RESUMO
Under stressful conditions, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis acts to promote transitory physiological adaptations that are often resolved after the stressful stimulus is no longer present. In addition to corticosteroids (e.g., cortisol), the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone, 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) participates in negative feedback mechanisms that restore homeostasis. Chronic, repeated exposure to stress impairs the responsivity of the HPA axis and dampens allopregnanolone levels, participating in the etiopathology of psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). MDD and PTSD patients present abnormalities in the HPA axis regulation, such as altered cortisol levels or failure to suppress cortisol release in the dexamethasone suppression test. Herein, we review the neurophysiological role of allopregnanolone both as a potent and positive GABAergic neuromodulator but also in its capacity of inhibiting the HPA axis. The allopregnanolone function in the mechanisms that recapitulate stress-induced pathophysiology, including MDD and PTSD, and its potential as both a treatment target and as a biomarker for these disorders is discussed.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo Maior/fisiopatologia , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/fisiopatologia , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/fisiopatologia , Pregnanolona/fisiologia , Adaptação Fisiológica , Animais , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Doença Crônica , Corticosterona/metabolismo , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/tratamento farmacológico , Retroalimentação Fisiológica , Feminino , Agonistas de Receptores de GABA-A/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Pregnanolona/biossíntese , Receptores de GABA-A/fisiologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/fisiopatologia , Estresse Fisiológico , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/fisiologiaRESUMO
Air pollution (AP) triggers neuroinflammation and lipoperoxidation involved in physiopathology of several neurodegenerative diseases. Our study aims to investigate the effect of chronic exposure to ambient AP in oxidative stress (OS) parameters and number of neurons and microglial cells of the cortex and striatum. Seventy-two male Wistar rats were distributed in four groups of exposure: control group (FA), exposed throughout life to filtered air; group PA-FA, pre-natal exposed to polluted air until weaning and then to filtered air; group FA-PA, pre-natal exposed to filtered air until weaning and then to polluted air; and group PA, exposed throughout life to polluted air. After 150 days of exposure, the rats were euthanized for biochemical and histological determinations. The malondialdehyde concentration in the cortex and striatum was significantly higher in the PA group. The activity of superoxide dismutase was significantly decreased in the cortex of all groups exposed to AP while activity of catalase was not modified in the cortex or striatum. The total glutathione concentration was lower in the cortex and higher in the striatum of the FA-PA group. The number of neurons or microglia in the striatum did not differ between FA and PA. On the other hand, neurons and microglia cell numbers were significantly higher in the cortex of the FA-PA group. Our findings suggest that the striatum and cortex have dissimilar thresholds to react to AP exposure and different adaptable responses to chronically AP-induced OS. At least for the cortex, changing to a non-polluted ambient early in life was able to avoid and/or reverse the OS, although some alterations in enzymatic antioxidant system may be permanent. As a result, it is important to clarify the effects of AP in the cortical organization and function because of limited capacity of brain tissue to deal with threatening environments.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar , Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Catalase/metabolismo , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Even though major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are among the most prevalent and incapacitating mental illnesses in the world, their diagnosis still relies solely on the characterization of subjective symptoms (many of which are shared by multiple disorders) self-reported by patients. Thus, the need for objective measures that aid in the detection of and differentiation between psychiatric disorders becomes urgent. In this paper, we explore the potential of neurosteroids and neurotrophic proteins as biomarkers for MDD and PTSD. Circulating levels of the GABAergic neuroactive steroid, allopregnanolone, are diminished in MDD and PTSD patients, which corroborates the finding of depleted neurosteroid levels observed in animal models of these disorders. The neurotrophic protein, brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), is also reduced in the periphery and in the brain of MDD patients and depressed-like animals that express lower neurosteroid levels. Although the role of BDNF in PTSD psychopathology seems less clear and merits more research, we propose a causal link between allopregnanolone levels and BDNF expression that could function as a biomarker axis for the diagnosis of both MDD and PTSD.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo Maior/diagnóstico , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/análise , Neuroesteroides/análise , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Animais , Biomarcadores/análise , Biomarcadores/sangue , Encéfalo/patologia , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/análise , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/sangue , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/sangue , Humanos , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/sangue , Neuroesteroides/sangue , Pregnanolona/análise , Pregnanolona/sangue , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/sangueRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate possible factors that prevent adherence to the treatment of codependent family members of problem drug use individuals. A quasi-experimental study was carried out with 133 relatives of psychoactive substances users who called the Brazilian drug hotline (Ligue 132) between 2013 and 2015, from the five regions of Brazil. The following instruments were used: General service protocol; Family assistance protocol; Holyoake Codependency Index; Behavioral Adherence Scale; and Adherence Factor Questionnaire. Univariate analysis of data was performed for categorical variables and Chi-square test for comparison between variables, with p < 0.05. The sample showed a predominance of women (91.7%), especially mothers (82.7%). Among the investigated factors, alcohol as the substance involved in the problem showed a significant association with the non-adherence to treatment through teleintervention of family members.
