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RESUMO Considerando os diferentes usos etnofarmacológicos apresentados pela planta Luehea divaricata, realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar as atividades antinociceptiva e antinflamatória do extrato etanólico de suas folhas, em modelo animal, nas dosagens de 20, 40, 80 e 160 mg/Kg, por via oral. Foram realizados os seguintes testes: contorções abdominais induzidas pelo acido acético, placa quente, formalina e edema de pata induzido por carragenina. Foram utilizados camundongos Swiss (20-25 g) para os três primeiros testes e ratos Wistar (180-250 g), para o último, divididos em seis grupos de oito animais, totalizando 48 animais em cada parâmetro de avaliação. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pela análise de variância a 5% de probabilidade, para verificar quais os tratamentos que diferiram entre si, e estes foram submetidos aos testes de Kruskall-Wallis e Student-Newman-Keuls. O extrato etanólico das folhas de L. divaricata (EEtOH-Ld), nas diferentes doses estudadas, apresentou significativa atividade antinociceptiva sobre a dor induzida quimicamente por injeções intraperitoneal de acido acético e intraplantar de formalina. Na dosagem de 160 mg/Kg, esse extrato apresentou ação analgésica central, aos 120 minutos de observação, no teste de placa quente e reduziu o edema de pata induzido pela administração de carragenina, uma hora após a administração do agente inflamatório, semelhante ao efeito produzido pelo fármaco padrão.

ABSTRACT Considering the different ethnopharmacological uses submitted by the plant Luehea divaricata, this study took place in order to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of the leaves in an animal model, the dosages of 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg by oral intake. The following tests were performed: writhing induced by acetic acid, hot plate, formalin, and paw edema induced by carrageenan. Swiss mice (20-25 g) were used for the first three tests and Wistar rats (180-250 g) for the last, divided into six groups, each of eight animals, totaling 48 animals for each assessment parameter. The results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance at 5% probability to verify which treatments differ, and these were tested by Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls. The ethanol extract of L. divaricataleaves (EEtOH-Ld) at the different studied doses showed significant antinociceptive activity on chemically induced pain by intraperitoneal injections of acetic acid and intraplantar formalin. At a dosage of 160 mg/kg, this extract showed a central analgesic action after 120 minutes of observation in the hot plate test and reduced action in the paw edema induced by carrageenan one hour after the administration of the inflammatory agent, similar to the effect produced by the standard drug.

