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PURPOSE: To customize and externally validate the recently proposed Simplified Mortality Score for the ICU (SMS-ICU, a simple score for 90-day mortality that has no need for ancillary testing results) for in-hospital mortality and to compare its performance to SAPS 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used data from two distinct large cohorts of adult Brazilian patients with unplanned ICU admissions to perform a first-level customization (43,017 patients admitted to 78 ICUs) of the original SMS-ICU score for in-hospital mortality and, sequentially, externally validate it (313,365 patients admitted to 99 ICUs). Performance of SMS-ICU was assessed through measurements of discrimination and calibration and compared with SAPS 3. RESULTS: In the validation cohort, median SMS-ICU was 13 (IQR 8-16) points and median SAPS 3 was 44 (IQR 36-51). Discrimination of SMS-ICU was good (AUC 0.817; 95% CI 0.814-0.819) but slightly lower than of SAPS 3 (AUC 0.845; 95% CI 0.843-0.848;). The customized SMS-ICU predictions were comparable to SAPS 3 in terms of calibration. CONCLUSION: In this external validation of the SMS-ICU in a large Brazilian cohort, we observed good discrimination of SMS-ICU and acceptable calibration after first-level customization. SMS-ICU can be used as a measure of illness severity for acutely admitted ICU patients in clinical studies.

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FUNDAMENTO: Estudos prévios avaliaram o papel do polimorfismo genético da enzima óxido nítrico-sintetase endotelial sobre o prognóstico na insuficiência cardíaca. Entretanto, faltam estudos relacionando o G894T e a insuficiência cardíaca na população brasileira. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação do G894T com o prognóstico de amostra de pacientes brasileiros com insuficiência cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Coorte com 145 pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca sistólica, num segmento de 40 meses (média = 22 meses), em dois hospitais universitários do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foi avaliada a relação do G894T com os desfechos: remodelamento reverso; melhora da classe funcional (NYHA); taxas de mortalidade e hospitalização. Os diâmetros do átrio e ventrículo esquerdos e a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo foram medidos na admissão e após 6 meses, para avaliação do remodelamento reverso. A melhora na classe funcional foi avaliada após 6 meses e as taxas de mortalidade e de hospitalização durante todo o seguimento. A raça foi autodeclarada. O polimorfismo G894T foi analisado por reação em cadeia de polimerase e por análise do polimorfismo dos fragmentos de restrição. RESULTADOS: A frequência genotípica foi GG (40%), GT (48,3%) e TT (11,7%), e a frequência alélica foi guanina (64,1%) e tiamina (35,8%). Não houve diferença entre as frequências genotípica ou alélica conforme a raça autodeclarada, tampouco conforme as características basais. Não houve relação entre o genótipo ou a frequência alélica e os desfechos analisados. CONCLUSÃO: Não se observou associação do polimorfismo G894T (Glu298Asp) com o prognóstico de amostra de pacientes ambulatoriais brasileiros com insuficiência cardíaca sistólica.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have analyzed the role of the genetic polymorphism of endothelial nitric oxide synthase on heart failure prognosis. However, there are no studies relating the G894T and heart failure in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between G894T GP and the prognosis of a sample of Brazilian outpatients with heart failure. METHODS: Cohort study included 145 patients with systolic heart failure, followed for up to 40 months (mean = 22), at two university hospitals, in the State of Rio de Janeiro. We evaluated the relationship between G894T and the following outcomes: reverse remodeling, improvement in functional class (NYHA), and mortality and hospitalization rates. The diameters of the left atrium and ventricle, as well as the ejection fraction of the left ventricle, were evaluated at baseline and at 6 months to assess reverse remodeling. The improvement in functional class was evaluated after 6 months, and mortality rate and hospitalization were evaluated during follow-up. Race was self-declared. G894T polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: The genotypic frequencies were GG (40%), GT (48.3%) and TT (11.7%). The allele frequency was guanine (64.1%) and thiamine (35.8%). There were no differences between the genotype or allelic frequencies according to self-declared race, either as baseline characteristics. There was no relationship between genotype or allele frequency and the outcome measures. CONCLUSION: No association was observed between the G894T polymorphism (Glu298Asp) and prognosis in this sample of Brazilian outpatients with systolic heart failure.