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar possíveis fatores impeditivos da adesão de familiares codependentes a um tratamento. Realizou-se um estudo quase experimental com 133 familiares de usuários de substâncias psicoativas que ligaram para o Ligue 132 no período de 2013 a 2015, sendo que a amostra tem representantes das 5 regiões do Brasil. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Protocolo geral de atendimento; Protocolo de atendimento ao familiar; Holyoake Codependency Index; Escala de Adesão Comportamental e Questionário de Fatores sobre Adesão. Foram realizadas análises univariadas dos dados para as variáveis categóricas e teste Qui-quadrado para comparação entre as variáveis, p < 0,05. A amostra apresentou o predomínio de mulheres (91,7%) entre os familiares que buscaram ajuda, em especial de mães (82,7%). Dentre os fatores investigados, notou-se que o álcool, entre as substâncias utilizadas pelos usuários, apresentou associação significativa com a não adesão dos familiares a tele intervenção.
Assuntos
Cooperação do Paciente , Telemedicina , Relações FamiliaresRESUMO
Allopregnanolone (3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone; pharmaceutical formulation: brexanolone) is a neurosteroid that has recently been approved for the treatment of postpartum depression, promising to fill part of a long-lasting gap in the effectiveness of pharmacotherapies for depressive disorders. In this review, we explore the experimental research that characterized the antidepressant-like effects of allopregnanolone, with a particular focus on the neurotrophic adaptations induced by this neurosteroid in preclinical studies. We demonstrate that there is a consistent decrease in allopregnanolone levels in limbic brain areas in rodents submitted to stress-induced models of depression, such as social isolation and chronic unpredictable stress. Further, both the drug-induced upregulation of allopregnanolone or its direct administration reduce depressive-like behaviors in models such as the forced swim test. The main drugs of interest that upregulate allopregnanolone levels are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which present the neurosteroidogenic property even in lower, non-SSRI doses. Finally, we explore how these antidepressant-like behaviors are related to neurogenesis, particularly in the hippocampus. The protagonist in this mechanism is likely the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BFNF), which is decreased in animal models of depression and may be restored by the normalization of allopregnanolone levels. The role of an interaction between GABA and the neurotrophic mechanisms needs to be further investigated.
RESUMO
The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The spelling of the Sheila Taminini de Almeida name was incorrect.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study aims to identify the association between parenting styles and behavioral changes among adolescents regarding the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine/crack. METHODS: A group of ninety-nine adolescents (39 girls and 60 boys), aged 14 to 19 years (17.05 ± 1.51), who called in to a call center that provides counseling to substance users, was followed-up for 30 days. Data collection occurred between March 2009 and October 2015. The adolescents answered questions regarding parental responsiveness and demanding nature on a scale to assess parental styles and provided sociodemographic data, substance abuse consumption characteristics, and the Contemplation Ladder scale score. RESULTS: The parental styles most reported by the adolescents were authoritative (30%) and indulgent (28%). Children who perceived their mothers as having an indulgent style and who had absent fathers presented more difficulties in making behavioral changes to avoid alcohol and cocaine/crack consumption. CONCLUSION: The study found that parent-child relationships were associated with a lack of change in the adolescent regarding substance use behavior, particularly the consumption of alcohol and cocaine/crack.