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RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da própolis sobre os perfis leucocitário e protéico de camundongos e sobre o tempo de fechamento de lesões de pele confeccionadas experimentalmente, limpas e infectadas com Staphylococcus aureus. No primeiro, foram utilizados 48 animais divididos em quatro grupos, sendo um tratado com solução hidroalcóolica pura e três tratados com própolis a 10%, nas dosagens de 20 mg, 40 mg e 80 mg por animal de 25 gramas de peso, em única aplicação intraperitoneal. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue no segundo, 10º, 18º e 26º dias após o tratamento para realização de leucograma, proteinograma e fracionamento eletroforético das proteínas. Na avaliação da atividade cicatrizante, também foram utilizados 48 camundongos divididos em seis grupos, nos quais realizou-se a confecção cirúrgica de feridas na dimensão de 1cm2, após anestesia dissociativa. Dois grupos serviram como controle para feridas limpas e infectadas. Dois grupos de feridas infectadas por S. aureuse dois grupos de feridas limpas foram tratados com própolis a 5% e 10%, sendo a escolha destas concentrações baseada em um estudo piloto realizado. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento com própolis influencia o leucograma e o proteinograma, de forma dose-dependente, sendo que a maior dose utilizada desencadeou leucocitose com linfocitose e aumento de proteínas da fração gamaglobulínica, no 10º dia após o início do tratamento. Também mostraram que a concentração da solução influenciou o tempo de cicatrização das feridas infectadas, ocorrendo em menor tempo no grupo tratado com a solução a 5%.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the propolis effects on both the leukocyte and protein profiles of mice and on the closing time of skin lesions made experimentally, clean and infected with Staphylococcus aureus. The first 48 animals were divided into four groups, one treated with pure alcohol solution and three treated with propolis 10% at dosages of 20 mg, 40 mg and 80 mg per 25 g of animal weight in an intraperitoneal single application . Blood samples in the second, and then 10º, 18º and 26º days after treatment were collected in order to perform WBC, proteins and electrophoretic fractionation of proteins. Regarding the healing activity, also 48 mice divided into six groups were used, in whom surgical wounds in the size of 1cm2 were purposely inflicted , after the dissociative anesthesia were applied . Two groups served as control ones, for clean and infected wounds. Two groups of S. aureus with infected wounds and two groups with clean sores were treated with 5% and 10 % propolis, being this concentration choice based on a pilot study previously performed. The results showed that treatment with propolis influences leukocyte and protein concentrations in a dose- dependent manner, with the highest dose triggering leukocytosis with lymphocytosis and increasing the protein fraction of gamaglobulínica, on the 10th day after the start of treatment. It also indicated that the concentration of the solution influence the time of healing of infected wounds, since the process on the group treated with 5% solution happened faster.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o manejo sanitário e descrever as características da ovinocaprinocultura na microrregião homogênea (MRH) de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. Foram investigadas 45 propriedades capriovinícolas, distribuídas em 14 municípios. O número médio de animais foi de 129 e 121 nos rebanhos caprinos e ovinos, respectivamente. Os animais utilizados na formação dos rebanhos base tiveram como origem os estados da Bahia, Pernambuco e Ceará. Animais SPRD (45,8%) e da raça Santa Inês (35,4%) são os mais encontrados entre os ovinos e na espécie caprina animais SPRD (55,3%) e animais da raça Anglo-Nubiana (28,6%). O estudo demostrou que 42,2% propriedades pesquisadas exploravam bovinos e caprinos e/ou ovinos. O sistema de criação extensivo foi adotado em 71,1% dos criatórios. As práticas sanitárias adotadas com maior frequência foram descarte de agulhas após o uso, isolamento de animais doentes e corte e desinfecção do umbigo. A desverminação foi a prática utilizada no controle de verminoses por 100,0% dos produtores. A vacinação foi adotada em 48,8% dos rebanhos. As alterações clínicas mais citadas foram linfadenite caseosa (64,4%), pododermatite (62,2%) e diarreia (60,0%). Portanto, a ovinocaprinocultura na MRH de Teresina é praticada, em sua grande maioria, de forma extensiva e que, apesar de contar com instalações razoáveis, ainda apresenta deficiências quanto à utilização de práticas de manejo sanitário, o que acaba impossibilitando a prevenção e o controle de doenças, principalmente as de origem infecciosas e parasitárias.

The objective of this study was to characterize the health practices and describe the characteristics of sheep and goat farming in the homogeneous microregion (HMR) in Teresina, Piaui, Brazil. Forty-five goat and sheep farms were investigated, distributed in 14 cities. The average number of animals per herd was 129 and 121, for the goats and sheep, respectively. The animals used to form the herds originated in the states of Bahia, Pernambuco and Ceará. Animals with undefined breed (45.8%) and Santa Ines breed (35.4%) were the most frequent among the sheep, while for the goats it was undefined breed (55.3%) and Nubian goats (28.6%). The study showed that 42.2% of the 45 farms surveyed raised cattle as well as goats and/or sheep. The extensive rearing system was adopted on 71.1% of the farms. The health practices adopted most often by farmers were the disposing of needles and syringes after use, isolation of sick animals, and cutting and disinfecting the navel. Deworming was a practice used to control worms by 100.0% of producers. Vaccination was a practice adopted in 48.8% of the herds. The clinical changes most often mentioned were caseous lymphadenitis (64.4%), foot rot (62.2%) and diarrhea (60.0%). In conclusion, sheep and goat farming in the Teresina HMR is practiced extensively with reasonably proper installations, but still shows deficiencies in the use of health practices, which impair the prevention and control of diseases, particularly infectious and parasitic diseases.

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The prevalence of anti-lentiviruses antibodies of small ruminants was investigated in goat herds in the city of Teresina, PI, Brazil. A seroepidemiological survey was conducted involving 480 animals, apparently healthy, belonging to six rural properties. The diagnostic test was the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), using antigens produced from cellular cultures infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV Cork). Prevalences by gender and age were estimated considering sampling fractions for each farm. A general prevalence of 4.2 percent, was observerved, being 4.2 percent for females and 3.6 percent for males. Prevalences were higher among older goats. Regarding the breed standard, 23.5 percent were of the Anglo Nubian, 5.9 percent of the Boer, 35.3 percent Anglo Nubian x Boer crossbred, and 35.3 percent of undefined breed. It is concluded that small ruminant lentiviruses are endemic among goat herds of Teresina.(AU)