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BACKGROUND: Previous studies have analyzed the role of the genetic polymorphism of endothelial nitric oxide synthase on heart failure prognosis. However, there are no studies relating the G894T and heart failure in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between G894T GP and the prognosis of a sample of Brazilian outpatients with heart failure. METHODS: Cohort study included 145 patients with systolic heart failure, followed for up to 40 months (mean = 22), at two university hospitals, in the State of Rio de Janeiro. We evaluated the relationship between G894T and the following outcomes: reverse remodeling, improvement in functional class (NYHA), and mortality and hospitalization rates. The diameters of the left atrium and ventricle, as well as the ejection fraction of the left ventricle, were evaluated at baseline and at 6 months to assess reverse remodeling. The improvement in functional class was evaluated after 6 months, and mortality rate and hospitalization were evaluated during follow-up. Race was self-declared. G894T polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: The genotypic frequencies were GG (40%), GT (48.3%) and TT (11.7%). The allele frequency was guanine (64.1%) and thiamine (35.8%). There were no differences between the genotype or allelic frequencies according to self-declared race, either as baseline characteristics. There was no relationship between genotype or allele frequency and the outcome measures. CONCLUSION: No association was observed between the G894T polymorphism (Glu298Asp) and prognosis in this sample of Brazilian outpatients with systolic heart failure.

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Common functional polymorphisms in ß-adrenergic receptor (ßAR) genes have been associated with heart failure (HF) phenotypes and pharmacogenetic interactions with ßAR blockers. This study evaluated the association between ßAR polymorphisms and carvedilol drug response and prognosis in patients with HF. In this prospective cohort controlled study, 326 volunteers were enrolled [146 HF patients (ejection fraction (EF)<50% by Simpson) and 180 healthy controls]. Drug response was evaluated by echocardiography and outcomes were mortality and hospitalization. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes, fragments were amplified by the polymerase reaction and genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for Ser49Gly and Arg389Gly ßAR-1 polymorphisms and Gln27Glu and Arg16Gly ßAR-2 polymorphisms. The study population was in Hardy­Weinberg equilibrium. The survival rate was adjusted using the Kaplan-Meier method. HF patients showed the following characteristics: EF 35±9%, 69.9% male, age 59±13 years, 50.7% self-identified as black, 46% had ischemic etiology. The mean follow-up of 23 months showed 18 mortalities and 46 hospitalizations. The genotypes Glu27Glu (24.7 vs. 6.1%, p=0.0004) and Arg16Arg (72.6 vs. 22.8, p<0.0001) of ßAR2 polymorphisms and Gly49Gly (33.6 vs. 4.3%, p<0.0001) of the ßAR1 polymorphism were higher in HF patients compared with controls. Patients with hospital admission showed a significantly higher Gly389 allelic frequency (54.9 vs. 42.1%, p=0.039), and the trend prevailed among patients who succumbed to the disease (61.1%, p=0.047). Black patients with the Ser49Ser genotype showed a reduced survival compared with the Gly49Gly or Ser49Gly genotypes (p=0.028). There was no association between improved LVEF >20% and ßAR polymorphisms. HF patients with ß-blocker therapy and the Gly389 allele have reduced event-free survival compared to those carrying the Arg389 allele. Additionally, systolic HF outpatients undergoing ß-blocker therapy, self­identified as black and homozygous for Ser49Ser may have reduced event-free survival, while Glu27Glu, Arg16Arg and Gly49Gly genotypes may be associated with risk for HF.