Assuntos
Relações Pais-Filho , Poder Familiar , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cocaína Crack , Pai , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mães , Estudos Prospectivos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/prevenção & controle , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE:: The aim of this study was to determine which individual characteristics of smokers are associated with their adherence to a support group for smoking cessation. METHODS:: Smokers from Porto Alegre, Brazil, were invited to participate in a support group for smoking cessation consisting of four weekly sessions. Demographic data, smoking history, presence of tobacco-related diseases, severity of nicotine dependence, stage of motivation, and symptoms of anxiety and depression were evaluated at baseline. Adherence was defined as attendance at group sessions and was measured at the second and fourth sessions of the program. RESULTS:: The study recruited 167 smokers who attended the first meeting and met criteria for admission to the study. One hundred and two of the participants returned to the second session and only 55 of those who attended the first meeting completed the four-week program. For immediate adherence (second session), adult smokers over the age of 35 were more likely to adhere to the treatment (p = 0.004), whereas smoking higher numbers of cigarettes per day was associated with lower adherence to attendance at group meetings (p = 0.031). For final adherence (fourth session), only minimal level symptoms of anxiety were associated with a higher likelihood of adherence (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS:: Older smokers, those who smoked fewer cigarettes per day, and those with lower levels of anxiety exhibited higher rates of adherence to a smoking cessation support group.
Assuntos
Cooperação do Paciente , Grupos de Autoajuda , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Fumar/terapia , Tabagismo/terapia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Ansiedade/complicações , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Brasil , Depressão/complicações , Depressão/epidemiologia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Motivação , Análise Multivariada , Cooperação do Paciente/psicologia , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Grupos de Autoajuda/estatística & dados numéricos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fumar/epidemiologia , Fumar/psicologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/psicologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Fatores de Tempo , Tabagismo/epidemiologia , Tabagismo/psicologiaRESUMO
Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine which individual characteristics of smokers are associated with their adherence to a support group for smoking cessation. Methods: Smokers from Porto Alegre, Brazil, were invited to participate in a support group for smoking cessation consisting of four weekly sessions. Demographic data, smoking history, presence of tobacco-related diseases, severity of nicotine dependence, stage of motivation, and symptoms of anxiety and depression were evaluated at baseline. Adherence was defined as attendance at group sessions and was measured at the second and fourth sessions of the program. Results: The study recruited 167 smokers who attended the first meeting and met criteria for admission to the study. One hundred and two of the participants returned to the second session and only 55 of those who attended the first meeting completed the four-week program. For immediate adherence (second session), adult smokers over the age of 35 were more likely to adhere to the treatment (p = 0.004), whereas smoking higher numbers of cigarettes per day was associated with lower adherence to attendance at group meetings (p = 0.031). For final adherence (fourth session), only minimal level symptoms of anxiety were associated with a higher likelihood of adherence (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Older smokers, those who smoked fewer cigarettes per day, and those with lower levels of anxiety exhibited higher rates of adherence to a smoking cessation support group.
Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar quais características individuais de fumantes estão associadas à sua adesão a um grupo de apoio para a cessação do tabagismo. Métodos: Fumantes de Porto Alegre, Brasil, foram convidados a participar de um grupo de apoio para a cessação do tabagismo realizado em quatro reuniões semanais. Dados sociodemográficos, história tabagística, presença de doenças relacionadas ao tabaco, severidade da dependência de nicotina, estágio motivacional e sintomas de ansiedade e depressão foram avaliados no início do estudo. Adesão foi definida como estar presente nas reuniões do grupo, e foi medida na segunda e na quarta sessões do programa. Resultados: O estudo recrutou 167 fumantes que compareceram ao primeiro encontro e preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Desses participantes, 102 retornaram para a segunda sessão, e apenas 55 completaram as quatro semanas do programa. Com relação à adesão imediata (segunda sessão), adultos com idade superior a 35 anos mostraram maior probabilidade de aderir ao tratamento (p = 0.004), enquanto um maior número de cigarros por dia foi associado com menor adesão (p = 0.031). Para a adesão final (quarta sessão), apenas um nível mínimo de ansiedade foi associado com maior probabilidade de adesão (p = 0.02). Conclusões: Fumantes mais velhos, que fumavam menos cigarros por dia, e com menores níveis de ansiedade exibiram maiores taxas de adesão ao programa de apoio para a cessação do tabagismo.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Grupos de Autoajuda , Tabagismo/terapia , Fumar/terapia , Cooperação do Paciente , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Ansiedade/complicações , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Grupos de Autoajuda/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Fatores de Tempo , Tabagismo/psicologia , Tabagismo/epidemiologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Brasil , Fumar/psicologia , Análise Multivariada , Estudos Longitudinais , Fatores Etários , Cooperação do Paciente/psicologia , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/psicologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/estatística & dados numéricos , Depressão/complicações , Depressão/epidemiologia , Países em Desenvolvimento , MotivaçãoRESUMO
Families of substance abusers may develop maladaptive strategies, such as codependency, to address drug-related problems. It is important for families to receive specialist treatment in order to contribute to the recovery process. The Tele-intervention Model and Monitoring of Families of Drug Users (TMMFDU), based on motivational interviewing and stages of change, aims to encourage the family to change the codependents' behaviors. A randomized clinical trial was carried out to verify the change in codependent behavior after intervention with 6 months of follow-up. Three hundred and twenty-five families with high or low codependency scores were randomized into the intervention group (n = 163) or the usual treatment (UT) (n = 162). After 6 months of follow-up, the family members of the TMMFDU group were twice as likely to modify their codependency behavior when compared to the UT group (OR 2.08 CI 95% 1.18-3.65). TMMFDU proved to be effective in changing codependent behaviors among compliant family members of drug users.
