , Ouriços , Imuno-HistoquímicaRESUMO
It has been informed in cases with epithelial neoplasias an increased level of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgAS) in bronchial secretions: IgAS, IgG and IgM were measured in bronchial secretions and sera in four groups: bronchogenic carcinoma (Brc), lung metastasis, chronic bronchitis (CB) and voluntary subjects without respiratory disease. It was employed radial immunodiffusion method (RID) with a control from human colostrum for IgAS and commercial controls with the same method for IgG and IgM. To avoid dilutional factor it was established the relation between IgAS, IgA and IgM with total proteins in the samples of bronchial lavage (Ig/tp). Using ANOVA it was found a significative difference (p less than .002) in IgAS/tp among the four groups in the bronchial samples. With Mann-Whitney there was a p less than .05 comparing the healthy control group with any of the others. There was no statistical differences among the BrC and the metastasis or CB groups; IgG and IgM did not showed differences. The seric values of the immunoglobulins has normal levels. It was detected low levels of IgAS in the groups with pulmonary pathology in comparison with the healty controls. The present results are different with the previously reported in the revised literature.