RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sex and gender differences are often overlooked in research design, study implementation and scientific reporting, as well as in general science communication. This oversight limits the generalizability of research findings and their applicability to clinical practice, in particular for women but also for men. This article describes the rationale for an international set of guidelines to encourage a more systematic approach to the reporting of sex and gender in research across disciplines. METHODS: A panel of 13 experts representing nine countries developed the guidelines through a series of teleconferences, conference presentations and a 2-day workshop. An internet survey of 716 journal editors, scientists and other members of the international publishing community was conducted as well as a literature search on sex and gender policies in scientific publishing. RESULTS: The Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines are a comprehensive procedure for reporting of sex and gender information in study design, data analyses, results and interpretation of findings. CONCLUSIONS: The SAGER guidelines are designed primarily to guide authors in preparing their manuscripts, but they are also useful for editors, as gatekeepers of science, to integrate assessment of sex and gender into all manuscripts as an integral part of the editorial process.
CONTEXTO: Diferenças de sexo e gênero são muitas vezes negligenciadas no desenho da pesquisa, na implementação do estudo e no relato científico, bem como na comunicação científica em geral. Este descuido limita a capacidade de generalização dos achados das pesquisas e a sua aplicabilidade à prática clínica, em particular para as mulheres, mas também para os homens. Este artigo descreve a fundamentação lógica para um conjunto internacional de diretrizes, com o intuito de encorajar uma abordagem mais sistemática para o relato de sexo e gênero na pesquisa entre disciplinas. MÉTODOS: Um painel de 13 peritos, representando nove países, desenvolveu as diretrizes por meio de uma série de teleconferências, apresentações em conferências e uma oficina de dois dias. Realizou-se uma pesquisa na internet com 716 editores de revistas, cientistas e outros membros da comunidade editorial internacional, bem como uma busca bibliográfica sobre políticas de gênero e sexo na publicação científica. RESULTADOS: As diretrizes sobre Equidade de Sexo e Gênero em Pesquisa (Sex and Gender Equity in Research - SAGER) são um procedimento abrangente para relatar informações sobre sexo e gênero no desenho do estudo, na análise de dados, nos resultados e na interpretação dos achados. CONCLUSÕES: As diretrizes da SAGER destinam-se principalmente a orientar os autores na preparação de seus manuscritos, mas também são úteis para os editores, como guardiões da ciência, para integrar a avaliação de sexo e gênero em todos os manuscritos como parte integrante do processo editorial.
Assuntos
Guias como Assunto , Projetos de Pesquisa/normas , Pesquisa/normas , Feminino , Identidade de Gênero , Humanos , Masculino , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto/normas , Editoração/normas , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
AIMS: The aims were to: (1) identify, monitor and analyse the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices of the alcohol industry in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and (2) examine whether the alcohol industry is using these actions to market their products and brands. METHODS: Nine health experts from Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay conducted a content analysis of 218 CSR activities using a standardized protocol. A content rating procedure was used to evaluate the marketing potential of CSR activities as well as their probable population reach and effectiveness. The LEAD procedure (longitudinal, expert and all data) was applied to verify the accuracy of industry-reported descriptions. RESULTS: A total of 55.8% of the actions were found to have a marketing potential, based on evidence that they are likely to promote brands and products. Actions with marketing potential were more likely to reach a larger audience than actions classified with no marketing potential. Most actions did not fit into any category recommended by the World Health Organization; 50% of the actions involving classroom and college education for young people were found to have marketing potential; 62.3% were classified as meeting the definition of risk management CSR. CONCLUSION: Alcohol industry Corporate Social Responsibility activities in Latin America and the Caribbean appear to have a strategic marketing role beyond their stated philanthropic and public health purpose.