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The prevalence of anti-lentiviruses antibodies of small ruminants was investigated in goat herds in the city of Teresina, PI, Brazil. A seroepidemiological survey was conducted involving 480 animals, apparently healthy, belonging to six rural properties. The diagnostic test was the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), using antigens produced from cellular cultures infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV Cork). Prevalences by gender and age were estimated considering sampling fractions for each farm. A general prevalence of 4.2 percent, was observerved, being 4.2 percent for females and 3.6 percent for males. Prevalences were higher among older goats. Regarding the breed standard, 23.5 percent were of the Anglo Nubian, 5.9 percent of the Boer, 35.3 percent Anglo Nubian x Boer crossbred, and 35.3 percent of undefined breed. It is concluded that small ruminant lentiviruses are endemic among goat herds of Teresina.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize the health practices and describe the characteristics of sheep and goat farming in the homogeneous microregion (HMR) in Teresina, Piaui, Brazil. Forty-five goat and sheep farms were investigated, distributed in 14 cities. The average number of animals per herd was 129 and 121, for the goats and sheep, respectively. The animals used to form the herds originated in the states of Bahia, Pernambuco and Ceará. Animals with undefined breed (45.8%) and Santa Ines breed (35.4%) were the most frequent among the sheep, while for the goats it was undefined breed (55.3%) and Nubian goats (28.6%). The study showed that 42.2% of the 45 farms surveyed raised cattle as well as goats and/or sheep. The extensive rearing system was adopted on 71.1% of the farms. The health practices adopted most often by farmers were the disposing of needles and syringes after use, isolation of sick animals, and cutting and disinfecting the navel. Deworming was a practice used to control worms by 100.0% of producers. Vaccination was a practice adopted in 48.8% of the herds. The clinical changes most often mentioned were caseous lymphadenitis (64.4%), foot rot (62.2%) and diarrhea (60.0%). In conclusion, sheep and goat farming in the Teresina HMR is practiced extensively with reasonably proper installations, but still shows deficiencies in the use of health practices, which impair the prevention and control of diseases, particularly infectious and parasitic diseases.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o manejo sanitário e descrever as características da ovinocaprinocultura na microrregião homogênea (MRH) de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. Foram investigadas 45 propriedades capriovinícolas, distribuídas em 14 municípios. O número médio de animais foi de 129 e 121 nos rebanhos caprinos e ovinos, respectivamente. Os animais utilizados na formação dos rebanhos base tiveram como origem os estados da Bahia, Pernambuco e Ceará. Animais SPRD (45,8%) e da raça Santa Inês (35,4%) são os mais encontrados entre os ovinos e na espécie caprina animais SPRD (55,3%) e animais da raça Anglo-Nubiana (28,6%). O estudo demostrou que 42,2% propriedades pesquisadas exploravam bovinos e caprinos e/ou ovinos. O sistema de criação extensivo foi adotado em 71,1% dos criatórios. As práticas sanitárias adotadas com maior frequência foram descarte de agulhas após o uso, isolamento de animais doentes e corte e desinfecção do umbigo. A desverminação foi a prática utilizada no controle de verminoses por 100,0% dos produtores. A vacinação foi adotada em 48,8% dos rebanhos. As alterações clínicas mais citadas foram linfadenite caseosa (64,4%), pododermatite (62,2%) e diarreia (60,0%). Portanto, a ovinocaprinocultura na MRH de Teresina é praticada, em sua grande maioria, de forma extensiva e que, apesar de contar com instalações razoáveis, ainda apresenta deficiências quanto à utilização de práticas de manejo sanitário, o que acaba impossibilitando a prevenção e o controle de doenças, principalmente as de origem infecciosas e parasitárias.

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Determinaram-se os perfis do hemograma e do proteinograma de 24 cutias (Dasyprocta sp.) saudáveis, criadas em cativeiro, e avaliaram-se a influência de sexo e de idade e a interação sexo-idade. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4 (dois sexos e quatro faixas etárias), com três repetições. Os valores do hemograma e do proteinograma foram: leucócitos totais: 7,24±2,52 (x10³/µl), basófilos: 0,11±0,2 (x10³/µl), eosinófilos: 0,32±0,2 (x10³/µl), segmentados: 2,5±1,22 (x10³/µl), linfócitos: 3,58±1,52 (x10³/µl), monócitos: 0,76±0,47 (x10³/µl), hemácias: 6,51±0,83 (x10(6)/µl), hematócrito: 43,58±3,41 por cento, hemoglobina: 12,71±1,04g/dl, volume corpuscular médio: 67,61±7,52ml, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média: 29,19±1,61 por cento, plaquetas: 150,08±63,39 (x10³/ml), proteínas totais: 6,04±1,77g/dl, albumina: 2,07±0,79g/dl e globulinas: 3,97±1,54g/dl. Os parâmetros relativos à série vermelha e ao proteinograma não diferiram quanto ao sexo ou idade, e não houve interação sexo-idade. Os valores de linfócitos foram mais baixos entre os animais mais velhos.(AU)