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Fundamentos: Os dados sobre insuficiência cardíaca (IC) no Brasil são provenientes de centros terciários. Esses dados não podem ser extrapolados para a população rural, pois refletem características socioeconômico-culturais distintas. Objetivo: Estabelecer o perfil clínico-demográfico e indicadores de qualidade da IC em área rural. Métodos: Estudo de coorte transversal, incluindo 166 pacientes da área rural do município de Valença-RJ. Após avaliação dos dados clínicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiográficos e utilizados o teste do qui-quadrado e o exato de Fisher para a análise das proporções, assim como o teste t de Student para as variáveis numéricas, com o intuito de estabelecer as características da população. Resultados: A idade média foi de 61±14 anos, sendo 85 (51 por cento) homens; 88 (53 por cento) afrobrasileiros e 85 (51 por cento) com ICFER. Comorbidades prevalentes: HAS em 151 (91 por cento) e síndrome metabólica (SM) em 103 (62 por cento). Etiologias mais comuns: hipertensiva em 77 (46 por cento), isquêmica em 62 (37 por cento). Indicadores de qualidade na IC: 43 (26 por cento) com ecocardiograma prévio; 102 (62 por cento) utilizavam betabloqueador; 147 (88 por cento) receberam IECA ou BRA; e 22 por cento dos portadores de FA utilizavam anticoagulação oral. Na ICFEN, predominou o sexo feminino p=0,001 RC 0,32 CI (0,17-0,60); SM p=0,004 RC 0,28 CI (1,31-4,78); e etiologia hipertensiva p<0,0001 RC 6,83 CI (3,45-13,5). Na ICFER, predominou o sexo masculino p=0,001, RC 0,32 CI (0,170-0,605) e etiologia isquêmica p<0,0001 RC 0,16 CI (0,079-0,330). Conclusão: Na área rural, a IC mostra semelhanças em relação ao sexo, cor e classificação da IC. A etiologia mais comum foi a hipertensiva. A ICFEN foi mais prevalente em mulheres e na SM. A ICFER associou-se a homens e etiologia isquêmica.

Background: data on heart failure (HF) in Brazil are ensued from tertiary centers. This information can not be extended to the rural population, for it reflects distinct social, economic and cultural characteristics. Objective: To establish the clinical and demographic profile and quality indicators for HF in rural areas. Methods: Transversal cohort study that included 166 patients from the rural area of Valença, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After the evaluation of clinical, laboratorial and echocardiograph data, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for analysis of proportion, as well as the Student's t-test for numeric variables, in order to establish the population's characteristics. Results: Mean age was 61±14 years old, as 85 of them (51 percent) were men, 88 (53 percent) were afro-Brazilian and 85 (51 percent) had heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF). Systemic arterial hypertension (151 patients, 91 percent) and metabolic syndrome (103 patients, 62 percent) were prevalent comorbidities. The most common etiologies were: hypertensive (77 patients, 46 percent) and ischemic (62 patients, 37 percent). Quality indicators in HF were: 43 patients (26 percent) with previous echocardiogram, 102 patients (62 percent) were in use of beta-blockers, 147 patients (88 percent) received angiotensin converter enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), and 22 percent of the patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) were under treatment with oral anticoagulation. For heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF), females (p=0.001; OD: 0.32; CI=0.17-0.60), metabolic syndrome (p=0.004; OD: 0.28; CI=1.31-4.78) and hypertensive etiology (p<0.0001; OD: 6.83; CI=3.45-13.5) were predominant. For CIREF, males (p=0.001; OD: 0.32; CI=0.170-0.605) and ischemic etiology (p<0.0001; OD: 0.16; CI=0.079-0.330) were predominant...

Fundamentos: Los datos sobre insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) en Brasil provienen de centros terciarios. Estos datos no pueden ser extrapolados para la población rural, pues reflejan características socioeconómicas y culturales distintas. Objetivo: Establecer el perfil clínico-demográfico e indicadores de calidad de la IC en área rural. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte transversal, incluyendo 166 pacientes del área rural del municipio de Valença - RJ. Después de la evaluación de los datos clínicos, de laboratorio y ecocardiográficos, y utilizados el test de chi-cuadrado y el exacto de Fisher para el análisis de las proporciones, así como el test t de Student para las variables numéricas, con el objetivo de establecer las características de la población. Resultados: La edad promedio era de 61±14 años, siendo 85 (51 por ciento) hombres; 88 (53 por ciento) afrobrasileños y 85 (51 por ciento) con ICFER. Comorbilidades prevalentes: HAS 151 (91 por ciento) y síndrome metabólico (SM) 103 (62 por ciento). Etiologías más comunes: hipertensiva 77 (46 por ciento), isquémica 62 (37 por ciento). Indicadores de calidad en la IC: 43 (26 por ciento) con ecocardiograma previo; 102 (62 por ciento); utilizaban betabloqueante; 147 (88 por ciento) recibieron IECA o BRA; y 22 por ciento de los portadores de FA utilizaban anticoagulación oral. En la ICFEN predominó el sexo femenino p=0,001 RR 0,32 CI (0,17-0,60); SM p=0,004 RR 0,28 CI (1,31-4,78); y etiología hipertensiva p<0,0001 RR 6,83 CI (3,45-13,5). En la ICFER predominó el sexo masculino p=0,001, RR 0,32 CI (0,170-0,605) y etiología isquémica p<0,0001 RR 0,16 CI (0,079-0,330). Conlclusión: En el área rural, la IC muestra semejanzas con relación al sexo, color y clasificación de la IC. La etiología más común fue la hipertensiva. La ICFEN fue más prevalente en mujeres y en el SM. La ICFER se asoció a hombres y etiología isquémica.