Assuntos
Terapia Comportamental , Codependência Psicológica , Usuários de Drogas , Família/psicologia , Entrevista Motivacional , Adulto , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Motivação , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Usuários de drogas tendem a ser mais depressivos do que não usuários. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os fatores de risco para episódios e sintomas depressivos em usuários de álcool e ou cocaína/crack que procuraram um serviço de telemedicina. Realizou-se um estudo transversal (n=838) com aplicação do Inventário de Depressão de Beck para mensuração dos sintomas depressivos e o Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview para episódio depressivo atual nos usuários no acompanhamento telefônico para cessação do consumo de drogas. O principal fator de risco entre os usuários para sintomas depressivos foi baixa escolaridade (OR=1,4 IC 95%:1,1-2,2). Para o episódio depressivo atual o maior risco entre os usuários foi ser do sexo feminino (OR=1,5 IC 95%:1,0-2,4). O consumo de crack estava associado a episódio depressivo atual (p=0,014). O uso do telefone é viável para detecção de fatores de risco para episódios e sintomas depressivos nos usuários de álcool e ou cocaína/crack. (AU)
Drug users tend to be more depressed than non-users. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for episodes and depressive symptoms in users of alcohol and or cocaine/crack that called for the telemedicine service. We conducted a cross- sectional study (n = 838) with application of the Beck Depression Inventory to Measure depressive symptoms and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for current depressive episode in users on the telephone follow-up to cessation of drug use. The main risk factor among users for depressive symptoms was lower education (OR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-2.2). For the current depressive episode the greatest risk among users was being female (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0-2.4). The crack use was associated with current depressive episode (p = 0.014). The use of the phone is feasible to detect risk factors for episodes and depressive symptoms in users of alcohol and or cocaine/crack.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Telemedicina , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Depressão , Usuários de Drogas , Cocaína Crack , Transtorno Depressivo , AlcoolismoRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Substance abuse affects both the user and the family system as a whole, yet substance abuse treatment is centered on the user, leaving the family in the background. OBJECTIVE: To identify the symptoms of codependency and health issues in the codependent family members of drug users who called a toll-free telephone counseling service. In total, 505 family members participated in this cross-sectional study. Drug users' mothers and wives who had less than 8 years of education and those who were unemployed had a greater chance of high codependency. It was also determined that a high level of codependency imposed a significant burden on the physical and emotional well-being of those affected, resulting in poor health, reactivity, self-neglect and additional responsibilities. It was concluded that codependency has a negative impact on the family system and on the health of the family members of drug users.
Assuntos
Codependência Psicológica , Usuários de Drogas , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Emprego , Saúde da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Abstract Substance abuse affects both the user and the family system as a whole, yet substance abuse treatment is centered on the user, leaving the family in the background. Objective: To identify the symptoms of codependency and health issues in the codependent family members of drug users who called a toll-free telephone counseling service. In total, 505 family members participated in this cross-sectional study. Drug users’ mothers and wives who had less than 8 years of education and those who were unemployed had a greater chance of high codependency. It was also determined that a high level of codependency imposed a significant burden on the physical and emotional well-being of those affected, resulting in poor health, reactivity, self-neglect and additional responsibilities. It was concluded that codependency has a negative impact on the family system and on the health of the family members of drug users.