The profiles of hemogram and proteinogram of healthy agouti (Dasyprocta sp.) grown in captivity, in Piauí State, Brazil, were determined, as well as the influence of gender and age factors and the relationship between sex-age them. A completely randomized design was used in a factorial arrange 2x4, two genders and four ages, totaling 24 animals. The mean values of the hemogram were: erythrocytes = 6.51±0.83 (x10(6)); hematocrit = 43.58±3,41 percent; hemoglobin = 12.71±1,04g/dl; mean corpuscular volume = 64.61±7.52μl; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration = 29.19±1,61 percent; platelets= 150.08±63.39 (x10³/μl); white blood cells = 7.24±2.52 (x10³/μl); basophils = 0.11±0,2 (x10³/μl); eosinophils = 0,32±0,2 (x10³/μl); neutrophils = 2.5±1,22 (x10³/μl); lymphocytes = 3.58±1.52 (x10³/μl); and monocytes = 0.76±0.47 (x10³/μl). The mean values of the proteinogram were: total serum proteins = 6.04±1.77g/dl; albumin = 2.07±0.79g/dl and globulin = 3.97±1.54g/dl. Neither gender nor age influenced the results of the studied parameters. Association between gender and age was not verified. The values of lymphocytes were lower in older animals.(AU)

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Determinaram-se os perfis do hemograma e do proteinograma de 24 cutias (Dasyprocta sp.) saudáveis, criadas em cativeiro, e avaliaram-se a influência de sexo e de idade e a interação sexo-idade. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4 (dois sexos e quatro faixas etárias), com três repetições. Os valores do hemograma e do proteinograma foram: leucócitos totais: 7,24±2,52 (x10³/µl), basófilos: 0,11±0,2 (x10³/µl), eosinófilos: 0,32±0,2 (x10³/µl), segmentados: 2,5±1,22 (x10³/µl), linfócitos: 3,58±1,52 (x10³/µl), monócitos: 0,76±0,47 (x10³/µl), hemácias: 6,51±0,83 (x10(6)/µl), hematócrito: 43,58±3,41 por cento, hemoglobina: 12,71±1,04g/dl, volume corpuscular médio: 67,61±7,52ml, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média: 29,19±1,61 por cento, plaquetas: 150,08±63,39 (x10³/ml), proteínas totais: 6,04±1,77g/dl, albumina: 2,07±0,79g/dl e globulinas: 3,97±1,54g/dl. Os parâmetros relativos à série vermelha e ao proteinograma não diferiram quanto ao sexo ou idade, e não houve interação sexo-idade. Os valores de linfócitos foram mais baixos entre os animais mais velhos.

The profiles of hemogram and proteinogram of healthy agouti (Dasyprocta sp.) grown in captivity, in Piauí State, Brazil, were determined, as well as the influence of gender and age factors and the relationship between sex-age them. A completely randomized design was used in a factorial arrange 2x4, two genders and four ages, totaling 24 animals. The mean values of the hemogram were: erythrocytes = 6.51±0.83 (x10(6)); hematocrit = 43.58±3,41 percent; hemoglobin = 12.71±1,04g/dl; mean corpuscular volume = 64.61±7.52μl; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration = 29.19±1,61 percent; platelets= 150.08±63.39 (x10³/μl); white blood cells = 7.24±2.52 (x10³/μl); basophils = 0.11±0,2 (x10³/μl); eosinophils = 0,32±0,2 (x10³/μl); neutrophils = 2.5±1,22 (x10³/μl); lymphocytes = 3.58±1.52 (x10³/μl); and monocytes = 0.76±0.47 (x10³/μl). The mean values of the proteinogram were: total serum proteins = 6.04±1.77g/dl; albumin = 2.07±0.79g/dl and globulin = 3.97±1.54g/dl. Neither gender nor age influenced the results of the studied parameters. Association between gender and age was not verified. The values of lymphocytes were lower in older animals.