Assuntos
Bebidas Alcoólicas , Indústria Alimentícia/métodos , Marketing/métodos , Responsabilidade Social , Região do Caribe , Humanos , América LatinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To identify the nature of visual alcohol references in alcohol advertisements during televised broadcasts of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Tournament matches and to evaluate cross-national differences according to alcohol marketing policy restrictiveness. DESIGN: Content analysis using the Delphi method and identification of in-game sponsorships. SETTING: Television broadcasts of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Finland, France, Mexico, Spain and the United States. CASES: Eighty-seven alcohol advertisements; 20 matches. MEASUREMENTS: Quantitative rating scales, combined with the Delphi rating technique, were used to determine compliance of the alcohol advertisements with the International Alliance for Responsible Drinking's (IARD) Guiding Principles. Recordings of five matches from four countries were also used to identify the number of in- and out-of-game alcohol brand appearances. FINDINGS: A total of 86.2% of all unique alcohol advertisements contained at least one violation of IARD's Guiding Principles, with violation rates ranging from 72.7% (Mexico) to 100% (Brazil). Countries with the least restrictive marketing policies had a higher prevalence of violations in guidelines designed to protect minors. There were 2.76 in-game alcohol brand appearances and 0.83 out-of-game alcohol brand appearances per minute. Brand appearances did not differ across countries or according to a country's marketing policy restrictiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Self-regulation and statutory policies were ineffective at limiting alcohol advertising during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Tournament television broadcasts. Most advertisements contained content that violated the self-regulation codes, and there were high levels of within-broadcast brand appearances.
Assuntos
Bebidas Alcoólicas , Marketing/legislação & jurisprudência , Marketing/métodos , Política Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Futebol , Televisão , Argentina , Brasil , Canadá , Finlândia , França , Humanos , México , Espanha , Estados UnidosRESUMO
This article describes epidemiological evidence on the association between alcohol use and diabetes, and the implications for clinical management and public health policies in the Americas. Heavy alcohol use is a risk factor for both diabetes and poor treatment adherence, despite evidence that moderate drinking can protect against type 2 diabetes under some circumstances. The burden of disease from diabetes associated with excessive alcohol consumption warrants both clinical and public health measures. On the clinical level, research on early interventions to prevent hazardous drinking shows that new screening, brief intervention, and referral techniques are effective ways to manage hazardous drinking in primary care settings. On the population level, restrictions on alcohol marketing and other alcohol control policies reduce the frequency and intensity of alcohol consumption in at-risk populations. These policy actions are recommended within the context of the World Health Organization's global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol
Este artículo describe las pruebas epidemiológicas de la asociación entre el consumo de alcohol y la diabetes, así como sus implicaciones para el manejo clínico y las políticas de salud pública en las Américas. Aunque existe evidencia de que, en determinadas circunstancias, el consumo moderado de alcohol puede proteger contra la diabetes de tipo políticas de control reducen la frecuencia y la intensidad del consumo de alcohol en las poblaciones en riesgo. Estas acciones de política se recomiendan en el contexto de la estrategia mundial de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para reducir el consumo de alcohol nocivo
Assuntos
Humanos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , /epidemiologia , Saúde Pública , Publicidade , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/economia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/legislação & jurisprudência , Alcoolismo/economia , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Alcoolismo/prevenção & controle , América/epidemiologia , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , /tratamento farmacológico , /economia , /etiologia , /prevenção & controle , Interações Medicamentosas , Etanol/farmacocinética , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacocinética , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Incidência , TemperançaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Research suggests that alcoholic beverage advertisements may have an adverse effect on teenagers and young adults, owing to their vulnerability to suggestive message content. This study was designed to evaluate perceived violations of the content guidelines of the Brazilian alcohol marketing self-regulation code, based on ratings of the five most popular beer advertisements broadcast on television in the summer of 2005-2006 and during the 2006 FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association) World Cup games. METHOD: Five beer advertisements were selected from a previous study showing that they were perceived to be highly appealing to a sample of Brazilian teenagers. These advertisements were evaluated by a sample of Brazilian high school students using a rating procedure designed to measure the content of alcohol advertisements covered in industry self-regulation codes. RESULTS: All five advertisements were found to violate multiple guidelines of the Brazilian code of marketing self-regulation. The advertisement with the greatest number of violations was Antarctica's "Male Repellent," which was perceived to violate 11 of the 16 guidelines in the code. Two advertisements had nine violations, and one had eight. The guidelines most likely to be violated by these advertisements were Guideline 1, which is aimed at protecting children and teenagers, and Guideline 2, which prohibits content encouraging excessive and irresponsible alcoholic beverage consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The five beer advertisements rated as most appealing to Brazilian teenagers were perceived by a sample of the same population to have violated numerous principles of the Brazilian self-regulation code governing the marketing of alcoholic beverages. Because of these numerous perceived code violations, it now seems important for regulatory authorities to submit industry marketing content to more systematic evaluation by young people and public health experts and for researchers to focus more on the ways in which alcohol advertising influences early onset of drinking and excessive alcohol consumption.
