RESUMO

Abstract The contamination of natural resources with heavy metals released from steel mills is the primary cause of soil and water pollution in the Dargai Malakand, located on the northern side of Pakistan. Therefore, the present study was aimed to determine the level of heavy metals in soil and water samples of this area. The wild plant growing (nine native plants: Pteris vittata, Populus nigra, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Persicaria maculosa, Arundo donax, Xanthium strumarium, Verbascum thapsus, Ricinus communis and Parthenium hysterophorus) there were then tested for their phytoremediation capabilities which is an environmentally friendly, generally utilized, and low-cost approach to eliminate heavy metals from polluted soils and water. Soil, water, and effluent samples were taken from the contaminated sites of seven steel mills in Dargai District Malakand and subjected to heavy metals analysis. Based on bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) calculated, The highest BCF for zinc was recorded for Pteris vittata roots (3.93), while the lowest value was observed for Verbascum thapsus leaves (0.306). Pteris vittata root showed the highest BCF for iron (1.618), while Ricinus communis leaves showed the lowest (0.023). The highest BCF value for chromium was highest for Populus nigra roots (0.717), while the lowest value was recorded for Persicaria maculosa leaves (0.031). For the selected metals; Fe, Zn and Cr the highest TF were recorded for Pteris vittata (0.988), Verbascum thapsus (0.944) and Xanthium strumairum (0.968) respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that these plants should be grown near to steel mills to reclaim heavy metals from industrial effluent, polluted soil as well as from polluted water.

A contaminação dos recursos naturais com metais pesados ​​liberados pelas siderúrgicas é a principal causa da poluição do solo e da água no Dargai Malakand, localizado no lado norte do Paquistão. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar o teor de metais pesados ​​em amostras de solo e água desta área. O cultivo de plantas silvestres (nove plantas nativas: Pteris vittata, Populus nigra, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Persicaria maculosa, Arundo donax, Xanthium strumarium, Verbascum thapsus, Ricinus communis e Parthenium hysterophorus) foi testado quanto às suas capacidades de fitorremediação, que é um meio ambiente, geralmente utilizado, e abordagem de baixo custo para eliminar metais pesados ​​de solos e águas poluídas. Amostras de solo, água e efluentes foram retiradas dos locais contaminados de sete siderúrgicas no distrito de Dargai, Malakand, e submetidas à análise de metais pesados. Com base no fator de bioconcentração (BCF) e fator de translocação (TF) calculados, o maior BCF para zinco foi registrado para as raízes de Pteris vittata (3,93), enquanto o menor valor foi observado para as folhas de Verbascum thapsus (0,306). A raiz de Pteris vittata apresentou o maior BCF para ferro (1,618), enquanto as folhas de Ricinus communis apresentaram o menor (0,023). O maior valor de BCF para cromo foi maior para raízes de Populus nigra (0,717), enquanto o menor valor foi registrado para folhas de Persicaria maculosa (0,031). Para os metais selecionados, Fe, Zn e Cr, os maiores TF foram registrados para Pteris vittata (0,988), Verbascum thapsus (0,944) e Xanthium strumairum (0,968), respectivamente. Portanto, recomenda-se que essas plantas sejam cultivadas próximas a siderúrgicas para recuperar metais pesados ​​de efluentes industriais, solo poluído e água poluída.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Biochemical markers such as protein are very important to determine genetic diversity among plant species in a given population which in turn is very important for breeders and farmers as they can then easily select the most appropriate variety to grow in a given locality. In this connection, the present study is aimed to evaluate genetic diversity in Acacia modesta germplasm through Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) technique. About 40 genotypes were subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis where a total of 12 polypeptide bands were observed in electrophoretogram. Out of which 16.67% were monomorphic while the remaining 83.33% were polymorphic. Variation found in B-2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, were 20, 22.50, 32.50, 10, 2.50, 22.50, 15, 5, 2.50 and 75% respectively. Locus contribution toward genetic disagreement was 83.33%. Cluster analysis sorted all the genotypes into 9 clusters. The genotypes in one cluster were identical regarding protein profiling and showed less intra-specific genetic variation whereas differences were find from other genotypes.

Marcadores bioquímicos, como proteínas, são muito importantes para determinar a diversidade genética entre espécies de plantas em determinada população, o que, por sua vez, é muito importante para criadores e agricultores, pois eles podem selecionar facilmente a variedade mais adequada para crescer em certa localidade. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a diversidade genética em germoplasma de Acacia modesta por meio da técnica de Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida com Dodecil Sulfato de Sódio (SDS-PAGE). Cerca de 40 genótipos foram submetidos à análise SDS-PAGE, em que foi observado um total de 12 bandas polipeptídicas no eletroforetograma. Destes, 16,67% eram monomórficos, enquanto os 83,33% restantes eram polimórficos. As variações encontradas em B-2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 e 12 foram de 20, 22,50, 32,50, 10, 2,50, 22,50, 15, 5, 2,50 e 75%, respectivamente. A contribuição do lócus para a discordância genética foi de 83,33%. A análise de agrupamento classificou todos os genótipos em 9 agrupamentos. Os genótipos em um cluster foram idênticos em relação ao perfil de proteínas e apresentaram menor variação genética intraespecífica, enquanto diferenças foram encontradas em outros genótipos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Biochemical markers such as protein are very important to determine genetic diversity among plant species in a given population which in turn is very important for breeders and farmers as they can then easily select the most appropriate variety to grow in a given locality. In this connection, the present study is aimed to evaluate genetic diversity in Acacia modesta germplasm through Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) technique. About 40 genotypes were subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis where a total of 12 polypeptide bands were observed in electrophoretogram. Out of which 16.67% were monomorphic while the remaining 83.33% were polymorphic. Variation found in B-2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, were 20, 22.50, 32.50, 10, 2.50, 22.50, 15, 5, 2.50 and 75% respectively. Locus contribution toward genetic disagreement was 83.33%. Cluster analysis sorted all the genotypes into 9 clusters. The genotypes in one cluster were identical regarding protein profiling and showed less intra-specific genetic variation whereas differences were find from other genotypes.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The contamination of natural resources with heavy metals released from steel mills is the primary cause of soil and water pollution in the Dargai Malakand, located on the northern side of Pakistan. Therefore, the present study was aimed to determine the level of heavy metals in soil and water samples of this area. The wild plant growing (nine native plants: Pteris vittata, Populus nigra, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Persicaria maculosa, Arundo donax, Xanthium strumarium, Verbascum thapsus, Ricinus communis and Parthenium hysterophorus) there were then tested for their phytoremediation capabilities which is an environmentally friendly, generally utilized, and low-cost approach to eliminate heavy metals from polluted soils and water. Soil, water, and effluent samples were taken from the contaminated sites of seven steel mills in Dargai District Malakand and subjected to heavy metals analysis. Based on bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) calculated, The highest BCF for zinc was recorded for Pteris vittata roots (3.93), while the lowest value was observed for Verbascum thapsus leaves (0.306). Pteris vittata root showed the highest BCF for iron (1.618), while Ricinus communis leaves showed the lowest (0.023). The highest BCF value for chromium was highest for Populus nigra roots (0.717), while the lowest value was recorded for Persicaria maculosa leaves (0.031). For the selected metals; Fe, Zn and Cr the highest TF were recorded for Pteris vittata (0.988), Verbascum thapsus (0.944) and Xanthium strumairum (0.968) respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that these plants should be grown near to steel mills to reclaim heavy metals from industrial effluent, polluted soil as well as from polluted water.

Assuntos