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Determinou-se o perfil do ionograma e enzimas hepáticas de cutias (Dasyprocta sp.) saudáveis, criadas em cativeiro, como também se avaliou a influência de sexo, idade e interação sexo-idade. Foi adotado um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4 (dois sexos e quatro faixas etárias), com três repetições, totalizando 24 cutias. Foram determinados os valores para o cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), cloretos (Cl), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), fosfatase alcalina (FA) e gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT). Os valores médios obtidos foram: Ca= 7,62+2,59mg/dl; P= 3,91+1,41mg/dl; Cl= 58,63+16,45mg/dl; AST= 119,54+79,35UI/ml; ALT= 28,08+15,53UI/ml; FA= 26,95+14,01UI/ml e GGT= 25,34+19,44UI/ml. O valor de P foi maior nas fêmeas e da FA nos machos. Os níveis de FA diminuíram com o aumento da idade.(AU)

This research studied the profile of the ionogram and hepatic enzymes of healthy agoutis (Dasyprocta sp.) raised in captivity as well as evaluated the influence of gender, age and interaction gender-age. It was used a completely randomized design, in a factorial arrangement of 2 x 4 (two genders and four age groups), with three repetitions, totaling 24 agoutis. The values were determined for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), chlorides (Cl), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). The mean values were: Ca= 7.62±2.59mg/dl; P= 3.91±1.41mg/dl; Cl= 58.63±16,45mg/dl; AST= 119.54±79.35UI/ml; ALT= 28.08±15.53UI/ml; ALP= 26.95±14.01UI/ml, and GGT= 25.34±19.44UI/ml. The value of P was larger in females and ALP in males. As the age increased, levels of ALP decreased.(AU)

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Determinou-se o perfil do ionograma e enzimas hepáticas de cutias (Dasyprocta sp.) saudáveis, criadas em cativeiro, como também se avaliou a influência de sexo, idade e interação sexo-idade. Foi adotado um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4 (dois sexos e quatro faixas etárias), com três repetições, totalizando 24 cutias. Foram determinados os valores para o cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), cloretos (Cl), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), fosfatase alcalina (FA) e gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT). Os valores médios obtidos foram: Ca= 7,62+2,59mg/dl; P= 3,91+1,41mg/dl; Cl= 58,63+16,45mg/dl; AST= 119,54+79,35UI/ml; ALT= 28,08+15,53UI/ml; FA= 26,95+14,01UI/ml e GGT= 25,34+19,44UI/ml. O valor de P foi maior nas fêmeas e da FA nos machos. Os níveis de FA diminuíram com o aumento da idade.

This research studied the profile of the ionogram and hepatic enzymes of healthy agoutis (Dasyprocta sp.) raised in captivity as well as evaluated the influence of gender, age and interaction gender-age. It was used a completely randomized design, in a factorial arrangement of 2 x 4 (two genders and four age groups), with three repetitions, totaling 24 agoutis. The values were determined for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), chlorides (Cl), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). The mean values were: Ca= 7.62±2.59mg/dl; P= 3.91±1.41mg/dl; Cl= 58.63±16,45mg/dl; AST= 119.54±79.35UI/ml; ALT= 28.08±15.53UI/ml; ALP= 26.95±14.01UI/ml, and GGT= 25.34±19.44UI/ml. The value of P was larger in females and ALP in males. As the age increased, levels of ALP decreased.

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Conidiobolomycosis is reported in the state of Piauí, in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Affected sheep had depression, weight loss, serous or mucohemorrhagic nasal discharge, and cranium-facial asymmetry from exophthalmos of 1 eye, generally with increased volume of the eyeball, keratitis, and corneal ulceration. At necropsy of 60 sheep, friable masses were observed in the posterior region of the nasal cavity, often destroying the ethmoturbinate bones. Frequently, the lesions invaded the nasal sinuses, cribiform plate, orbit, and brain. The masses were irregular, granular with moist surfaces, and soft and friable with white, yellow, or tan coloration. Dissemination of the lesion to lungs was observed in 27 sheep, to the brain in 26, to lymph nodes in 3, to the kidney in 2, and to the gallbladder and heart in 1. The microscopic examination showed granulomatous inflammation composed of central necrosis surrounded by lymphocytes, epithelioid and giant cells, and fibrous tissue. In all lesions, negatively stained structures representing hyphae were surrounded by Splendore-Hoeppli material. Coagulative necrosis, thrombosis, and vasculitis were also observed. Grocott methenamine silver stain showed 8-30-microm-thick hyphae, rarely septate or ramified, irregular in shape, and with black contoured wall, sometimes with bulbous dilatation in the extremities. On electron microscopy, the hyphae had a thick double wall surrounded by cellular remnants and an inflammatory exudate. Conidiobolus coronatus was isolated from the lesions of 6 sheep. Conidiobolomycosis is an important disease of sheep in the state of Piauí, and other regions of northeastern Brazil.

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