Resumo A dependência química atinge o usuário e o sistema familiar como um todo, todavia o tratamento dessa condição é centrado no usuário, o que deixa a família em segundo plano. Objetivo: identificar os sintomas de codependência e questões de saúde em familiares codependentes de usuários de drogas que ligaram para um serviço telefônico de aconselhamento. No total, 505 familiares participaram de um estudo transversal. Mães e esposas de usuários de drogas que tinham menos de 8 anos de estudo e que estavam desempregadas apresentaram maior chance de alta codependência. Além disso, foi identificado que o nível alto de codependência interfere significativamente no bem-estar físico e emocional dos familiares, o que resultou em problemas de saúde, reatividade, autonegligência e sobrecarga de tarefas. Foi concluído que a codependência tem um impacto negativo no sistema familiar e na saúde dos familiares de usuários de drogas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Codependência Psicológica , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Usuários de Drogas , Saúde da Família , Estudos Transversais , EmpregoRESUMO
Death by suicide is now the third most frequent cause of death in the population 15-44 years old. This self-inflicted death has meaning that requires understanding and attention. The objective of this study was to understand the experiences and feelings of cocaine users within the relationship of addiction and suicide. This is a qualitative study conducted from August 2012 to February 2013. The 18 individuals who met criteria for a depressive episode responded to the semi-structured interview for suicide risk, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. During the analysis of the narrated content, there were three categories established: previous history, previous suicide attempts, and depression. The results were evaluated seeking to reflect and understand the experiences exposed by users. This study helps to understand the meaning of the experiences and feelings of crack/cocaine users who are at the risk for suicide.(AU)
A morte por suicdio passou a ocupar a terceira posio entre as mais frequentes na populao de 15 a 44 anos de idade. A morte autoinfligida possui significados que requerem compreenso e ateno. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as vivncias e os sentimentos dos usurios de cocana dentro da relao dependncia qumica e suicdio. Este um estudo qualitativo, realizado de agosto de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013. Os 18 indivduos que preencheram os critrios para episdio depressivo responderam entrevista semiestruturada para risco de suicdio, pelo Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Na anlise dos contedos narrados, estabeleceram-se trs categorias: histria pregressa, tentativas de suicdio e depresso. Os resultados foram avaliados procurando refletir e compreender as vivncias expostas pelos usurios. Este estudo auxilia a compreenso dos significados das vivncias e sentimentos dos usurios de cocana/crack ante o risco de suicdio.(AU)
La muerte por suicidio paso a ocupar la tercera posicin entre las causas mas frecuentes en la poblacin de 15 a 44 aos de edad. La muerte autoinflingida posee significados que requieren comprensin y atencin . El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las vivencias y los sentimientos de los usuarios de cocana dentro de la relacin de dependencia qumica y suicidio. Este es un estudio cualitativo, realizado entre agosto del 2012 y febrero del 2013. Los 18 individuos que cumplieron con los criterios para episodio depresivo respondieron a una entrevista semiestructurada para el riesgo de suicidio, por el Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. En el anlisis de los contenidos narrados, se establecieron tres categoras: historia anterior, tentativas de suicidio y depresin. Los resultados fueron evaluados procurando reflexionar y comprender las vivencias expuestas por los usuarios. Este estudio apoya la comprensin de significados de las vivencias y sentimientos de los usuarios de cocana/crack ante el riesgo de suicidio.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides , Suicídio , DepressãoRESUMO
Death by suicide is now the third most frequent cause of death in the population 15-44 years old. This self-inflicted death has meaning that requires understanding and attention. The objective of this study was to understand the experiences and feelings of cocaine users within the relationship of addiction and suicide. This is a qualitative study conducted from August 2012 to February 2013. The 18 individuals who met criteria for a depressive episode responded to the semi-structured interview for suicide risk, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. During the analysis of the narrated content, there were three categories established: previous history, previous suicide attempts, and depression. The results were evaluated seeking to reflect and understand the experiences exposed by users. This study helps to understand the meaning of the experiences and feelings of crack/cocaine users who are at the risk for suicide...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Depressão , Suicídio , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de OpioidesRESUMO
Este artigo se propõe a entender se há relação entre os benefícios relatados pelos ex-usuários de drogas atendidos em um serviço de teleatendimento sobre dependência química após a parada do uso de substâncias com o perfil sociodemográfico destes. Trata-se de uma pesquisa fundamentada no método de análise de conteúdo, em que foram agrupados os benefícios em parar com o uso da substância em categorias, que serão descritas detalhadamente ao longo do trabalho. A partir dos dados obtidos, foi observado que as categorias denominadas, apoio social e sentimentos positivos foram os mais relatados entre os ex-usuários, abrindo possibilidades de pensar modelos de tratamento, visando ao fortalecimento desses fatores no indivíduo.
