RESUMO
Previous studies on infection of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Poço das Antas Biological Reserve population of wild free-ranging Leontopithecus rosalia have shown the presence of genotype T. cruzi II, associated in Brazil with human disease. Herein, this study has been extended, the infection being evaluated in L. rosalia of 3 different tamarin populations, inhabiting distinct forest areas located in the same Atlantic Coastal Rainforest. Edentata, Marsupialia, Rodentia and Chiroptera were examined exclusively in the Poço das Antas Biological Reserve. Excluding Chiroptera, T. cruzi infection was found in all orders. Biochemical and molecular characterization demonstrated that golden lion tamarins maintained stable infections by T. cruzi II. The isolates from the other mammals corresponded to T. cruzi I, suggesting independent transmission cycles occurring among the sylvatic mammals inside Poço das Antas Biological Reserve. Significant differences in the infection patterns presented by the 3 populations of wild and captive-born golden lion tamarins were noticed. In Poço das Antas a considerably higher number of positive haemocultures from tamarins with positive serological titres was observed in comparison to those obtained from other areas. The implications for conservation and public health of an active sylvatic cycle in the Atlantic Coastal Rainforest of Rio de Janeiro are discussed.
Assuntos
Callitrichinae/parasitologia , Doença de Chagas/veterinária , Doenças dos Macacos/epidemiologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/fisiologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Genótipo , Masculino , Trypanosoma cruzi/genéticaRESUMO
Wild golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) - endangered primates that are native to the Brazilian Atlantic coastal forest - were surveyed for the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi with the use of Giemsa-stained blood smears, hemocultures and an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFAT). Positive IFAT with titers ranging from 1:20 to 1:1280 were observed in 52% of the 118 wild tamarins examined and the parasite was isolated from 38 tamarins. No patent parasitemia was observed among the tamarins from which T. cruzi was isolated. Serum conversion and positive hemoculture was observed for three animals that had yielded negative results some months earlier, which indicates that T. cruzi is actively transmitted among tamarins. In contrast to observations with other sylvatic isolates, those from the tamarins were significantly more virulent and most of them produced mortality in experimentally infected Swiss mice. Some variation in the kDNA restriction profiles among the isolates was observed. Electrophoresis with GPI, G6PDH, IDH, MDH and ME enzymes showed a Z2 profile.
Assuntos
Callitrichinae/parasitologia , Doença de Chagas/veterinária , Doenças dos Macacos/parasitologia , Parasitemia/veterinária , Trypanosoma cruzi , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cebidae/parasitologia , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Seguimentos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Camundongos , Doenças dos Macacos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Macacos/transmissão , Parasitemia/epidemiologia , Parasitemia/transmissão , Trypanosoma cruzi/genética , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolamento & purificação , Trypanosoma cruzi/patogenicidadeRESUMO
We collected data from wild and reintroduced golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) to describe the behavior of donor and recipient during food transfers, evaluate the effect of supplemental feeding on food transfer behavior, and examine various hypotheses concerning the function of food transfers in primates. Behavioral observations were conducted on 12 groups of tamarins with young (N = 30) between the ages of 1 week and 1 year old. Results show that food transfers involve various behaviors, from steals by recipients to offers by donors; transfers mostly derive from adults and are directed at immature weaned young (between 3 and 9 months old); and that most items transferred were prey or fruits that require skill to process. Eleven percent of food transfers were preceded by an adult vocalization specific to that context, whereas 86% were preceded by conspicuous infant vocalizations and begging behavior. The most common vocalizations were loud and atonal (rasps) and broad banded frequency modulated (trills). Infants born to reintroduced parents vocalized less, whereas reintroduced adults vocalized more before transferring food than their wild counterparts. Reintroduced adults and young received more food transfers (4.4 per hr) than did wild-born adults and young (2.2 per hr). Our findings suggest that food transfer in golden lion tamarins is best understood as provisioning of young that have not fully developed foraging skills to ensure they get the necessary resources for growth and survival.
Assuntos
Animais Selvagens/psicologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Saguinus/psicologia , Comportamento Social , Envelhecimento , Animais , Brasil , Feminino , Frutas , Comportamento Materno , Modelos Psicológicos , Comportamento Predatório , Vocalização AnimalRESUMO
Extraordinary uptake of nickel (Ni), reaching concentrations of 0.1-5.0%, c. 1000 times greater than those usually found in flowering plants, has been observed previously in c, 190 species that grow on Ni-rich serpentine soils derived from ultramafic rocks in various parts of the world. These so-called hyperaccumulators of Ni include c. 50 species from the rich ultramafic flora of New Caledonia and c. 80 species from the Brassicaceae of Mediterranean Europe and Turkey. A study of a limited part (the families Buxaceae and Euphorbiaceae) of the very large ultramafic flora of Cuba has now identified this as the home of at least 80 hyperaccumulators, the largest number jet found in any one country. The more frequent incidence here of this unusual form of plant behaviour is linked to the very long period (r. 10-30 million years) during which some of the Cuban ultramafic substrata are believed to have been continuously available for colonization; the distribution of Ni hyperaccumulators between older and younger ultrarnafic soils in Cuba mirrors the overall incidence of endemic species in these areas.