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BACKGROUND: data on heart failure (HF) in Brazil are ensued from tertiary centers. This information can not be extended to the rural population, for it reflects distinct social, economic and cultural characteristics. OBJECTIVE: To establish the clinical and demographic profile and quality indicators for HF in rural areas. METHODS: Transversal cohort study that included 166 patients from the rural area of Valença, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After the evaluation of clinical, laboratorial and echocardiograph data, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for analysis of proportion, as well as the Student's t-test for numeric variables, in order to establish the population's characteristics. RESULTS: Mean age was 61+/-14 years old, as 85 of them (51%) were men, 88 (53%) were afro-Brazilian and 85 (51%) had heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF). Systemic arterial hypertension (151 patients, 91%) and metabolic syndrome (103 patients, 62%) were prevalent comorbidities. The most common etiologies were: hypertensive (77 patients, 46%) and ischemic (62 patients, 37%). Quality indicators in HF were: 43 patients (26%) with previous echocardiogram, 102 patients (62%) were in use of beta-blockers, 147 patients (88%) received angiotensin converter enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), and 22% of the patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) were under treatment with oral anticoagulation. For heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF), females (p=0.001; OD: 0.32; CI=0.17-0.60), metabolic syndrome (p=0.004; OD: 0.28; CI=1.31-4.78) and hypertensive etiology (p<0.0001; OD: 6.83; CI=3.45-13.5) were predominant. For CIREF, males (p=0.001; OD: 0.32; CI=0.170-0.605) and ischemic etiology (p<0.0001; OD: 0.16; CI=0.079-0.330) were predominant. CONCLUSION: In rural areas, HF shows similarity with regard to sex, ethnicity and classification. Hypertensive etiology was the most commonly present. HFNEF was prevalent among women and in the presence of metabolic syndrome, while HFREF was associated with males and ischemic etiology.

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Atualmente, a farmacogenômica está recebendo grande atenção da comunidade médica e do público em geral devido à promessa da medicina personalizada. Aincorporação dos conceitos da farmacogenética já estão fortemente presentes no dia a dia da oncologia e começam a ser aceitos na prática cardiológica. A base racional da farmacogenética envolve o desenvolvimento de medicamentos específicos para determindado grupo de pacientes, maximizando a resposta terapêutica e reduzindo efeitos adversos. Este artigo de atualização visa a reunir as principais informações da biologia molecular aplicadas à cardiologia.

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Fundamentos: A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) apresenta grande morbimortalidade, porém os dados epidemiológicos regionais ainda são pouco conhecidos. Objetivo: Foram utilizados dados provenientes do sistema Datasus e da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Valença. As taxas de mortalidade por IC e por doenças do aparelho cardiovascular (DCV) foram calculadas em porcentagem e por 10.000 habitantes e as internações foram calculadas por 1.000 habitantes, sendo posteriormente ajustadas por idade e sexo, e comparados os resultados do município de Valença com os do Brasil. Resultados: Internações por DCV caíram de 6,75/10 metros cúbicos habitantes em 2001 para 6,21/10 metros cúbicos em 2006, em Valença...

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Fundamentos: a síndrome metabólica (SM) está relacionada com eventos cardiovasculares. Não está estabelecida a relação entre SM e insuficiência cardíaca (IC) nos pacientes de área rural. Objetico: estudar a relação entre insuficiência cardíaca e síndrome metabólica em pacientes de área rural. Métodos: estudo transversal, incluindo 83 pacientes com IC de área rural na cidade de Valença (RJ), com acompanhamento médio de...

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