This article aims to understand whether there is a relation between the benefits reported by ex-drug users attending a telephone service about addiction after stopping the use of substances with the demographic profile of these. It is one based on the method of content analysis where the benefits stop substance use into categories, which will be described in detail throughout the work. From the data obtained it was observed that the categories namely, social support and positive feelings were the most common among former users, opening up possibilities of thinking treatment models aimed at strengthening these factors.
Assuntos
Humanos , Telemedicina , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Atenção à Saúde , Emoções , Cooperação e Adesão ao Tratamento , Recidiva , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias , Drogas IlícitasRESUMO
There is increasing evidence suggesting that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of many chronic and degenerative conditions such as diabetic encephalopathy and depression. Considering that diabetic rats and mice present higher depressive-like behaviour when submitted to the forced swimming test and that treatment with insulin and/or clonazepam is able to reverse the behavioural changes of the diabetic rats, the present work investigated the antioxidant status, specifically total antioxidant reactivity and antioxidant potential of insulin and clonazepam, as well as the effect of this drugs upon protein oxidative damage and reactive species formation in cortex, hippocampus and striatum from diabetic rats submitted to forced swimming test. It was verified that longer immobility time in diabetic rats and insulin plus clonazepam treatment reversed this depressive-like behaviour. Moreover, data obtained in this study allowed to demonstrate through different parameters such as protein carbonyl content, 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein oxidation, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase assay, total radical-trapping antioxidant potential and total antioxidant reactivity that there is oxidative stress in cortex, hippocampus and striatum from diabetic rats under depressive-like behaviour and highlight the insulin and/or clonazepam effect in these different brain areas, restoring antioxidant status and protein damage.
Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Encefalopatias/complicações , Clonazepam/uso terapêutico , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicações , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/patologia , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Corpo Estriado/patologia , Depressão/etiologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patologia , Masculino , Ratos Wistar , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Violência contra a Mulher , Alcoolismo , BrasilRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Brief Motivational Intervention (BMI) is an effective treatment for alcohol misuse but has not been adequately tested for use in helplines for alcoholics. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a telephone-based BMI for Brazilians seeking help with alcohol use cessation. METHODS: A randomized, controlled trial was performed with Brazilian subjects. Participants were randomly assigned to either the minimal intervention group (i.e., given reference materials) or the BMI group. Alcohol abstinence was evaluated in a 6-month follow-up telephone counseling session. The analysis was based on the intention to treat (ITT). RESULTS: Of the 5,896 drug users who called the helpline, 700 (12%) used alcohol, 637 of whom enrolled in this study. At 6-month follow-up, 70% of the BMI group had stopped consuming alcohol compared to 41% in the control group (odds ratio = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.2-1.9; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A helpline-based BMI helps alcohol users achieve abstinence.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/terapia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool/terapia , Entrevista Psicológica/métodos , Motivação , Telefone , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool/prevenção & controle , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background: The Brief Motivational Intervention (BMI) is an effective treatment for alcohol misuse but has not been adequately tested for use in helplines for alcoholics. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a telephone-based BMI for Brazilians seeking help with alcohol use cessation. Methods: A randomized, controlled trial was performed with Brazilian subjects. Participants were randomly assigned to either the minimal intervention group (i.e., given reference materials) or the BMI group. Alcohol abstinence was evaluated in a 6-month follow-up telephone counseling session. The analysis was based on the intention to treat (ITT). Results: Of the 5,896 drug users who called the helpline, 700 (12%) used alcohol, 637 of whom enrolled in this study. At 6-month follow-up, 70% of the BMI group had stopped consuming alcohol compared to 41% in the control group (odds ratio = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.2-1.9; p = 0.001). Conclusions: A helpline-based BMI helps alcohol users achieve abstinence. .