Assuntos
Publicidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Cerveja , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/legislação & jurisprudência , Estudantes/psicologia , Adolescente , Brasil , Feminino , Guias como Assunto , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários , Televisão/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
El presente artículo tiene como objetivos describir los datos probatorios en que se deben basar las políticas contra el alcoholismo en las Américas, evaluar en qué medida las políticas nacionales pueden tener un impacto en la salud pública e identificar las áreas en que estas políticas pueden mejorar. En el artículo se presenta una breve revisión de las encuestas epidemiológicas realizadas para evaluar la prevalencia de los problemas relacionados con el consumo de alcohol en la Región y se analizan 32 estrategias e intervenciones de prevención a la luz de pruebas de su eficacia, el volumen de investigaciones que las respaldan, el costo de su implementación y otros aspectos prácticos. En general, las estrategias e intervenciones con mayor respaldo empírico son los bajos valores de alcoholemia mientras se conduce, los controles sobre el acceso al alcohol, los límites de edad para comprar bebidas alcohólicas y el elevado precio relativo de ellas. Se discuten las implicaciones de los datos en relación con las iniciativas para combatir el alcoholismo en las Américas, según un análisis de la medida en que las políticas e intervenciones empleadas actualmente en 25 países de las Américas pueden tener un impacto sanitario positivo en los problemas relacionados con el consumo de alcohol. Los países que han adoptado las políticas con el mayor impacto esperado son Colombia, Costa Rica, Venezuela y El Salvador. No obstante, el análisis indica que casi todos los países de las Américas podrían mejorar sus posibilidades de evitar problemas relacionados con el alcoholismo. En los países en desarrollo de América Latina, las políticas deben concentrarse en fortalecer las medidas que prohíben conducir en estado de embriaguez, las que modifican el contexto en que se consumen bebidas alcohólicas, y los límites de disponibilidad física. Para los países desarrollados y con altos ingresos de América del Norte, el objetivo debe ser evitar el deterioro de los patrones actuales de consumo y reducir el volumen general de ese consumo. Tomando en cuenta el bajo o moderado costo de muchas de las políticas analizadas en este artículo, es factible que las comunidades y naciones reduzcan notablemente la carga de enfermedades relacionadas con el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas en las Américas.
The objectives of this article are to describe the evidence base for alcohol policy in the Americas, to evaluate the extent to which national policies are likely to have an impact on public health, and to identify areas where alcohol policies could be improved. The paper begins with a brief review of epidemiological surveys of the prevalence of alcohol problems in the Americas. This is followed by an analysis of 32 prevention strategies and interventions in terms of the evidence for their effectiveness, amount of research support, cost to implement, and other feasibility issues. Overall, the strategies and interventions with the greatest amount of empirical support are low blood alcohol concentration levels for driving while intoxicated, controls on alcohol availability, age limits on alcohol purchases, and relatively high alcohol prices. The implications of the evidence are next discussed in relation to alcohol policy initiatives in the Americas, based on an analysis of the extent to which strategies and interventions currently used in 25 countries of the Americas are likely to have a public health impact on alcoholrelated problems. The countries that have adopted the policies with the highest expected impact overall are Colombia, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and El Salvador. Nevertheless, the analysis indicates that almost all the countries of the Americas could improve the likelihood of preventing alcohol-related problems. Policy efforts in the developing countries of Latin America should focus on improving countermeasures against driving while intoxicated, measures that alter the drinking context, and limits on physical availability. For the developed, high-income countries of North America the goal should be to prevent deterioration of current drinking patterns and to reduce the overall volume of drinking. Given the low to moderate cost of many of the policies reviewed in this article, it now seems possible for communities and nations to substantially reduce the alcohol-related burden of illness in the Americas